| Preface |
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xxi | |
| I INTRODUCTION |
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What Can We Learn from Experiments with Accelerators and Storage Rings? |
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3 | (28) |
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3 | (2) |
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The Three Sectors of the Electroweak Model |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Untested Parts of the Electroweak Model |
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9 | (1) |
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The Number of Families, Nfam |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (3) |
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Evading limits on the top mass |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Beyond the Standard Model |
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20 | (3) |
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Grand unification and supersymmetry |
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20 | (2) |
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Other extended gauge models |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Why Higher Energy Accelerators |
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23 | (8) |
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25 | (6) |
| II CIRCULAR ACCELERATORS AND STORAGE RINGS |
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Beam Optics and Lattice Design |
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31 | (36) |
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31 | (1) |
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Advent of Alternating Gradient Focusing |
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32 | (2) |
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Brief Introduction to Lattice Analysis |
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34 | (8) |
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Matrix formulation of lattice |
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36 | (2) |
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Parameterization of the particle motion |
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38 | (2) |
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General features of the particle motion |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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Collins' straight section |
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44 | (1) |
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Matching and General Lattice Design |
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44 | (10) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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Particle-antiparticle storage rings |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Impact of superconductivity |
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54 | (1) |
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More Exotic Interaction Regions |
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54 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Zero-angle crossing in two-ring colliders |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Achromatic dissipative focusing and apochromatic focusing |
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57 | (1) |
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Other Insertions, Special Lattices and Exotic Elements |
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57 | (3) |
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Particle collection after a target |
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57 | (1) |
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Imaginary transition lattices |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (4) |
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63 | (4) |
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Collective Phenomena and Instabilities |
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67 | (37) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (12) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (3) |
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The effect of chromaticity on transverse modes |
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77 | (3) |
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Wake Fields and Coupling Impedances |
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80 | (5) |
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Classical Instabilities and Collective Effects |
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85 | (6) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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The head-tail instability |
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87 | (1) |
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Coupled bunch instabilities |
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88 | (3) |
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91 | (3) |
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Beam Breakup and Mode Coupling Instability |
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94 | (7) |
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94 | (3) |
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Mode coupling instability |
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97 | (4) |
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Longitudinal Turbulence and Bunch Lengthening |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC |
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104 | (28) |
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104 | (3) |
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Scope of the RHIC Project |
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107 | (6) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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Collider performance estimates |
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110 | (3) |
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Heavy Ion Injection into RHIC |
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113 | (6) |
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113 | (1) |
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The RHIC injector complex |
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114 | (5) |
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119 | (6) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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The insertions or interaction regions |
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122 | (3) |
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Transition energy and chromaticity |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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The acceleration rf system |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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Luminosity Lifetime in a Heavy Ion Collider |
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129 | (3) |
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130 | (2) |
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Beauty-and Tau-Charm Factories |
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132 | (31) |
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133 | (1) |
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Particle Physics Requirements |
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133 | (3) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Conditions for High Luminosity |
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136 | (4) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Tau-Charm Factory Interaction Region |
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140 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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B-Factory Interaction Area |
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143 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Vertex detector protection |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (4) |
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The argument for short bunches |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Momentum compaction and energy dispersion |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (9) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (7) |
| III LINEAR ACCELERATORS |
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General Aspects of Linear Accelerators |
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163 | (31) |
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163 | (1) |
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Brief History of Linear Accelerators |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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General Principles of the Dynamics of Acceleration |
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165 | (7) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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General Properties of Accelerating Structures |
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172 | (7) |
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Accelerating structure efficiency; shunt impedance |
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173 | (1) |
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Sensitivity to perturbations |
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174 | (1) |
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Types of accelerating structures |
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175 | (4) |
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179 | (5) |
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Electron injector (source and preacceleration) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Electron beam intensity limitations |
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181 | (1) |
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Electron linac applications |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (5) |
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Injection into a proton linac |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Side-coupled cavity linacs |
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185 | (1) |
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Beam brightness limitations in proton linacs |
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186 | (2) |
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Proton linac applications |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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Special difficulties relative to ions |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Accelerating structures --- normal and superconducting |
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190 | (1) |
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Heavy ion linac applications |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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RF Quadrupoles as Accelerators |
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194 | (25) |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (8) |
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Beam dynamics design considerations |
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197 | (4) |
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201 | (4) |
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Performance of RFG Accelerators |
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205 | (11) |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (4) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (3) |
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217 | (2) |
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Accelerator Physics of the Stanford Linear Collider and SLC Accelerator Experiments Towards the Next Linear Collider |
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219 | (30) |
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220 | (3) |
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Polarized Electron Source |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (8) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (7) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Studies of the Next Linear Collider at the SLC |
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243 | (6) |
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Final focus test beam (FFTB) |
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243 | (3) |
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Emittance dynamics test area (EDTA) at the SLC |
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246 | (1) |
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Acceleration structure setup (ASSET) in the SLC |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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The Road to TeV Electron-Positron Colliders |
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249 | (36) |
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249 | (2) |
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General Linear Collider Design |
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251 | (10) |
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251 | (5) |
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Machine configuration and basic parameters |
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256 | (5) |
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Research-and-Development on TeV Linear Colliders |
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261 | (18) |
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Electron and positron sources |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (5) |
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271 | (7) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (6) |
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280 | (5) |
| IV NEW METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES |
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Superconducting Magnets for Accelerators |
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285 | (36) |
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The Need for Superconducting Magnets |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (4) |
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Some Particularities of Superconducting Accelerator Magnets |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (6) |
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Analytical calculations in straight part |
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292 | (2) |
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Field imperfections and multipole formulation |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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Superconducting Material, Working Point and Coils |
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297 | (4) |
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Mechanical Structure and Tolerances |
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301 | (3) |
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301 | (1) |
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Cool-down and force containment |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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Remanence Due to Persistent Currents |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (3) |
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Examples of Some Accelerator Magnets |
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312 | (6) |
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318 | (3) |
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319 | (2) |
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Superconducting Cavities for High Energy Accelerators and Storage Rings |
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321 | (37) |
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321 | (1) |
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Basics of RF Superconductivity |
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322 | (9) |
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322 | (3) |
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The residual resistance and other non-BCS losses |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (6) |
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Advantages of Superconducting Cavities |
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331 | (1) |
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SC Cavities for High Energy ± Storage Rings |
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332 | (2) |
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SC Accelerators for Nuclear Physics |
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334 | (1) |
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SC Cavities for Free Electron Lasers (FEL) |
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335 | (2) |
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High Gradient Applications, Linear Colliders |
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337 | (2) |
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High Intensity Applications, Particle Factories |
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339 | (4) |
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343 | (2) |
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Higher Order Mode (hom) Couplers |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (4) |
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351 | (7) |
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354 | (4) |
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Cooling of Particle Beams |
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358 | (72) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (5) |
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Damping by Synchrotron Radiation |
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363 | (13) |
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363 | (3) |
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Damping of energy oscillations |
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366 | (2) |
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Damping of betatron oscillations |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (5) |
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Implications for the storage ring design |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (13) |
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376 | (1) |
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Simplified theory of stochastic cooling |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (2) |
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Cooling of random samples |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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Cooling of multiple charged ions |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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Betatron oscillation cooling |
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387 | (2) |
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Description in frequency domain |
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389 | (27) |
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389 | (4) |
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393 | (2) |
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Noise-to-signal ratio by harmonics |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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Betatron oscillation and transverse Schottky signals |
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397 | (4) |
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Enhancement of Schottky signals or feedback via the beam |
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401 | (1) |
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Distribution functions and particle flux |
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402 | (4) |
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406 | (2) |
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Momentum cooling by filter and transit time methods |
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408 | (1) |
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Calculation of the coefficients F and D for filter cooling |
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409 | (5) |
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Stochastic cooling hardware |
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414 | (2) |
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Simple Theory of Electron Cooling |
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416 | (8) |
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416 | (1) |
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Analogy with mixing of gases |
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417 | (1) |
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Analogy with stopping in matter |
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417 | (2) |
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An excursion to flattened distributions, magnetised electrons and crystallised beams |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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Comparison of electron and stochastic cooling |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (6) |
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425 | (5) |
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Acceleration of Polarized Particles |
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430 | (35) |
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430 | (2) |
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Polarization of a Spin-1/2 Particle Beam |
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432 | (1) |
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Spin Precession in Static Electromagnetic Field |
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433 | (3) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (2) |
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Acceleration of Polarized Protons in Synchrotrons |
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439 | (3) |
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Depolarization by Resonance Crossing in Proton Synchrotrons |
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442 | (5) |
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447 | (3) |
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Polarization Build-up of Electron in Storage Rings |
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450 | (2) |
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Depolarization by Resonant Spin Diffusion in Electron Storage Rings |
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452 | (6) |
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Energy Calibration by Depolarization on an Artificial RF Spin Resonance |
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458 | (1) |
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Polarized Beams for Electron-Positron and Electron-Proton Experiments |
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459 | (6) |
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462 | (3) |
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465 | (58) |
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465 | (4) |
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469 | (3) |
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The Lead Ion Source for the CERN SPS |
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472 | (5) |
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Limits and problems of the existing machines |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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Acceleration in the synchrotrons and booster |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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Phenomena of the Laser Ion Source |
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477 | (6) |
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478 | (2) |
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Developments of an ion source for injection by a linac |
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480 | (1) |
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Laser ion source using cyclotrons |
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481 | (2) |
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Physics of Laser Ion Sources |
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483 | (32) |
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Non-linearities in hydromechanics and optical response |
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483 | (6) |
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Suprathermal ``hot'' electrons and resonances |
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489 | (5) |
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Self-focusing (filamentation) |
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494 | (6) |
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500 | (5) |
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Dynamic electric fields inside plasmas and double layers causing acceleration |
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505 | (5) |
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Pulsating (stuttering) interaction and smoothing |
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510 | (5) |
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Consequences and Possibilities of the Laser Ion Source |
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515 | (8) |
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518 | (5) |
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523 | (22) |
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524 | (2) |
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526 | (3) |
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Fixed field alternating gradient |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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Oliphant air-cored synchrotron |
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529 | (1) |
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Renaissance of Relativistic Plasma |
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529 | (5) |
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Veksler collective-ion accelerator |
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529 | (3) |
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532 | (2) |
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Construction and Comprehension |
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534 | (3) |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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Birth of linear colliders |
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536 | (1) |
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The Quest for High Energy Gradients |
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537 | (4) |
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537 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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Plasma beat-wave accelerator |
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538 | (2) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (4) |
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544 | (1) |
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Geodesy for Particle Accelerators |
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545 | (42) |
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546 | (2) |
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548 | (14) |
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Principle of measurement with laser instruments using two different wavelengths in the visible spectrum |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (2) |
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Measurement of the LEP geodetic network with the Terrameter |
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552 | (5) |
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Deviation of the vertical |
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557 | (2) |
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559 | (3) |
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562 | (4) |
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562 | (1) |
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Link between surface and underground geodesy |
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562 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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Guiding control with gyro traverse |
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563 | (1) |
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563 | (1) |
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Automation of a WILD GAK 1 gyro |
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564 | (1) |
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564 | (1) |
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564 | (2) |
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566 | (16) |
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566 | (1) |
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Geodetic specificities of large projects |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Theoretical positioning of LEP |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Invar wire and CERN calibration bench |
|
|
568 | (4) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Length measurement devices |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Offset measurement devices |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
Adjustment of observations |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Radial and vertical smoothing |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Results for LEP metrology |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
The CERN simulation method |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Study of the LEP reference network |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
Full simulation of ten hypothetical surveys of LEP |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Actual results of the metrology |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (5) |
|
|
|
583 | (4) |
| V APPLICATIONS |
|
|
Synchrotron Radiation Sources |
|
|
587 | (37) |
|
|
|
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Experimental requirements |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Brilliance and the need for low emittance lattices |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
The Production of Synchrotron Radiation |
|
|
591 | (7) |
|
Main characteristics of bending magnet radiation |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Insertion devices: general properties |
|
|
592 | (5) |
|
Choice of the accelerator energy |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Low Emittance (LE) Lattices |
|
|
598 | (5) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
Effects of insertion devices |
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
Some Problems Characteristic of Low Emittance Lattices |
|
|
603 | (11) |
|
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Ion and dust particle trapping |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
Lifetimes and vacuum-related issues |
|
|
611 | (3) |
|
SR Sources for Industrial and Medical Applications |
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
Compact SR sources for lithography |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
SR sources for medical applications |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (7) |
|
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Linear accelerator drawn FELs |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (3) |
|
The Impact of Pulsed Spallation Neutron Sources on Condensed Matter Research |
|
|
624 | (25) |
|
|
|
Neutrons and Neutron Sources |
|
|
624 | (4) |
|
Neutrons in condensed matter research |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Continuous and pulsed neutron sources |
|
|
625 | (3) |
|
Scientific Exploitation of Pulsed Spallation Neutron Sources |
|
|
628 | (17) |
|
|
|
629 | (4) |
|
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (3) |
|
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
|
|
645 | (4) |
|
|
|
646 | (3) |
|
Inertial Fusion with Heavy Ions |
|
|
649 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
650 | (8) |
|
Requirements for fusion energy production |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
Directly and indirectly driven targets |
|
|
652 | (3) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Range-energy relationship |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
|
|
658 | (15) |
|
Current multiplication schemes |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
RF linac/storage ring system |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
658 | (4) |
|
|
|
662 | (5) |
|
Advanced driver using non-Liouvillian method |
|
|
667 | (4) |
|
Induction linear accelerator |
|
|
671 | (2) |
|
Reactor and System Studies |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Safety and environmental issues |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (5) |
|
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Procedures in the SIS/ESR |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Limits to high phase space densities in the ESR |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Performance of target experiments |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (7) |
|
|
|
683 | (4) |
|
High Energy Accelerators in Medicine |
|
|
687 | (27) |
|
|
|
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
Physical and Biological Rationale |
|
|
689 | (4) |
|
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
|
|
693 | (13) |
|
|
|
706 | (3) |
|
|
|
709 | (2) |
|
|
|
711 | (3) |
|
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications of Accelerators |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Modification by electron beams |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Effects in semiconductors |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Electron irradiation of metals |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Electron irradiation of polymers |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Modification by ion beams |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Ion implantation in semiconductors |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Ion implantation into metals and insulators |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Electrons, positrons and muons (leptons) |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Ions and nuclei as probes |
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Particle-induced γ-emission (PIGE) |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
728 | (2) |
|
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Materials processing by electron beams |
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
Materials processing by ion bombardment |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Materials processing by electromagnetic radiation |
|
|
734 | (4) |
|
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
738 | (3) |
|
|
|
741 | |
