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E-grāmata: Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present

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This book describes inventions and designs of engineers from 300 B.C. to 1600 A.D., with a handful of exceptions from before and after. The inventions are documented by archaeological finds and range from those very well known to some hardly known at all.



This book describes the inventions and designs of ancient engineers who are the precursors of the present. The period ranges mainly from 300 B.C: to 1600 A.D. with several exceptions. Many of the oldest inventions are documented by archaeological finds, often very little known, mainly from Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae and reveal a surprising modernity in their conception.

Most of the inventions presented in the first four parts of this book were conceived up to the late Roman Empire and may be considered as milestones, each in their respective field. The fifth part concentrates on more recent centuries. The sixth part deals with some building construction techniques.

Generally, for each of the presented inventions, three elements of research and reference are provided: written documents (the classics), iconic references (coins, bas-reliefs, etc.) and archaeological findings.

The authors did not write this book for engineers only; hence they describe all the devices without assuming wide technical knowledge. The authors’ main aim is to try to communicate their enthusiasm for the inventions and the inventors of the past and to contribute to the fascinating study of the History of Engineering.

This second edition includes new topics and chapters that are of special interest to engineers.


Recenzijas

The book is well illustrated with both black-and-white and color drawings and photographs. this book will appeal to individuals interested in the histories of both mechanical engineering and civil engineering. It is recommended to those who are also interested in ancient Greek and Roman technologies. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals. (A. M. Strauss, Choice, Vol. 54 (9), May, 2017)

1 Representing and Measuring the Environment
1(18)
1.1 Elevations, Plan and Sections
2(2)
1.2 Protohistoric Drafting Machine for the Clay Tablets Engraving
4(2)
1.3 Examples of Planimetries from the IV Millennium B.C. to the 1st Century A.D.
6(7)
1.3.1 Plan of Egyptian Fortress, IV Millennium B.C.
6(1)
1.3.2 Plan View, Front View and Sections: Inventions Over the Time
7(1)
1.3.3 Planimetries on Sumerian Tablets of the III Millennium B.C.
8(1)
1.3.4 Plan of a Sumerian Retaining Wall, on Stone, 2150 B.C. Time
9(1)
1.3.5 Plan for the Mausoleum of a Rural Roman Home, I c. A.D.
10(1)
1.3.6 Anthropometric and Mathematical Units of Measurement
11(2)
1.4 Ancient Units
13(6)
1.4.1 Ancient Greek Units
14(2)
1.4.2 Ancient Roman Units
16(3)
2 Measuring Mass
19(6)
Introduction
19(1)
2.1 The Balance Scale
19(2)
2.2 The Steelyard Balance
21(4)
Observations
22(3)
3 Measuring Distance and Slope
25(14)
Introduction
25(1)
3.1 Jacob's Staff
26(1)
3.2 Range Finders
26(3)
3.2.1 Groma
26(1)
3.2.2 Surveyor's Cross
27(2)
3.2.3 Chorobate
29(1)
3.3 The Astrolabe
29(1)
3.4 The Dioptre by Heron
30(2)
3.5 The Ancient Odometers
32(7)
3.5.1 The Odometer by Vitruvius
32(2)
3.5.2 The Odometer by Heron
34(2)
Observations
36(3)
4 Measuring Time
39(12)
Introduction
39(1)
4.1 The Sundial
40(5)
4.1.1 Fixed Sundials
42(1)
4.1.2 Portable Sundials
43(2)
4.2 Water Clocks
45(6)
4.2.1 Early Water Clocks
46(1)
4.2.2 The Water Clock by Ctesibius
47(3)
Observations
50(1)
5 Orientation
51(10)
Introduction
51(1)
5.1 The Sundial Compass
51(2)
5.2 The Chinese South-Pointing Chariot
53(2)
5.3 The Windrose and the Magnetic Compass
55(6)
6 Ancient Computation Devices
61(18)
Introduction
61(1)
6.1 The Abacus
61(2)
6.2 The Mesolabio
63(2)
6.2.1 The Mesolabio of Eratosthenes
63(1)
6.2.2 The Solution by Hippocrates and the Mesolabio by Durer
64(1)
6.3 The Mechanism of Antikitera
65(14)
6.3.1 The History of the Finding
66(2)
6.3.2 Description of the Mechanism
68(4)
6.3.3 Technological Aspects
72(1)
6.3.4 Planetariums in Ancient Literature
73(1)
Observations
74(5)
7 The Natural Energy Used in Antiquity
79(10)
Introduction
79(1)
7.1 Energy from Man
79(1)
7.2 Energy from Animals
80(1)
7.2.1 Two or More Animals Together
80(1)
7.3 The Capstan
81(1)
7.4 The Treadwheel
82(1)
7.5 Rough Evaluation of the Power from a Wind Motor
83(2)
7.6 Rough Evaluation of the Power from a Waterwheel
85(4)
7.6.1 Undershot Waterwheel
86(1)
7.6.2 Overshot Waterwheel
86(1)
7.6.3 Breast Waterwheel
86(1)
7.6.4 Power from a Waterwheel
87(2)
8 Wind Motors
89(16)
Introduction
89(1)
8.1 The Wind Mills
90(5)
8.1.1 The Afghan Mill
90(3)
8.1.2 The Cretan Mill
93(2)
8.2 Wings on the Sea: The Sails
95(10)
8.2.1 Evolution of the Sail Rig
98(3)
8.2.2 The Chinese Junk
101(1)
8.2.3 The Flettner Rotor
101(2)
Observations
103(2)
9 Hydraulic Motors
105(16)
Introduction
105(1)
9.1 Water Wheels with Vertical Axis
105(5)
9.1.1 The Greek Mill
106(2)
9.1.2 Vertical Axis Rotor with Oblique Blades
108(2)
9.2 Water Wheels with Horizontal Axis
110(6)
9.2.1 Undershot Water Wheels---The Wheel of Venafro
110(3)
9.2.2 Overshot Water Wheels
113(3)
9.3 The Floating Mill
116(1)
9.4 Water Wheels in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
117(4)
Observations
119(2)
10 Refrigeration and Heating
121(20)
10.1 Air Cooling with Wind Towers
121(6)
10.2 The Production of Ice
127(2)
10.3 Nero's Sherbert
129(2)
10.4 Wheat Pits
131(5)
10.5 Heating and Thermal Baths
136(2)
10.6 Energy Saving: The Sun Chimney Heating and Thermal Baths
138(3)
11 The Production of Water
141(10)
11.1 The Air Well
141(2)
11.2 The Dew Basin
143(2)
11.3 The Qanat
145(3)
11.4 Distillation
148(3)
12 Lifting Water
151(20)
Introduction
151(1)
12.1 The Early Devices
152(1)
12.2 The Archimedes' Screw
153(1)
12.3 Norias
154(5)
12.3.1 Scoop Wheel
154(2)
12.3.2 Chain Norias
156(3)
12.4 Pumps
159(12)
12.4.1 Chain Pumps
159(1)
12.4.2 Reciprocating Pumps
160(9)
Observations
169(2)
13 Adduction and Distribution of Water
171(22)
Introduction
171(1)
13.1 Open Ducts
171(2)
13.2 Penstocks
173(1)
13.3 The Great Cisterns
173(3)
13.3.1 The Piscina Mirabilis at Miseno
175(1)
13.4 Water Distribution Systems
176(3)
13.4.1 Piezometric Turrets
177(2)
13.5 Pipes
179(2)
13.5.1 Dimensions of the Lead Pipes
181(1)
13.6 Valves
181(2)
13.6.1 Shut off Valves
182(1)
13.6.2 Single Control Mixers
183(1)
13.7 Hydraulic Mining
183(10)
13.7.1 The Technique of "Ruina Montium"
185(1)
13.7.2 Historical References
186(3)
Observations
189(4)
14 Underwater Activities
193(6)
Introduction
193(1)
14.1 Scuba Divers
193(3)
14.2 Diving Bell
196(3)
15 Transports
199(38)
Introduction
199(1)
15.1 Roman Charts
199(7)
15.1.1 Horse Shoeing
205(1)
15.2 Railed Cargo
206(3)
15.3 The Rails of Pompeii
209(1)
15.4 Ancient Self-propelled Vehicles
210(4)
15.4.1 Hero of Alexandria
210(2)
15.4.2 Giovanni Fontana
212(1)
15.4.3 Francesco Di Giorgio Martini
213(1)
15.4.4 Leonardo Da Vinci
213(1)
15.5 Early Ball Bearings
214(3)
15.6 Transport on Water
217(5)
15.6.1 Early Paddle Wheeled Boats
217(2)
15.6.2 Pneumatic Boats
219(3)
15.7 Cableways
222(3)
15.8 The Dawn of the Flight in the Antiquity
225(12)
15.8.1 Legends and Tales
226(1)
15.8.2 Ancient Egypt
227(1)
15.8.3 Ancient Greece and Hellenic Civilization
228(1)
15.8.4 The Middle Ages
228(2)
15.8.5 The Renaissance
230(2)
15.8.6 Ancient Rockets
232(3)
Observations
235(2)
16 Telecommunications
237(16)
Introduction
237(1)
16.1 Acoustic
238(1)
16.2 Carrier Pigeons
239(1)
16.3 Optical Telecommunication Systems
240(6)
16.3.1 Systems Based on Image Modification
241(2)
16.3.2 Systems Based on Brilliancy Modification
243(3)
16.4 Lighthouses
246(3)
16.5 The Water Telegraph
249(4)
Observations
250(3)
17 Medicine and Health
253(4)
Introduction
253(1)
17.1 Medical Assistance Provided to Legionaries
253(1)
17.2 Reconstructive Plastic Surgery
254(1)
17.3 Early Penicillin
255(1)
17.4 The Beginning of Biological Warfare
255(2)
18 Secondary Motors
257(62)
Introduction
257(2)
18.1 Cranes and Tackle
259(2)
18.2 Gravity Driven Elevators
261(1)
18.3 Siege Towers
262(8)
18.3.1 Possible Internal Motors
264(3)
18.3.2 The Motion of the Tower
267(3)
18.4 The Trebuchet
270(2)
18.5 Flexion Elastic Motors
272(3)
18.5.1 Metal Spring Flexion Elastic Motors
273(2)
18.6 Torsion Elastic Motors
275(2)
18.7 Throwing Machines Operated by Torsion Motors
277(6)
18.7.1 The Ballista
278(1)
18.7.2 The Catapult
279(1)
18.7.3 The Onager
280(1)
18.7.4 The Cheiroballistra
281(2)
18.8 Mechanics of the Throwing Machines
283(20)
18.8.1 The Torsion Motor
283(6)
18.8.2 The Models and the Performances of the Machines
289(14)
18.9 Pneumatic Motors
303(4)
18.9.1 The Air Spring Ballista
304(3)
18.10 Small Spring Motors
307(3)
18.10.1 Locks and Padlocks
308(2)
18.11 Ancient Steam Engines
310(9)
18.11.1 Heron's Steam Turbine
311(1)
18.11.2 The Architronitro
312(4)
Observations
316(3)
19 Spinning and Weaving
319(14)
Introduction
319(1)
19.1 The Dawn of Spinning and Weaving
319(3)
19.2 The Spinning Wheel
322(1)
19.3 The Mechanical Spinning
323(5)
19.3.1 The Spinning Jenny
323(2)
19.3.2 The Spinning Frame by Arkwright
325(1)
19.3.3 The Mule by Crompton
325(1)
19.3.4 The Ring Frame
326(2)
19.4 The Automatic Weaving
328(5)
19.4.1 The First Programmable Loom
328(1)
19.4.2 The Programmable Looms of the 18th Century
329(1)
19.4.3 The Automatic Loom
330(1)
Observations
331(2)
20 Some Applications of the Fire
333(20)
Introduction
333(1)
20.1 Fire Ignition
334(3)
20.1.1 Optical Flints
335(2)
20.2 Marine Fire---The Roman Candle
337(1)
20.3 Wind Lanterns
338(2)
20.4 Fire for Warming
340(4)
20.4.1 Domestic Heating
340(1)
20.4.2 Thermal Heating Systems
340(2)
20.4.3 Ancient Samovar
342(2)
20.5 Fire for Warfare
344(6)
20.5.1 Burning Mirrors
345(1)
20.5.2 Flamethrowers
346(3)
20.5.3 Incendiary Projectiles
349(1)
20.6 The Protection from Fire: The Asbestos
350(3)
21 Automata (Towards Automation and Robots)
353(28)
Introduction
353(1)
21.1 The Hellenistic Age
353(10)
21.1.1 Heron of Alexandria
354(3)
21.1.2 The Roman Empire: The Repeating Catapult
357(6)
21.2 The Middle Ages
363(4)
21.2.1 Al Jazari and the Arabs
364(1)
21.2.2 The Astronomic Clock of Strasbourg
365(2)
21.3 The Renaissance
367(4)
21.4 The 18th Century
371(5)
21.5 The 19th Century
376(2)
21.6 Automata of the Far East
378(1)
21.7 Between the Two Millenniums
379(2)
Observations
380(1)
22 Some Ancient Building Techniques
381(28)
Introduction
381(1)
22.1 Stone Buildings
381(1)
22.1.1 Opus Siliceum---Opus Poligonalis
381(1)
22.1.2 Opus Quadratum
382(1)
22.2 Concrete Buildings
382(3)
22.2.1 Opus Caementitium
382(1)
22.2.2 Opus Incertum
383(1)
22.2.3 Opus Quasi Reticulatum
383(1)
22.2.4 Opus Reticulatum
383(1)
22.2.5 Opus Latericium
383(1)
22.2.6 Opus Spicatum
384(1)
22.2.7 Opus Mixtum
384(1)
22.2.8 Opus Vittatum---Opus Listatum
385(1)
22.3 Considerations on the Polygonal Work
385(11)
22.3.1 Construction Criteria
387(5)
22.3.2 Theories on the Reasons for Polygonal Work
392(2)
22.3.3 Polygonal Bridges
394(2)
22.4 Earthquake-Resistant Buildings with Wooden Ribs
396(3)
22.5 Seismic Isolators
399(4)
22.6 Consideration on Ancient Concrete
403(6)
Bibliography 409(8)
Index 417
Cesare Rossi received the Mechanical Engineer Degree cum Laude at the University of Napoli - "Federico II" in 1979; in the same year his doctoral thesis received the Asmeccanica (Italian Mechanical Engineering Association) award.

He participated in many International Conferences, often with invited lectures and as Chairman. His research activities where carried on mainly in the topics of Tribology, Rotor Dynamics, Mechanical Vibrations, Chaotic Motions of Mechanical Systems, Robot Mechanics, Video Applications for Robotics. Since several years he is interested in studies and researches on the History of Engineering and presently he cooperates with researchers (also on the field) mainly in which the Classic Age is concerned. He is a member of the A.I.S.I (Italian Society for the History of Engineering). 

Flavio Russo holds a degree in Mining Engineering from the University of Rome.

Has been studying military architecture and military history in general for the past thirty years, focusing especially on military technology. For ten years he was member of Scientific Councils of the Italian Institute for the Castles and of National Committee for Studies of Fortified Architectures at the Italian Cultural Heritage Department.

Currently he is working at the reconstruction of a roman water wheel, starting from archaeological finds.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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