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E-grāmata: Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels, Biofeedstocks and Their Processing

Edited by Gaurav Chaudhary (Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mangalayatan University), Edited by Lalit Kumar Singh (Harcourt Butler Technical University (Formerly Harcourt Butler Technological Institute))

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Sērija : Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
Izdošanas datums: 22-Dec-2016
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119117278

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Sērija : Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
Izdošanas datums: 22-Dec-2016
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119117278

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The most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of all the possible aspects for biofeedstock processing and the production of energy from biofeedstocks

Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, as long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as "biofuels and biofeedstocks" is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the "energy pie."

But biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published and the information widely disseminated to keep the industry informed of the state-of-the-art.

This first volume in this groundbreaking new series is a collection of papers from some of the world's foremost authorities on biofeedstocks and biofuels, covering biofeedstocks and how they are processed. It is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, technician, or student working in this area.

1 Production of Bioenergy in the Framework of Circular Economy: A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador

(32)

Vega-Quezada Cristhian

Blanco Maria

Romero Hugo

1.1 Introduction

(3)

1.1.1 Energy and Bioenergy

(2)

1.1.2 Ecuadorian Case

(1)

1.2 A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador

(14)

1.2.1 Biogas

(3)

1.2.1.1 CO2 Emissions

(4)

1.2.1.2 Potential Electricity Power

(2)

1.2.2 Biodiesel

(1)

1.2.2.1 Biodiesel in Ecuador

(1)

1.2.3 Microalgae Biodiesel

(2)

1.2.3.1 Biomass Production

(1)

1.2.3.2 Lipid Extraction

(1)

1.3 Microalgae versus Palm Oil in Ecuador

(8)

1.3.1 Palm Oil

(1)

1.3.2 Microalgae Oil

(2)

1.3.2.1 Microalgae in Open Ponds

(1)

1.3.2.2 Microalgae in Laminar Photobioreactor

(3)

1.4 Discussion

(2)

1.5 Conclusion

(4)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(3)

2 The Impact of Biomass Feedstock Composition and Pre-treatments on Tar Formation during Biomass Gasification

(22)

John Corton

Paula Blanco-Sanchez

Zakir Khan

Jon Paul McCalmont

Xi Yu

George Fletcher

Steve Croxton

James Sharp

Manosh C. Paul

Ian A. Watson

Iain S. Donnison

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Tar Composition

(2)

2.3 Tar Formation Cell Wall Polymers and Ash Composition

(4)

2.3.1 The Impact of Plant Type and Blending Upon Tar Production

(1)

2.3.2 Blending

(1)

2.3.3 Ash Composition

(1)

2.4 Thermochemical Pre-treatments for Gasification

(4)

2.4.1 Torrefaction

(1)

2.4.2 Slow Pyrolysis

(1)

2.4.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis

(1)

2.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis

(2)

2.5 Processing Options that Exploit Conversion Route Integration

(3)

2.6 Conclusion

(7)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(5)

3 Key Pretreatment Technologies for An Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics

(30)

Archana Mishra

Sanjoy Ghosh

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass

(17)

3.2.1 Parameters for Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics

(2)

3.2.2 Important Pretreatment Methods

(1)

3.2.2.1 Physical or Mechanical Methods

(1)

3.2.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods

(5)

3.2.2.3 Chemical Methods

(7)

3.2.2.4 Biological Methods

(1)

3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

(10)

References

(7)

4 Present Status on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production

(12)

Arindam Kuila

Vinay Sharma

Vijay Kumar Garlapati

Anshu Singh

Lakshmishri Roy

Rintu Banerjee

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification

(6)

4.2.1 Cellulase

(1)

4.2.2 Screening of Cellulase-producing Microorganisms

(2)

4.2.3 Cellulase Production

(1)

4.2.4 Factors Affecting the Cellulase Mediated Hydrolysis

(3)

4.3 Future prospects of enzymatic hydrolysis

(4)

References

(4)

5 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials

(24)

Sandeep Kaur Saggi

Geetika Gupta

Pinaki Dey

5.1 Introduction

(9)

5.1.1 Different Source for Bioethanol Production

(1)

5.1.2 Lignocellulosic Materials

100

(1)

5.1.3 Cellulose

101

(1)

5.1.4 Hemicellulose

102

(1)

5.1.5 Xylan

103

(1)

5.1.6 Lignin

104

(2)

5.1.7 Lignin Carbohydrate Interactions

106

(1)

5.2 Pretreatment

106

(1)

5.2.1 Pretreatment

106

(1)

5.3 Microbial Pretreatment Process

107

(6)

5.3.1 Fungi

107

(5)

5.3.2 Bacteria

112

(1)

5.4 Conclusion

113

(8)

References

113

(8)

6 Anaerobic Digestion and the Use of Pre-treatments on Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Improve Biogas Production and Process Economics

121

(28)

Laura Williams

Joe Gallagher

David Bryant

Sreenivas Rao Ravella

6.1 Introduction

121

(3)

6.2 Feedstocks Available for AD

124

(6)

6.2.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Analysis and Substrate Suitability

124

(5)

6.2.2 Substrate Parameters and Co-digestion

129

(1)

6.3 Feedstock Pre-treatment to Improve AD

130

(6)

6.3.1 Available Pre-treatment Processes

131

(2)

6.3.2 Pre-treatment Effects on Substrate

133

(1)

6.3.3 Effects of Pre-treatment on Methane Yields

134

(2)

6.4 Pre-treatment and Optimizing AD

136

(4)

6.4.1 Advances in Pre-treatment Methods and AD Conditions

136

(2)

6.4.2 Value-added Products and AD

138

(2)

6.5 Conclusion

140

(9)

Acknowledgments

141

(1)

References

141

(8)

7 Algae: The Future of Bioenergy

149

(20)

Nivas Manohar Desai

7.1 Introduction

149

(2)

7.2 Technological Innovations for Algae Cultivation, Harvesting and Drying

151

(11)

7.2.1 Cultivation Practices

152

(1)

7.2.1.1 Open Cultivation Systems

152

(1)

7.2.1.2 Closed Cultivation Systems (Photobioreactors)

153

(1)

7.2.1.3 Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS)

154

(3)

7.2.1.4 Sea-based Cultivation Systems

157

(1)

7.2.2 Harvesting of Biomass

158

(1)

7.2.2.1 Settling Ponds

159

(1)

7.2.2.2 Filtration

159

(1)

7.2.2.3 Centrifugation

159

(1)

7.2.2.4 Flotation

160

(1)

7.2.2.5 Flocculation

160

(1)

7.2.2.6 Electrolytic Coagulation

161

(1)

7.2.3 Energy Efficiencies of Harvesting Processes

161

(1)

7.2.4 Algal Drying

162

(1)

7.3 Algae-based Bioenergy Products

162

(6)

7.3.1 Biofuel and Biodiesel

163

(1)

7.3.2 Biogas (Biomethane Production)

164

(1)

7.3.3 Bioethanol

165

(2)

7.3.4 Biohydrogen

167

(1)

7.3.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis

167

(1)

7.3.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis

168

(1)

7.3.4.3 Photo Fermentation

168

(1)

7.4 Concluding Remarks

168

(1)

Acknowledgement

169

(1)

References

169

(4)

Index

173

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.

Gaurav Chaudhary, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

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