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E-grāmata: Advanced Modelling Techniques Studying Global Changes in Environmental Sciences

Volume editor (Météo-France, Toulouse, France), Volume editor (University of Toulouse, France), Volume editor (Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea), Volume editor (Emeritus Professor, Copenhagen University, Denmark)
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Advanced Modelling Techniques for Studying Global Changes in Environmental Sciences discusses the need for immediate and effective action, guided by a scientific understanding of ecosystem function, to alleviate current pressures on the environment.Research, especially in Ecological Modeling, is crucial to support the sustainable development paradigm, in which the economy, society, and the environment are integrated and positively reinforce each other.Content from this book is drawn from the 2013 conference of the International Society for Ecological Modeling (ISEM), an important and active research community contributing to this arena.Some progress towards gaining a better understanding of the processes of global change has been achieved, but much more is needed. This conference provides a forum to present current research using models to investigate actions towards mitigating and adapting to change. Presents state-of-the-art modeling techniquesDrawn from the 2013 conference of the International Society for Ecological Modeling (ISEM), an important and active research community contributing to this arenaIntegrates knowledge of advanced modeling techniques in ecological and environmental sciencesDescribes new applications for sustainability

Papildus informācija

This book provides overviews and perspectives on advanced modeling techniques in ecology and the environmental sciences as presented at the 2013 conference of the International Society for Ecological Modeling (ISEM), an important and active research community contributing to this arena.
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Global changes and sustainable ecosystem management
1(10)
Young-Seuk Park
Sovan Lek
1.1 Effects of Global Changes
1(1)
1.2 Sustainable Ecosystem Management
2(1)
1.3 Outline of This Book
3(8)
1.3.1 Review of Ecological Models
4(1)
1.3.2 Ecological Network Analysis and Structurally Dynamic Models
4(1)
1.3.3 Behavioral Monitoring and Species Distribution Models
5(1)
1.3.4 Ecological Risk Assessment
5(1)
1.3.5 Agriculture and Forest Ecosystems
6(1)
1.3.6 Urban Ecosystems
6(1)
1.3.7 Estuary and Marine Ecosystems
6(1)
References
7(4)
Chapter 2 Toward a new generation of ecological modelling techniques: Review and bibliometrics
11(34)
Chunanbo Guo
Young-Seuk Park
Yang Liu
Sovan Lek
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Historical Development of Ecological Modelling
12(1)
2.3 Bibliometric Analysis of Modelling Approaches
13(9)
2.3.1 Data Sources and Analysis
13(2)
2.3.2 Publication Output
15(1)
2.3.3 Journal Distribution
16(1)
2.3.4 Country/Territory Distribution and International Collaboration
16(3)
2.3.5 Keyword Analysis
19(3)
2.4 Brief Review of Modelling Techniques
22(13)
2.4.1 Structurally Dynamic Model
22(1)
2.4.2 Individual-Based Models
23(2)
2.4.3 Support Vector Machine
25(1)
2.4.4 Artificial Neural Networks
26(2)
2.4.5 Tree-Based Model
28(3)
2.4.6 Evolutionary Computation
31(2)
2.4.7 Ordination and Classification Models
33(2)
2.4.8 k-Nearest Neighbors
35(1)
2.5 Future Perspectives of Ecological Modelling
35(10)
2.5.1 Big Data Age: Data-Intensive Modelling
35(1)
2.5.2 Hybrid Models
36(1)
2.5.3 Model Sensitivities and Uncertainties
36(1)
References
37(8)
Chapter 3 System-wide measures in ecological network analysis
45(24)
Caner Kazanci
Qianqian Ma
3.1 Introduction
45(2)
3.2 Description of System-Wide Measures
47(7)
3.3 Ecosystem Models Used for Comparison
54(4)
3.4 Methods
58(3)
3.5 Observations and Discussion
61(8)
3.5.1 Clusters of Structure-Based Measures
61(1)
3.5.2 Clusters of Flow-Based Measures
61(3)
3.5.3 Clusters of Storage-Based Measures
64(1)
References
64(5)
Chapter 4 Application of structurally dynamic models (SDMs) to determine impacts of climate changes
69(18)
Sven Erik Jørgensen
4.1 Introduction
69(1)
4.2 Development of SDM
70(11)
4.2.1 The Number of Feedbacks and Regulations Is Extremely High and Makes It Possible for the Living Organisms and Populations to Survive and Reproduce in Spite of Changes in External Conditions
71(1)
4.2.2 Ecosystems Show a High Degree of Heterogeneity in Space and in Time
71(1)
4.2.3 Ecosystems and Their Biological Components, the Species, Evolve Steadily and over the Long-Term Toward Higher Complexity
72(9)
4.3 Application of SDMs for the Assessment of Ecological Changes due to Climate Changes
81(2)
4.4 Conclusions
83(4)
References
85(2)
Chapter 5 Modelling animal behavior to monitor effects of stressors
87(28)
Tae-Soo Chon
Hungsoo Kim
5.1 Introduction
87(2)
5.2 Behavior Modelling: Dealing with Instantaneous or Whole Data Sets
89(3)
5.2.1 Parameter Extraction and State Identification
90(1)
5.2.2 Filtering and Intermittency
91(1)
5.2.3 Statistics and Informatics
91(1)
5.3 Higher Moments in Position Distribution
92(3)
5.4 Identifying Behavioral States
95(2)
5.5 Data Transformation and Filtering by Integration
97(8)
5.6 Intermittency
105(2)
5.7 Discussion and Conclusion
107(8)
Acknowledgment
110(1)
References
111(4)
Chapter 6 Species distribution models for sustainable ecosystem management
115(20)
Wout Van Echelpoel
Pieter Boets
Dries Landuyt
Sacha Gobeyn
Gert Everaert
Elina Bennetsen
Ans Mouton
Peter L.M. Goethals
6.1 Introduction
115(1)
6.2 Model Development Procedure
116(1)
6.3 Selected Models: Characteristics and Examples
117(11)
6.3.1 Decision Trees
118(1)
6.3.2 Generalised Linear Models
119(2)
6.3.3 Artificial Neural Networks
121(2)
6.3.4 Fuzzy Logic
123(2)
6.3.5 Bayesian Belief Networks
125(2)
6.3.6 Summary of Advantages and Drawbacks
127(1)
6.4 Future Perspectives
128(7)
References
129(6)
Chapter 7 Ecosystem risk assessment modelling method for emerging pollutants
135(28)
Lulu Zhang
Jingling Liu
Kinchung Ho
7.1 Review of Ecological Risk Assessment Model Methods
135(1)
7.2 The Selected Model Method
136(2)
7.3 Case Study: Application of AQUATOX Models for Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Ecosystems
138(19)
7.3.1 Application of Models
138(1)
7.3.2 Models
139(7)
7.3.3 Results of Model Application
146(7)
7.3.4 Discussion on the Model Application
153(4)
7.4 Perspectives
157(6)
Acknowledgments
158(1)
References
158(5)
Chapter 8 Development of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models for setting up the management priority with water quality criteria of toxic chemicals
163(26)
Wei He
Fu-Liu Xu
Ning Qin
Xiang-Zhen Kong
8.1 Introduction
163(1)
8.2 Methods
164(8)
8.2.1 BMC Platform Development for SSD Models
164(5)
8.2.2 Framework for Determination of WQC and Screening of PCCs
169(2)
8.2.3 Overview of BTB Areas, Occurrence of PTSs, and Ecotoxicity Data Preprocessing
171(1)
8.3 Results and Discussion
172(11)
8.3.1 Evaluation of the BMC Platform
172(4)
8.3.2 Eco-risks with Uncertainty
176(1)
8.3.3 Evaluation of Various WQC Strategies
177(3)
8.3.4 Ranking and Screening Using Various PCC Strategies
180(3)
8.4 Conclusion
183(6)
Acknowledgments
183(1)
References
183(6)
Chapter 9 Modelling mixed forest stands: Methodological challenges and approaches
189(28)
Juan A. Blanco
Ester Gonzalez de Andres
Leticia San Emeterio
Yueh-Hsin Lo
9.1 Introduction
189(1)
9.2 Review Methodology
190(2)
9.2.1 Literature Review on Modelling Mixed Forest Stands
190(1)
9.2.2 Ranking of Forest Models
191(1)
9.3 Results and Discussion
192(17)
9.3.1 Patterns of Ecological Model Use in Mixed Forests
192(3)
9.3.2 Model Ranking
195(12)
9.3.3 Comparison of the Top-Ranked Models
207(2)
9.4 Conclusions
209(8)
Acknowledgments
210(1)
References
211(6)
Chapter 10 Decision in agroecosystems advanced modelling techniques studying global changes in environmental sciences
217(30)
Gauthier Quesnel
Mahuna Akplogan
Mathieu Bonneau
Roger Martin-Clouaire
Nathalie Peyrard
Jean-Pierre Rellier
Regis Sabbadin
Ronan Trepos
10.1 Introduction
217(2)
10.2 Approaches Based on Management Strategy Simulation
219(6)
10.2.1 Simulation of Discrete Events in Agroecosystem Dynamics
219(4)
10.2.2 Simulation of Agroecosystem Control
223(2)
10.3 Design of Agroecosystem Management Strategy
225(10)
10.3.1 Hierarchical Planning
226(3)
10.3.2 Planning as Weighted Constraint Satisfaction
229(3)
10.3.3 Planning Under Uncertainty with Markov Decision Processes
232(3)
10.4 Strategy Design by Simulation and Learning
235(1)
10.5 Illustrations
236(5)
10.5.1 SAFIHR: Modelling a Farming Agent
236(5)
10.6 Conclusion
241(6)
References
242(5)
Chapter 11 Ecosystem services in relation to carbon cycle of Asansol-Durgapur urban system, India
247(24)
Sudipto Mandal
Santanu Ray
11.1 Introduction
247(3)
11.2 Methods
250(3)
11.2.1 Study Area
250(1)
11.2.2 Urban Forest
251(1)
11.2.3 Agriculture
252(1)
11.2.4 Anthropogenic Activities
252(1)
11.2.5 Cattle Production
252(1)
11.3 Analysis and Discussion
253(10)
11.3.1 Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Urban Forest
253(1)
11.3.2 Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Agricultural Field
254(2)
11.3.3 Ecosystem Services and Disservices Through Anthropogenic Activities
256(3)
11.3.4 Ecosystem Services and Disservices Through Cattle Production
259(1)
11.3.5 Impact on Biodiversity
260(1)
11.3.6 Cultural Services and Disservices
260(1)
11.3.7 Future Perspective of Ecosystem Services
261(2)
11.4 Conclusions
263(8)
Acknowledgments
263(1)
References
264(7)
Chapter 12 Modelling the effects of climate change in estuarine ecosystems with coupled hydrodynamic and biogeochemical models
271(18)
Marta Rodrigues
Anabela Oliveira
Henrique Queiroga
Vanda Brotas
Andre Bustorff Fortunato
12.1 Introduction
271(1)
12.2 Coupled Hydrodynamic and Biogeochemical Models
272(1)
12.3 Models as Effective Tools to Support Estuarine Climate Change Impacts Assessment
273(2)
12.4 Case Study: Effects of Climate Change in the Lower Trophic Levels Dynamics in the Aveiro Lagoon
275(10)
12.4.1 Study Area
275(2)
12.4.2 ECO-SELFE Model
277(2)
12.4.3 Climate Change Scenarios Simulation: Model Application
279(2)
12.4.4 Anticipating Changes in the Water Quality and Ecological Dynamics
281(4)
12.5 Conclusions
285(4)
Acknowledgments
285(1)
References
285(4)
Chapter 13 Modelling nitrogen and carbon cycles in Hooghly estuary along with adjacent mangrove ecosystem
289(32)
Santanu Ray
Joyita Mukherjee
Sudipto Mandal
13.1 Introduction
289(2)
13.2 Study Area and Experimental Works
291(1)
13.3 Model of Nitrogen Cycle
292(8)
13.4 Model of Carbon Cycle
300(6)
13.5 Sensitivity Analysis of the Model
306(1)
13.6 Model Calibration and Validation
307(1)
13.7 Results
307(7)
13.8 Discussion
314(3)
13.9 Conclusion
317(4)
References
317(4)
Chapter 14 Hydrodynamic and ecosystem coupled model and its application to the eutrophication problem
321(18)
Daisuke Kitazawa
Junbo Zhang
14.1 Introduction
321(1)
14.2 Hydrodynamics and Ecosystem Coupled Model
322(6)
14.2.1 Structure of the Coupled Model
322(1)
14.2.2 Hydrodynamic Model
323(1)
14.2.3 Ecosystem Model
324(2)
14.2.4 Boundary Conditions
326(1)
14.2.5 Finite Difference Scheme
327(1)
14.2.6 Grid Generation
327(1)
14.2.7 Data Collection for Boundary Conditions
327(1)
14.3 Example of Application
328(4)
14.3.1 Eutrophication Problems in Tokyo Bay
328(1)
14.3.2 Application of Numerical Simulation
329(1)
14.3.3 Grid Generation
329(1)
14.3.4 Boundary Condition
329(2)
14.3.5 Initial Condition
331(1)
14.3.6 Computational Condition
331(1)
14.4 Example Results of Numerical Simulation
332(4)
14.4.1 Water Current
332(1)
14.4.2 Water Quality
332(2)
14.4.3 Effects of External Loading
334(1)
14.4.4 Effects of Reduction in External Loading
335(1)
14.5 Summary and Perspective
336(3)
References
337(2)
Chapter 15 Functioning of the phytoplankton in seas and estimates of primary production for aquatic ecosystems
339(12)
Aleksandr Abakumov
Yuri Izrailsky
Svetlana Park
15.1 Introduction
339(1)
15.2 Methods and Materials
340(2)
15.2.1 Model of Biomass Dynamics
340(2)
15.2.2 Model Based on a Fitness Function
342(1)
15.3 Results and Discussion
342(9)
References
348(3)
Index 351
Young-Seuk Park is a Professor at the Department of Biology, Kyung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. After completing a PhD at Pusan National University, he undertook post-doctoral research at CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, and Cemagraf in France, and he obtained an HDR (Habilitation ą Diriger des Recherches / Accreditation to Supervise Research) from the Université Paul Sabatier in Toulouse, France, before returning Korea to establish his independent reseach group at Kyung Hee University. His laboratory studies the effects of environmental changes on biological systems at different hierarchical levels from molecules, individuals, populations, and communities through ecological modelling and ecological informatics approaches. In particular, his research is focused on the effects of global changes on ecosystems, and ecological monitoring and assessment for sustainable ecosystem management. He is interested in computational approaches such as machine learning techniques and advanced statistical methods. He is an associate editor of two scientific journals Annales de Limnologie International Journal of Limnology and Journal of Ecology and Environment, and he is also on the editorial boards of several journals including Ecological Informatics and Animal Cells and Systems. He was a guest editor for several Special Issues in scientific journals including Ecological Modelling, Ecological Informatics, Annales de Limnologie International Journal of Limnology, Inland Waters, and Water. He is the recipient of the 2014 Yeocheon Ecology Award. Sovan Lek is a Professor at the University of Toulouse. His research is mainly in Fish Community Ecology and Ecological Modelling. In Fish Community Ecology, his research concerns the biodiversity and the spatial distribution of fish according to the environmental characteristics and the response of fish community to the human disturbances, especially land-use, hydromorphology, climate warming. The distribution of fish is considered according to the scale of variation, varying from local to regional and global scales, in relationship with the environmental variables. In Ecological Modelling, he is mainly interested in the use of machine learning techniques. He is also familiar with the uses of classical modelling techniques like classical statistic methods (multiple linear regression, multi-variate analyses ) and modern statistical methods (CART, GAM, PLS ).He has participated in several EU projects in the fields of Ecology and Global changes. He also participated in bilateral projects with several Asian countries. He is an editorial member of Ecological Modelling and associate editor of Ecological Informatics. Sven Erik Jųrgensen was the professor emeritus in environmental chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. He received a master of science in chemical engineering from the Danish Technical University (1958), a doctor of environmental engineering (Karlsruhe University) and a doctor of science in ecological modelling (Copenhagen University). He was the honourable doctor at Coimbra University, Portugal and at Dar es Salaam University (Tanzania). In 1975 he founded the journal Ecological Modelling and in 1978 the ISEM (International Society of Ecological Modelling). He has received several awards, the Ruder Boskovic Medal, the Prigogine Prize, the Pascal Medal, the Einstein professorship at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Santa Chiara Prize for multidisciplinary teaching and the very prestigious Stockholm Water Prize. He has published 366 papers of which 275 were published in peer-reviewed international journals and he has edited or authored 76 books, of which several have been translated to other languages (Chinese, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese). He has authored a successful textbook in ecological modelling Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling”, which was published as a fourth edition together with Brian Fath in 2011. It has been translated into Chinese and Russian (third edition). He authored a well received textbook in system ecology entitled Introduction to Systems Ecology”. It was published as an English edition in 2012 and as a Chinese edition in 2013. He was editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of Ecology, published in 2008, and of the Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, published in December 2012. He has taught courses in ecological modelling in 32 different countries. He is the editorial board member of 18 international journals in the fields of ecology and environmental management. He was the president of ISEM and he also was elected member of the European Academy of Sciences, for which he was the chairman of the Section for Environmental Sciences.