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E-grāmata: Adapted Primary Literature: The Use of Authentic Scientific Texts in Secondary Schools

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This book specifies the foundation for Adapted Primary Literature (APL), a novel text genre that enables the learning and teaching of science using research articles that were adapted to the knowledge level of high-school students. More than 50 years ago, J.J. Schwab suggested that Primary Scientific Articles afford the most authentic, unretouched specimens of enquiry that we can obtain and raised for the first time the idea that such articles can be used for enquiry into enquiry. This book, the first to be published on this topic, presents the realization of this vision and shows how the reading and writing of scientific articles can be used for inquiry learning and teaching. It provides the origins and theory of APL and examines the concept and its importance. It outlines a detailed description of creating and using APL and provides examples for the use of the enactment of APL in classes, as well as descriptions of possible future prospects for the implementation of APL. Altogether, the book lays the foundations for the use of this authentic text genre for the learning and teaching of science in secondary schools.
1 Prologue: The Origins of the First Adapted Primary Literature
1(14)
How the APL Idea Was Initiated
3(1)
How the APL Idea Was Initially Realized
4(1)
How the APL-Based Curriculum Was Initially Implemented
5(1)
How the APL Idea Was Further Developed
6(2)
How the APL Acronym Was Coined
8(1)
How the APL Idea Expanded
8(1)
What's Ongoing and Next?
8(1)
References
9(6)
Part I The Theory of Adapted Primary Literature
2 Adapting Primary Literature for Promoting Scientific Literacy
15(18)
Learning from Scientific Texts
15(8)
Genres of Scientific Text
16(3)
Two Perspectives on Scientific Text Genres
19(4)
Authentic Scientific Texts in Science and in School
23(4)
The Use of Texts in Authentic Scientific Research
25(1)
The Use of Authentic Texts in School Science
26(1)
Inquiry into Authentic Scientific Texts and the Promotion of Scientific Literacy
27(1)
References
28(5)
3 Foundations for Conceptualizing APL
33(26)
Reading Is Important to Science and Scientists
33(5)
The Empirical Basis of Science
33(1)
The Literacy Basis of Science
34(4)
The Structure of Science Texts
38(4)
Three Meanings of `Structure'
38(1)
The Importance of Understanding Structure
39(3)
Section Summary
42(1)
Contrasting Examples: The Recognition of Structure and the Determination of Meaning
42(7)
Contrasts Between Experimental and Theoretical Papers
42(2)
Contrasts Between and Within Disciplines
44(4)
Section Discussion and Summary
48(1)
Representation of Epistemology in Scientific Texts
49(4)
Meta-scientific Language
53(2)
Concluding Comments
55(1)
References
56(3)
4 APL and Reading in Science Classrooms
59(24)
Reading Science as a Proper Goal of Science Education
60(7)
Reading Scientific Text Is Part of Scientific Inquiry
60(2)
Scientific Literacy in Its Fundamental Sense
62(1)
Critical Scientific Literacy
63(2)
Reading Science and the Nature of Science
65(2)
APL as a Tool to Teach Reading in Science
67(11)
APL Can Inspire and Support Inquiry
67(10)
APL and Conceptual Understanding of Science
77(1)
APL and the Nature of Science
78(1)
Summary and Conclusion
78(1)
References
79(4)
Part II The Practice of Adapted Primary Literature
5 Creating and Using Adapted Primary Literature
83(26)
A Step-By-Step Description of How to Develop APL
83(12)
Choosing a Suitable Article
84(3)
Adapting Research Articles
87(7)
A Summary of the Suggested Sequence of Steps for Creating an APL
94(1)
Instructional Approaches Developed for the Use of APL in Schools
95(8)
A Conversational Approach to Learning Through Research Articles
95(4)
Opening the Teaching and Learning of APL
99(3)
Benefits and Limitations of the Instructional Approaches
102(1)
Ways to Support Teachers in Using APL
103(4)
Workshops for Teachers Implementing the APL-Based Curricula
103(1)
A Teachers' Guide for One of the APL-Based Curricula
104(3)
References
107(2)
6 Teaching Scientific Reading
109(16)
Young Adults' Critical Reading in Science
109(3)
What Reading Is
112(3)
Teaching Science Reading in School
115(5)
Science Reading Instruction in Elementary School
115(1)
How Science Reading Instruction Might Be Different in Elementary School
116(2)
How Science Reading Instruction Might Be Different in High School
118(2)
Conclusion
120(3)
References
123(2)
7 Applications of Adapted Primary Literature
125(20)
Outcomes of Learning Science Using APL
126(8)
Learning an APL Article in a Laboratory Setting (No Teacher Intervention)
126(3)
Learning an APL Article in a Classroom Setting
129(5)
Outcomes of Combining APL with Other Text Genres
134(6)
Learning Using Various Scientific Text Genres with No Teacher Intervention
134(4)
Learning Using Various Scientific Text Genres in Class
138(2)
Suggested Learning Progression for the Use of APL
140(1)
References
141(4)
Part III A Compendium of Adapted Primary Literature Annotated for Critical Reading
8 Developing an Inhibitor of Anthrax Toxin: Annotated Examples of Adapted Primary Literature (APL) and Journalistic Reported Version (JRV) Articles
145(16)
Developing an Inhibitor of Anthrax Toxin
146(9)
Introduction
146(3)
Materials and Methods
149(2)
Results
151(2)
Discussion
153(2)
A Successful Experiment on the Way to Find a Drug for Anthrax
155(4)
References
159(2)
9 West Nile Virus: An Annotated Example of an Adapted Primary Literature (APL) Article
161(18)
West Nile Virus: When Will an Outbreak Occur and How Can We Prevent It?
162(15)
Abstract
162(1)
Introduction
163(2)
Model Development
165(4)
Model Variables and Parameters
169(4)
Model Simulations
173(1)
Disease Control
174(3)
Conclusions
177(1)
References
177(2)
10 Coronal Heating: An Annotated Example of an Adapted Primary Literature (APL) Article
179(18)
The Coronal Heating Problem
180(15)
Abstract
180(1)
Introduction
181(3)
Coronal Heating Requirement
184(3)
Three Arguments for Heating in the Chromosphere/Transition Region
187(7)
Conclusions
194(1)
References
195(2)
11 Maritime Archaic Indians in Newfoundland: An Annotated Example of an Adapted Primary Literature (APL) Article
197(12)
Did Early Maritime Archaic Indians Ever Live in Newfoundland?
198(9)
Abstract
198(1)
Keywords
198(1)
Introduction
198(1)
Early and Late MAI
199(1)
RSL in Newfoundland
200(3)
Late MAI Site Locations
203(1)
Interpretations
204(2)
Conclusions
206(1)
References
207(2)
Epilogue: The Basis of and Possibilities for Adapted Primary Literature
209(6)
New Directions
210(3)
A Call for Action
213(1)
References
214(1)
Appendices
215(20)
Appendix A An Example of an Adapted Primary Literature (APL) Article
215(8)
Absence of Skeletal Muscle in Mouse Embryos Carrying a Mutation in the Myogenin Gene
215(8)
Appendix B An Example of an Adapted Primary Literature (APL) Article
223(12)
Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Toxin in Chloroplasts of Tobacco Plants Imparts Resistance to Insects
223(12)
Index 235