Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
About the Authors |
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xv | |
Introduction to the Second Edition |
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xvii | |
1 Aging and Diversity |
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1 | |
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What Do We Mean by Diversity? |
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2 | |
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Why Should We Focus on Diversity and Aging? |
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3 | |
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What Elements of Diversity Will We Include in This Book? |
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5 | |
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What Do We Mean by Race or Ethnicity? |
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6 | |
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7 | |
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7 | |
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Interactional Nature of Elements of Diversity and Aging |
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7 | |
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Changing Nature of Groups |
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9 | |
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Within-Group and Between-Group Differences |
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9 | |
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10 | |
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Demographics of American Elders |
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12 | |
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What Is the Race or Ethnicity of These Older Adults? |
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13 | |
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What Is the Gender Distribution Among Older Adults? |
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18 | |
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What Is the Socioeconomic Status of Older Adults? |
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18 | |
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What Proportion of Older People Live in Rural Settings? |
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19 | |
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How Many Elders Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender? |
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21 | |
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A Note on Terminology for Diverse Groups |
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22 | |
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23 | |
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25 | |
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25 | |
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27 | |
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29 | |
2 Research Methods |
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33 | |
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Why Focus on Research Methods? |
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35 | |
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How Do We Understand People and Their Behavior? |
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35 | |
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What Disciplines Study Aging? |
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35 | |
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What Disciplines Study Issues of Diversity? |
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37 | |
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Are There Disciplines That Study Both Aging and Diversity? |
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38 | |
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A Brief History of Research on Aging and Diversity |
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38 | |
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Overview of the Research Process |
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40 | |
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How Diversity Can Affect the Research Process |
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41 | |
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Identifying the Research Question or Problem |
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42 | |
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Theory and Conceptual Models |
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45 | |
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46 | |
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How to Improve Research with Elders from Diverse Groups |
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57 | |
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57 | |
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Bright Lights for Aging and Diversity Research |
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62 | |
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Community-Based Participatory Research |
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62 | |
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Resource Centers for Minority Aging Research |
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64 | |
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65 | |
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67 | |
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69 | |
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71 | |
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74 | |
3 Psychology and Aging |
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77 | |
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Aging, Sensation, Perception, and Cognition |
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78 | |
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Sensory and Perceptual Changes |
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79 | |
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Sensory Changes and Diversity |
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82 | |
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84 | |
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90 | |
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Culture, Aging, and Cognition |
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92 | |
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Attitudes Toward Aging and Older People |
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93 | |
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93 | |
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Attitudes About the Aging Process Across Cultures |
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93 | |
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Older People: Attitudes Toward Elders Across Cultures |
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102 | |
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Discrimination and Ageism |
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111 | |
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111 | |
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113 | |
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114 | |
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115 | |
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118 | |
4 Health Beliefs, Behaviors, and Services |
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123 | |
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Health Beliefs and Behaviors |
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124 | |
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124 | |
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How Do Behaviors Influence Health? |
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131 | |
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How Do Elements of Diversity Affect These Health-Related Behaviors? |
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134 | |
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Health Care Services and Diverse Elders |
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141 | |
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142 | |
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148 | |
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152 | |
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154 | |
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155 | |
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157 | |
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158 | |
5 Inequalities in Health |
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161 | |
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163 | |
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Common Conditions That Affect Older Adults in General |
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163 | |
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166 | |
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168 | |
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Mental Health Inequalities |
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185 | |
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189 | |
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Race/Ethnicity and Mortality |
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191 | |
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Mortality and Socioeconomic Status |
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192 | |
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192 | |
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192 | |
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194 | |
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195 | |
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198 | |
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200 | |
6 Informal and Formal Care for Older Persons |
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205 | |
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206 | |
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209 | |
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211 | |
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Informal Caregiving Among Blacks |
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214 | |
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Informal Caregiving Among Hispanics |
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216 | |
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Informal Caregiving Among Asian/Pacific Islanders |
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218 | |
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Informal Caregiving Among Native Americans |
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219 | |
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Informal Caregiving Among Elders Who Are Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual |
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221 | |
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222 | |
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224 | |
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Assisted Living Facilities |
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225 | |
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226 | |
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Barriers Hindering the Use of Formal Care |
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228 | |
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231 | |
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Culturally Sensitive Care |
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231 | |
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Interventions for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health |
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233 | |
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Technology to Help Older Persons and Their Family Caregivers |
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235 | |
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240 | |
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242 | |
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242 | |
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244 | |
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247 | |
7 Work, Retirement, and Leisure |
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253 | |
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Gender and Ethnic Differences in the Older Workforce |
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256 | |
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Increase in Labor Force Participation |
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256 | |
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259 | |
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Ethnicity and Labor Force Participation |
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261 | |
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273 | |
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273 | |
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Discrimination Against Individuals with Disabilities |
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276 | |
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Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation |
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278 | |
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279 | |
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Individual and Job Obsolescence |
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280 | |
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Creating New Opportunities for Work |
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281 | |
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283 | |
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283 | |
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285 | |
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Need for Retirement Planning |
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287 | |
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Retirement Planning Programs |
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288 | |
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292 | |
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295 | |
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296 | |
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297 | |
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298 | |
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298 | |
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300 | |
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303 | |
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304 | |
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306 | |
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311 | |
8 Religious Affiliation and Spirituality |
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317 | |
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Defining Spirituality and Religion |
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318 | |
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Conceptualization and Measurement of Religiousness and Spirituality |
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319 | |
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319 | |
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321 | |
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Religious Participation Among African Americans |
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323 | |
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Organizational Religious Participation |
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324 | |
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Nonorganizational Religious Involvement |
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325 | |
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Impact of Religion on Mental Health and Well-Being |
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327 | |
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Impact of Religion on Physical Health |
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327 | |
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Religious Participation Among Hispanics |
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330 | |
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Organizational Religious Practices |
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330 | |
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Nonorganizational Religious Practices |
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331 | |
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331 | |
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Impact of Religiousness on Health and Well-Being |
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331 | |
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Religious Participation Among Native Americans |
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332 | |
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Religious Traditions Among Asian Americans |
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335 | |
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Islamic or Muslim Tradition |
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336 | |
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339 | |
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343 | |
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347 | |
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349 | |
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350 | |
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353 | |
9 Death, Dying, and Bereavement |
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357 | |
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U.S. "Mainstream" Approach to Life and Death |
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359 | |
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What Do We Mean by Mainstream Group? |
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359 | |
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Beliefs About Life and Death |
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359 | |
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362 | |
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|
370 | |
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Approaches to Life and Death from Diverse Cultural Groups in the United States |
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373 | |
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374 | |
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378 | |
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American Indians and Alaska Natives |
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|
381 | |
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383 | |
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397 | |
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399 | |
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400 | |
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402 | |
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404 | |
Epilogue |
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407 | |
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407 | |
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409 | |
Index |
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411 | |