E-grāmata: Advances in Geophysics

Contributors vii Fault Interaction by Elastic Stress Changes: New Clues from Earthquake Sequences G. C. P. King M. Cocco Introduction 1(2) Theoretical Background 3(8) Coulomb Failure 3(3) Two-Dimensional Case: Coulomb Stress on a Plane of Specified Orientation 6(1) Two-Dimensional Case: Change of Coulomb Stress on Optimally Oriented Faults 7(2) Three-Dimensional Case: Strike-Slip and Dip-Slip Conditions 9(1) Sensitivity to the Main Shock Focal Mechanism 10(1) Examples of Coulomb Interactions 11(7) Coulomb Stress Changes and Aftershocks 11(1) Stress Changes Associated with the Landers Earthquake 12(1) Coulomb Stress Changes Preceding the Landers Rupture 12(1) Stress Changes Following the Landers Rupture but before the Big Bear Earthquake 13(1) Stress Changes Caused by the Landers, Big Bear, and Joshua Tree Ruptures 13(2) Interactions between Large Earthquakes: Western Turkey and the Aegean 15(1) Close Interactions between Dip-Slip Earthquakes 16(2) Summary of Modeling Successes 18(2) Summary of Problems and Open Questions 20(9) The Role of Static and Dynamic Loading 22(1) Rate and State Dependent Friction Laws 23(3) Fluid Flow 26(1) Creep in the Crust or on Faults 27(1) Tectonic Loading 28(1) Postseismic Evolution 29(1) Social Concerns 29(1) Concluding Remarks 30(9) References 31(8) Seismicity Induced by Mining: Ten Years Later Slawomir J. Gibowicz Stanislaw Lasocki Introduction 39(1) Seismic Monitoring 40(30) Seismicity in Underground Mines 41(8) Monitoring Systems 49(4) Location of Seismic Events 53(6) Seismic Tomography 59(6) Spatial and Temporal Patterns 65(5) Geology, Mining, and Seismicity 70(11) Mining Operations and Seismicity 71(5) Geological Structures and Seismicity 76(5) Source Parameters and Scaling Relations 81(8) Source Parameters 81(5) Scaling Relations 86(3) Source Mechanism 89(13) Seismic Moment Tensor 90(6) Typical Source Mechanism and Complex Rock Failures 96(3) Stress Release Mechanism 99(3) Source Time Function 102(3) Fractals 105(18) Assessment and Prediction of Time-Dependent Seismic Hazard: Statistical Approach 123(36) Recurrence Relationships: Source Models for Stationary Seismic Hazard Analysis 129(4) Time Variations of Energy/Magnitude Distributions 133(10) Parameterization of Spatial Distributions of Seismic Events 143(7) Rock Mass Instability Concept 150(3) Other Studies 153(3) Automatic Prediction: Extrapolation of Parameterizations of Seismicity in Mines 156(3) Seismic Discrimination 159(2) Summary 161(22) Acknowledgments 164(1) References 164(19) Index 183

Renata Dmowska works in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA, USA. Barry Saltzman, 1932-2001, was professor of geology and geophysics at Yale University and a pioneer in the theory of weather and climate, in which he made several profound and lasting contributions to knowledge of the atmosphere and climate. Saltzman developed a series of models and theories of how ice sheets, atmospheric winds, ocean currents, carbon dioxide concentration, and other factors work together, causing the climate to oscillate in a 100,000-year cycle. For this and other scientific contributions, he received the 1998 Carl Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, the highest award from the American Meteorological Society. Saltzman was a fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an honorary member of the Academy of Science of Lisbon. His work in 1962 on thermal convection led to the discovery of chaos theory and the famous "Saltzman-Lorenz attractor."