Preface |
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xv | |
Contributors |
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xix | |
Part I Battery Manufacturing Systems |
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1 Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing For Electric Vehicles: A Contemporary Overview |
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3 | (26) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Li-Ion Battery Cells, Modules, and Packs |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Formats of Li-Ion Battery Cells |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Battery Modules and Pack |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 Joining Technologies for Batteries |
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8 | (11) |
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1.3.1 Ultrasonic Metal Welding |
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9 | (6) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4 Battery Manufacturing: The Industrial Landscape |
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19 | (6) |
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19 | (4) |
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1.4.2 Module Assembly (Cell-to-Cell) |
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23 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Pack Assembly (Module-to-Module) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (4) |
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2 Improving Battery Manufacturing Through Quality And Productivity Bottleneck Indicators |
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29 | (28) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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2.4 Integrated Quality and Productivity Performance Evaluation |
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35 | (11) |
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2.4.1 Interactions between Quality Behavior and Production Throughput |
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35 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Step 1: Quality Propagation |
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36 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Step 2: Multistage Overlapping Decomposition |
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38 | (2) |
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2.4.4 Iteration Procedure |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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2.4.7 Conservation of Flow |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (4) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Appendix A: Operators Theta(·), Phi1(·)and Phi2(·) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (5) |
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3 Event-Based Modeling For Battery Manufacturing Systems Using Sensor Data |
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57 | (22) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Sensor Networks for Battery Manufacturing System |
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58 | (2) |
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3.3 Event-based Modeling Approach |
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60 | (8) |
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3.3.1 Market Demand-Driven System Description |
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60 | (3) |
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3.3.2 EBM for Market Demand-Driven Battery Manufacturing |
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63 | (1) |
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3.3.3 The Impact of Stations and Supporting Activities to the Overall System |
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64 | (4) |
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3.4 Event-based Diagnosis for Market Demand-Driven Battery Manufacturing |
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68 | (8) |
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3.4.1 Event-based Indicators on Market Demand-Driven System |
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69 | (5) |
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3.4.2 Bottleneck Analysis for Critical Stations |
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74 | (2) |
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3.5 Event-based Costing for Market Demand-Driven Battery Manufacturing System |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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4 A Review On End-Of-Life Battery Management: Challenges, Modeling, And Solution Methods |
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79 | (20) |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Value Chain of EV Battery |
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80 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Why Remanufacturing? |
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80 | (2) |
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4.2 Research Issues of Battery Remanufacturing |
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82 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Remanufacturing Versus Traditional Manufacturing |
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82 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Remaining Useful Life Estimation |
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82 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Quality Variation of Battery Returns |
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84 | (1) |
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4.2.4 EOL Decision-Making for Battery Returns with Uncertainty |
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85 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Remanufacturing Processes |
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87 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Balancing Issue in Remanufacturing |
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87 | (1) |
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4.3 Modeling and Analysis for Battery-Remanufacturing Systems |
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88 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Modular Battery Testing, Rematching and Reassembly Issues |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Deteriorating Inventory Modeling |
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90 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Remanufacturing Strategies |
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91 | (2) |
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4.3.4 Reassembly Strategy with Quality Variation |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (5) |
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5 An Analytics Approach For Incorporating Market Demand Into Production Design And Operations Optimization |
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99 | (30) |
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99 | (2) |
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5.2 Design and Operational Decision Support |
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101 | (3) |
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5.3 Linkage to a Financial Transfer Function |
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104 | (6) |
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5.4 A Quantification of Risk in Design and Operations |
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110 | (3) |
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5.5 Exploration of Design and Operations Choices |
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113 | (5) |
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5.5.1 Market Coupling: Demand as Exogenous |
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113 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Market Coupling: Demand as Endogenous |
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116 | (2) |
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5.6 Manufacturing Operations Transfer Function: Throughput, Inventory, Expense, and Fulfillment |
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118 | (2) |
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5.7 Activity-based Costing |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
Part II Battery Service Systems |
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6 Prognostic Classification Problem In Battery Health Management |
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129 | (22) |
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129 | (3) |
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6.2 Failure Predictions by Logistic Regression and JPM |
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132 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Failure Prediction by Logistic Regression |
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132 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Failure Prediction by JPM |
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133 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Summary of Logistic Regression and JPM Prognostic Frameworks |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Simulation Procedure |
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136 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Performance Evaluation |
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138 | (5) |
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6.4 Discussion of the Impact of Imbalanced Data |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (4) |
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7 A Bayesian Approach To Battery Prognostics And Health Management |
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151 | (24) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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7.3 Battery Model for a Bayesian Approach |
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154 | (2) |
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7.4 Particle Filtering Framework for State Tracking and Prediction |
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156 | (4) |
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7.5 Battery Model Considerations for PF Performance |
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160 | (7) |
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7.5.1 Model 1: Exponential Approximations |
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160 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Electric UAV BHM Application |
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161 | (2) |
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7.5.3 Model 2: Logarithmic Approximation to Butler-Volmer Equation |
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163 | (1) |
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7.5.4 Model 3: Factoring in Parameter Dependence on Load Current |
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164 | (3) |
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7.6 Decision Making for Optimizing Battery Use |
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167 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Stochastic Programming for Optimizing Battery Life |
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168 | (2) |
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7.6.2 Optimization Strategy |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
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8 Recent Research On Battery Diagnostics, Prognostics, And Uncertainty Management |
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175 | (42) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (9) |
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177 | (5) |
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8.2.2 Battery SOC and SOH Estimation |
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182 | (4) |
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186 | (9) |
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8.3.1 Prognosis Algorithms |
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186 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Prognosis of Battery SOC and SOH |
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188 | (7) |
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8.4 Uncertainty Management |
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195 | (12) |
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8.4.1 Model and Parameter Uncertainties |
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196 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Battery Performance Estimation Under Uncertainties |
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197 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Case Study of Battery SOC Estimation Under Uncertainty |
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199 | (8) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (9) |
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9 Lithium-Ion Battery Remaining Useful Life Estimation Based On Ensemble Learning With LS-SVM Algorithm |
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217 | (16) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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9.3 LS-SVM Ensemble Learning Algorithm |
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220 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing |
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221 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Input Vector Construction and Hyperparameter Determination |
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221 | (2) |
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9.3.3 LS-SVM Ensemble Learning Model Construction and Prediction |
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223 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Uncertainty Representation of RUL Prediction |
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223 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Performance Evaluation of RUL Prediction Algorithm |
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223 | (1) |
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9.4 Experiment Verification and Analysis |
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224 | (2) |
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9.4.1 Experimental Setting |
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224 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Experimental Results and Comparative Analysis |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (4) |
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10 Data-Driven Prognostics For Batteries Subject To Hard Failure |
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233 | (24) |
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233 | (3) |
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10.2 The Prognostic Model |
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236 | (9) |
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10.2.1 Assumptions and the Prognostic Framework |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Model Parameter Estimation |
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238 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Estimating the Survival Function of an In-service Battery |
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239 | (2) |
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10.2.5 Prognostics for an In-service Battery |
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241 | (2) |
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10.2.6 Extension to Degradation with a Change Point |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (6) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (5) |
Part III Battery Management Systems (BMS) |
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11 Review Of Battery Equalizers And Introduction To The Integrated Building Block Design Of Distributed BMS |
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257 | (24) |
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11.1 Concept of Battery Equalization |
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257 | (1) |
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11.2 Equalization Methods |
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258 | (6) |
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11.2.1 Passive Equalization |
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258 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Series Active Equalization |
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259 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Parallel Active Equalization |
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259 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Switched-Capacitor Equalization |
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260 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Transformer-Based Equalization |
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261 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Modularized Charge Equalization |
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261 | (1) |
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11.2.7 Other Equalizer Topologies |
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262 | (2) |
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11.3 Introduction of Integrated Building Block Design of a Distributed BMS |
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264 | (1) |
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11.4 The Proposed Integrated Building Block Design of BMS |
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264 | (4) |
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11.5 System Implementation |
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268 | (2) |
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11.5.1 Converter Controller Design |
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269 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Battery Monitoring |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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11.5.4 Control and Communication of the Proposed Architecture |
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270 | (1) |
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11.6 Tested System Description |
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270 | (3) |
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11.7 Functional Performance Evaluation |
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273 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (4) |
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12 Mathematical Modeling, Performance Analysis And Control Of Battery Equalization Systems: Review And Recent Developments |
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281 | (22) |
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281 | (1) |
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12.2 Modeling of Battery Equalization Systems |
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282 | (7) |
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12.2.1 Circuit Analysis-based Modeling |
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283 | (2) |
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12.2.2 System Analysis-based Modeling |
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285 | (3) |
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12.2.3 Computer Simulation-based Modeling |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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12.3 Performance Evaluation of Battery Equalization Systems |
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289 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Circuit Analysis-based Approach |
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289 | (1) |
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12.3.2 System Analysis-based Approach |
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290 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Hardware Experiment and Computer Simulation |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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12.4 Control Strategies for Battery Equalization Systems |
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292 | (5) |
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12.4.1 Functionality-based Simple Control |
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292 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Heuristics-based Control |
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294 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Fuzzy Logic-based Control |
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294 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Model Predictive Control |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (5) |
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13 Review Of Structures And Control Of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System For Electric Vehicles |
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303 | (16) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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13.3 Supercapacitors for EVs |
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305 | (1) |
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13.4 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System |
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306 | (6) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (3) |
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13.5 Control Strategy for HESS |
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312 | (3) |
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13.5.1 Control without Demand Prediction |
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312 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Control with Demand Prediction |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (4) |
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14 Power Management Control Strategy Of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System Used In Electric Vehicles |
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319 | (36) |
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319 | (1) |
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14.2 Low-Level Hybrid Topologies |
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320 | (3) |
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14.3 High-Level Supervisory Control |
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323 | (27) |
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14.3.1 Modeling of Battery and Supercapacitor |
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324 | (3) |
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14.3.2 Time Domain Control |
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327 | (9) |
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14.3.3 Frequency Domain Control |
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336 | (3) |
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14.3.4 Integrated Power Management Strategy |
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339 | (11) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (4) |
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15 Federal And State Incentives Heighten Consumer Interest In Electric Vehicles |
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355 | (26) |
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355 | (1) |
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15.2 Electric Vehicles and the Federal Role |
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356 | (2) |
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15.3 Public Interest in HEVs and Electric Vehicles |
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358 | (2) |
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15.4 Federal Support for HEVs and Electric Vehicles |
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360 | (3) |
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15.5 Support for EVs in the Obama Administration |
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363 | (3) |
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15.6 Impact of GHG Regulations |
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366 | (2) |
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15.7 Vehicle Environmental Life Cycle Comparisons |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (4) |
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15.8.1 Direct and Indirect Subsidies |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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15.8.3 Utility Incentives |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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15.8.5 Manufacturers' Incentives |
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372 | (1) |
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15.8.6 Research and Development |
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373 | (1) |
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15.8.7 Dealer Franchise Policies |
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373 | (1) |
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15.9 Prospects for Growth |
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373 | (3) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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15.9.6 Battery Safety Issues |
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375 | (1) |
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15.9.7 Advanced Technology Use in Gasoline Vehicles |
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375 | (1) |
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15.9.8 Other Government Subsidies |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (5) |
Index |
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