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E-grāmata: Adaptive Thermal Comfort: Principles and Practice: Principles and practice [Taylor & Francis e-book]

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  • Formāts: 186 pages, 30 Tables, black and white; 8 Illustrations, color; 70 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Mar-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9780203123010
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Cena: 271,26 €*
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Adaptive Thermal Comfort: Principles and Practice: Principles and practicePalielināt
  • Formāts: 186 pages, 30 Tables, black and white; 8 Illustrations, color; 70 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Mar-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9780203123010
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203123010

The fundamental function of buildings is to provide safe and healthy shelter. For the fortunate they also provide comfort and delight. In the twentieth century comfort became a 'product' produced by machines and run on cheap energy. In a world where fossil fuels are becoming ever scarcer and more expensive, and the climate more extreme, the challenge of designing comfortable buildings today requires a new approach.

This timely book is the first in a trilogy from leaders in the field which will provide just that. It explains, in a clear and comprehensible manner, how we stay comfortable by using our bodies, minds, buildings and their systems to adapt to indoor and outdoor conditions which change with the weather and the climate. The book is in two sections. The first introduces the principles on which the theory of adaptive thermal comfort is based. The second explains how to use field studies to measure thermal comfort in practice and to analyze the data gathered.

Architects have gradually passed responsibility for building performance to service engineers who are largely trained to see comfort as the ‘product’, designed using simplistic comfort models. The result has contributed to a shift to buildings that use ever more energy. A growing international consensus now calls for low-energy buildings. This means designers must first produce robust, passive structures that provide occupants with many opportunities to make changes to suit their environmental needs. Ventilation using free, natural energy should be preferred and mechanical conditioning only used when the climate demands it.

This book outlines the theory of adaptive thermal comfort that is essential to understand and inform such building designs. This book should be required reading for all students, teachers and practitioners of architecture, building engineering and management – for all who have a role in producing, and occupying, twenty-first century adaptive, low-carbon, comfortable buildings.

List of illustrations
x
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xviii
List of abbreviations
xxi
PART I Principles: building an adaptive model
1(80)
1 Thermal comfort: why it is important
3(7)
1.1 User satisfaction
3(2)
1.2 Energy consumption
5(1)
1.3 Standards, guidelines and legislation for indoor temperature
5(1)
1.4 Adaptation
6(2)
1.5 Comfort outdoors and in intermediate spaces
8(2)
2 Thermal comfort: the underlying processes
10(13)
2.1 Physiology
10(1)
2.2 Psychophysics
11(1)
2.3 Physics
12(7)
2.4 Behaviour
19(1)
2.5 Equations for heat balance in the human body
19(4)
3 Field studies and the adaptive approach
23(21)
3.1 Field surveys of thermal comfort
23(1)
3.2 Post-occupancy surveys
24(1)
3.3 Comfort and indoor temperature: the basic adaptive relationship
25(1)
3.4 Outcomes: indoor comfort and outdoor temperature
26(2)
3.5 The basis of the adaptive model: using surveys to understand comfort
28(2)
3.6 Opening the black box
30(3)
3.7 Adaptive comfort and non-standard buildings
33(2)
3.8 The challenge of climate change
35(1)
3.9 Lessons of the adaptive model for ensuring thermal comfort
36(3)
3.10 An example: naturally ventilated office in summer
39(5)
4 The heat balance approach to defining thermal comfort
44(8)
4.1 The heat balance approach
45(1)
4.2 Problems with the analytical approach
46(1)
4.3 Differences between the results from empirical and analytical investigations
47(5)
5 Standards, guidelines and legislation for the indoor environment
52(15)
5.1 The origin and purpose of standards for indoor climate
52(1)
5.2 International comfort standards today
53(4)
5.3 Discussion of international standards
57(3)
5.4 Legislation
60(2)
5.5 Standards and productivity
62(1)
5.6 Standards and overheating in buildings
63(1)
5.7 The way forward for comfort standards
64(3)
6 Low-energy adaptive buildings
67(14)
6.1 Building design and adaptive comfort
69(2)
6.2 Historic flaws with the mechanical approach to providing comfort
71(2)
6.3 Designing more appropriate buildings
73(8)
Appendix: How to make a Nicol graph
78(3)
PART II Practice: conducting a survey in the field and analysing the results
81(74)
7 What sort of survey?
83(6)
7.1 Introduction
83(1)
7.2 The complexity of your survey
84(2)
7.3 Post occupancy evaluation of buildings (POE)
86(3)
8 Instruments and questionnaires
89(23)
8.1 Physical measures
89(11)
8.2 Personal variables
100(3)
8.3 Subjective measures
103(3)
8.4 Other subjective measures
106(1)
8.5 Thermal behaviour
106(1)
8.6 The comfort questionnaire
107(5)
Appendix: An example of a longitudinal questionnaire
110(2)
9 Conducting a field study
112(13)
9.1 Choosing a subject population and their environment
112(1)
9.2 Choosing a subject sample
113(2)
9.3 How many observations from each subject and how many subjects?
115(2)
9.4 Time sampling
117(1)
9.5 The data set
117(1)
9.6 Taking the measurements
118(5)
9.7 Lack of variation in the temperature and comfort vote
123(2)
10 Analysis and reporting of field study data
125(30)
10.1 Looking at the data
125(7)
10.2 Simple statistics
132(4)
10.3 More complex statistical methods
136(15)
10.4 Some common problems encountered and some mistakes to avoid
151(1)
10.5 Writing up your results
152(3)
List of symbols 155(2)
Glossary 157(9)
Bibliography 166(2)
Index 168
Fergus Nicol has led a number of important research projects on comfort which have influenced thinking internationally. He has authored numerous journal articles and other publications including guidance on comfort and overheating. Fergus convenes the Network for Comfort and Energy use in Buildings and organises their regular international Windsor Conferences.





Michael Humphreys is known for his pioneering work on the adaptive approach to comfort. He has been Head of Human Factors at the Building Research Establishment, and a Research Professor at Oxford Brookes University. His current interests are the structure and modelling of human adaptive behaviour, the interactions between aspects of the environment, and their expression in standards.





Susan Roaf did her PhD on comfort and the windcatchers of Yazd, and after a decade working with Nicol and Humphreys at the Oxford Thermal Comfort Unit she is now Professor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University in Edinburgh. She is a teacher, researcher, designer and author and editor of 13 books including Ecohouse: A Design Guide and Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change.





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