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E-grāmata: Ancient Civilizations

3.61/5 (92 ratings by Goodreads)
(University of California, USA), (Brandeis University, Massachustts), (Durham University, UK)
  • Formāts: 726 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429684395
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  • Formāts: 726 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429684395
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Ancient Civilizations offers a comprehensive and straightforward account of the world’s first civilizations and how they were discovered, drawing on many avenues of inquiry including archaeological excavations, surveys, laboratory work, highly specialized scientific investigations, and both historical and ethnohistorical records.

This book covers the earliest civilizations in Eurasia and the Americas, from Egypt and the Sumerians to the Indus Valley, Shang China, and the Maya. It also addresses subsequent developments in Southwest Asia, moving on to the first Aegean civilizations, Greece and Rome, the first states of sub-Saharan Africa, divine kings and empires in East and Southeast Asia, and the Aztec and Inka empires of Mesoamerica and the Andes. It includes a number of features to support student learning: a wealth of images, including several new illustrations; feature boxes which expand on key sites, finds and written sources; and an extensive guide to further reading. With new perceptions of the origin and collapse of states, including a review of the issue of sustainability, this fourth edition has been extensively updated in the light of spectacular new discoveries and the latest theoretical advances.

Examining the world’s pre-industrial civilizations from a multidisciplinary perspective and offering a comparative analysis of the field which explores the connections between all civilizations around the world, this volume provides a unique introduction to pre-industrial civilizations in all their brilliant diversity. It will prove invaluable to students of Archaeology.

Recenzijas

List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xxxiii
Preface xxxv
Acknowledgments xxxix
PART I Background
1(62)
Chapter 1 The Study of Civilization
3(23)
What Is a "Civilization"?
6(2)
Comparing Civilizations
8(1)
Civilizations and Their Neighbors
9(2)
"Primary" and "Secondary" Civilizations
11(1)
The Rediscovery of Ancient Civilizations
12(11)
The Threat to Ancient Civilizations
23(3)
Chapter 2 Theories of States
26(37)
Historical and Anthropological Perspectives
29(4)
Four Classic Theories for the Emergence of State Societies
33(7)
Coercive Power versus Collective Action
40(1)
Cultural Systems and Civilization
41(1)
Ecological Theories
42(1)
Social Theories
43(6)
Cycling Chiefdoms: Processes and Agents
49(3)
The Collapse of Civilizations
52(2)
Civilization and Sustainability
54(5)
Western and Indigenous Science
59(4)
PART II The First Civilizations
63(148)
Prelude to Civilization: First Villages in the Fertile Crescent
63(6)
Chapter 3 Mesopotamia: The First Cities (3500-2000 B.C.)
69(40)
The Setting
72(1)
Irrigation and Alluvium: Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, and Ubaid (6500-4200 B.C)
73(3)
The Uruk Revolution (4200-3100 B.C)
76(13)
The Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 B.C)
89(10)
The Akkadian Empire (2334-2190 B.C)
99(3)
Imperial Ur (2112-2004 B.C)
102(2)
Wider Horizons (2500-2000 B.C)
104(5)
Chapter 4 Egyptian Civilization
109(47)
Kmt: "The Black Land"
110(4)
Origins (5000-3100 B.C)
114(10)
The Archaic Period (3100-2680 B.C): Kingship, Writing, and Bureaucracy
124(5)
The Old Kingdom (2680-2134 B.C): Territorial and Divine Kingship
129(10)
The First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 B.C.)
139(1)
The Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C): The Organized Oasis
139(2)
The Second Intermediate Period (1640-1550 B.C)
141(1)
The New Kingdom (1550-1070 B.C): Imperial Kings
142(9)
The Transformation of Egypt (after 1100 B.C)
151(5)
Chapter 5 South Asia: The Indus Civilization
156(24)
The Origins of Village Life
159(2)
Early Harappan (4000-2600 B.C)
161(2)
Mature Harappan: The Indus Civilization (2600-1900 B.C)
163(12)
Farming Villages of the Indus and Ganges (2000-600 B.C)
175(1)
Early Historic Cities (600-150 B.C)
176(4)
Chapter 6 The First Chinese Civilizations
180(31)
Setting
183(1)
Millet and Rice (c. 7000-3500 B.C)
183(2)
Liangzhu (c. 3300-2300 B.C)
185(2)
Ritual and Pilgrimage: The Niuheliang Temple (c. 3500 B.C)
187(1)
Elite Traditions in the Longshan Phase (c. 2800-1800 B.C)
187(2)
Shimao and the Northern Zone (c. 2300-1800 B.C)
189(2)
Three Dynasties: Xia, Shang, and Zhou (c. 1800-1046 B.C)
191(15)
Beyond the Shang: Bronze Age Traditions in Other Regions of China
206(3)
The Western Zhou (1046-771 B.C)
209(2)
PART III Great Powers in Southwest Asia
211(52)
Chapter 7 Mesopotamia and the Levant (2000-1200 B.C)
213(24)
Bronze Age Cities in Anatolia (2000-1700 B.C)
214(3)
The Struggle for Mesopotamia (2000-1800 B.C)
217(2)
The World of the Mari Letters (1810-1750 B.C)
219(2)
The Emergence of Babylon and the Old Babylonian Period (2004-1595 B.C)
221(3)
The Rise of the Hittites (1650-1400 B.C.)
224(3)
Egypt and Mitanni: War in the Levant (1550-1400 B.C)
227(1)
The Hittites in the Levant (1400-1200 B.C)
228(3)
The Hittites in Anatolia (1400-1200 B.C)
231(3)
Mesopotamia and Iran (1400-1200 B.C)
234(3)
Chapter 8 Southwest Asia in the First Millennium B.C
237(26)
A Reordered World (1200-1000 B.C)
238(2)
The Mediterranean Coastlands (1000-700 B.C)
240(6)
The Archaeology of Empire
246(2)
Assyria Resurgent (911-680 B.C)
248(2)
The Mountain Kingdom of Urartu (c. 830-600 B.C)
250(1)
The Assyrian Apogee (680-612 B.C)
251(4)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 B.C)
255(2)
Phrygians and Lydians (750-500 B.C)
257(2)
The Rise of the Persians (614-490 B.C)
259(4)
PART IV The Mediterranean World
263(96)
Chapter 9 The First Aegean Civilizations
265(32)
The Aegean Early Bronze Age (3200-2100 B.C)
269(1)
Mainland Greece and the Cycladic Islands
270(2)
Minoan Civilization: The Palace Period (2100-1450 B.C)
272(9)
Crete and Its Neighbors
281(1)
Mycenaean Greece (1600-1050 B.C)
282(11)
After the Palaces: Postpalatial Greece (1200-1050 B.C)
293(4)
Chapter 10 The Mediterranean World in the First Millennium (1000-30 B.C)
297(33)
The Recovery of Greece (1000-750 B.C)
298(3)
Phoenicians and Carthaginians (1000-750 B.C)
301(1)
The Greek Colonies (800-600 B.C)
302(3)
Etruscan Italy (900-400 B.C)
305(5)
Archaic Greece (750-480 B.C)
310(2)
Three Greek Cities: Athens, Corinth, Sparta
312(4)
Classical Greece (480-323 B.C)
316(9)
Sequel: The Hellenistic World
325(5)
Chapter 11 Imperial Rome
330(29)
The Roman Republic (510-31 B.C)
333(1)
The Early Roman Empire (31 B.C.-A.D. 235)
334(2)
The Culture of Empire
336(3)
The Military Establishment
339(3)
Arteries of Empire: Roads and Sea-Lanes
342(3)
Cities
345(12)
The End of the Ancient World
357(2)
PART V Northeast Africa and Asia
359(100)
The Erythraean Sea
359(4)
Chapter 12 Northeast Africa: Kush, Meroe, and Aksum
363(23)
Nubia and the Middle Nile
365(12)
Camels and Monsoons
377(1)
Meroe (C. 300 B.C-A.D. 300)
378(3)
Aksum (A.D. 100-1100)
381(5)
Chapter 13 Sub-Saharan Africa
386(25)
Jenne-jeno (Third Century B.C to Early First Millennium A.D.)
390(3)
Sahel States: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
393(3)
The East African Coast: Monsoons and Stone Towns
396(3)
The Far Interior: Interlacustrine Kingdoms
399(1)
South Central Africa: Gold and Ivory
400(6)
West African Forest Kingdoms
406(5)
Chapter 14 Divine Kings in Southeast Asia
411(21)
The Rise of States in Southeast Asia (c. 2000 B.C-A.D. 150)
412(8)
The Angkor State (A.D. 802-1430)
420(9)
Collapse
429(3)
Chapter 15 Kingdoms and Empires in East Asia (770 B.C-A.D. 700)
432(27)
Society Transformed: The Eastern Zhou Period (770-221 B.C)
434(4)
The First Chinese Empire (221-206 B.C)
438(4)
The Han Empire (206 B.C-A.D. 220)
442(12)
Secondary States: Korea and Japan
454(5)
PART VI Early States in the Americas
459(166)
Chapter 16 Lowland Mesoamerica
461(48)
Mesoamerica
463(4)
Village Farmers (c. 7000-2000 B.C.)
467(2)
The Formative Period: The Olmec (1500-500 B.C)
469(6)
Preclassic Maya Civilization (before 1100 A.C-A.D. 200)
475(5)
Classic Maya Civilization (A.D. 200-900)
480(20)
The Ninth-Century Collapse
500(4)
Postclassic Lowland Maya Civilization (A.D. 900-1517): Chichen Itza and Mayapan)
504(5)
Chapter 17 Highland Mesoamerica
509(39)
The Rise of Highland Civilization (2000-500 B.C.)
510(4)
Monte Alban (500 B.C-A.D. 750)
514(5)
Teotihuacan (200 B.C-A.D. 600)
519(9)
The Toltecs (C. A.D. 800-1150)
528(4)
The Rise of Aztec Civilization (a.d. 1200-1519)
532(2)
Tenochtitlan (A.D. 1487-1519)
534(11)
The Spanish Conquest (A.D. 1517-1521)
545(3)
Chapter 18 The Foundations of Andean Civilization
548(30)
The Andean World: Poles of Civilization
549(3)
The Preceramic Period (3000-1800/1200 B.C)
552(7)
The "Maritime Foundations" Hypothesis
559(2)
The Initial Period (1800-800 B.C)
561(17)
Chapter 19 Andean States (200 B.C-A.D. 1534)
578(39)
The Early Intermediate Period (200 B.C-A.D. 600)
580(1)
North Coast: Moche Civilization (A.D. 100-700)
581(14)
Southern Pole: Nasca (A.D. 100-C. A.D. 700)
595(3)
The Middle Horizon: The First Highland States (A.D. 600-1000)
598(4)
The Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1000-1400)
602(4)
The Late Horizon: The Inka Empire (A.D. 1476-1534)
606(11)
Chapter 20 Epilogue
617(8)
Similar but Different
618(2)
Interconnectedness
620(2)
Volatility
622(1)
The Stream of Time
622(3)
Guide to Further Reading 625(26)
References 651(2)
Credits 653(6)
Index 659
Chris Scarre is an archaeologist specializing in the prehistory of Europe, with a particular interest in the archaeology of Atlantic facade. He has participated in fieldwork projects in Britain, France, Greece, and India, and has directed and co-directed excavations at Neolithic sites in France, Portugal, and the Channel Islands. He is Professor of Archaeology at Durham University, UK, and editor of the textbook on world prehistory The Human Past.

Brian M. Fagan is one of the worlds leading archaeological writers and an internationally recognized authority on world prehistory. He is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and has written several best-selling textbooks: Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory; Archaeology: A Brief Introduction; Archaeology and You; In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology; A Brief History of Archaeology: Classical Times to the Twenty-First Century; People of the Earth; and World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction.

Charles Golden is a Mesoamerican archaeologist, whose research has focused on the borders between ancient Maya kingdoms in Mexico and Central America, and the economic, social, and ritual ties that bound rural villages into larger political communities. He is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, and editor of Continuities and Changes in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium, as well as Maya Archaeology, Vols. 13.