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Ancient Legal Thought: Equity, Justice, and Humaneness From Hammurabi and the Pharaohs to Justinian and the Talmud [Hardback]

(Vanderbilt University, Tennessee)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 750 pages, height x width x depth: 234x156x42 mm, weight: 1180 g, Worked examples or Exercises; 2 Maps
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-May-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108484107
  • ISBN-13: 9781108484107
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Ancient Legal Thought: Equity, Justice, and Humaneness From Hammurabi and the Pharaohs to Justinian and the TalmudPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 750 pages, height x width x depth: 234x156x42 mm, weight: 1180 g, Worked examples or Exercises; 2 Maps
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-May-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108484107
  • ISBN-13: 9781108484107
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781108484107.html
Keywords:
"Nearly four thousand years ago, kings in various ancient societies, especially in Mesopotamia (contemporary Iraq), faced a crisis of major proportions. Large portions of the population were horribly in debt, many being forced to sell themselves or theirchildren into slavery to pay off their debts. The laws and customs seemed to support the commercial practices that allowed lenders to charge 20%-30% interest, and the law protected the lenders and gave no recourse for the indebted. Strict justice called for the creditors to receive what they were due. But another legal concept, the emerging idea of equity, seemed to call for a different result - the use of law as a vehicle to free people from economic oppression. Debt relief edicts were instituted - "clean-slate laws" as they were known - and are of obvious relevance today as well where crushing debt is a major issue underlying social inequality"--

Recenzijas

'Larry May's monumental achievement, astonishing in scope, depth, and insight, offers a rich historical mosaic of understandings of law, justice and equity and their interrelationships. It is essential reading for any legal or political philosopher and invaluable for any serious student of law and justice. May writes with a historian's keen eye for detail and context and a philosopher's eye for conceptual nuance, networks of concepts, and intersecting lines of argument.' Gerald J. Postema, Cary C. Boshamer Professor of Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 'In this magisterial book, Professor May manages to combine sweeping coverage with fascinating details about ancient legal thought on justice, equity, fairness, mercy, and principles of morality and right embodied within law. He makes a convincing case that legitimacy has long been fundamental to legal authority.' Brian Z. Tamanaha, John S. Lehmann University Professor, Washington University ' Ancient Legal Thought could be particularly useful for topic-specific teaching and research on themes such as the position of women, the legality of war, slavery, and the impact of inequality as reflected in law and legal writing.' G. S. Gessert, Choice 'This remains a work of tremendous worth. Vast in scope and ambition, guided by an inquiring mind, this is a deeply enjoyable and thought-provoking book.' Anthony Smart, Comparative Legal History

Papildus informācija

A wide-ranging comparative and in-depth examination of ancient legal systems and legal thought in ancient Western and Eastern societies.
Acknowledgments xv
General Introduction xvii
Maps xxi
Part A Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt 1(218)
Introduction for Part A
Section I Ancient Procedural Law
3(56)
1 Ancient Legal Reasoning
5(18)
1.1 "Codes," Edicts, and Decrees
6(3)
1.2 Primitive Legal Reasoning
9(4)
1.3 Legal Reasoning "by Example"
13(2)
1.4 The Terms for Law and Justice
15(5)
1.5 Religious and Secular Law
20(3)
2 Judging, Trials, and Assemblies
23(20)
2.1 Judges and Judging
23(5)
2.2 Judicial Decision-Making and Ancient Legal Thought
28(2)
2.3 Ancient Mesopotamian Assemblies
30(3)
2.4 Ancient Trials
33(3)
2.5 The Rule of Law in Mesopotamia
36(2)
2.6 Participation in Justice
38(5)
3 Oaths, Ordeals, and Truth
43(16)
3.1 Proof by Ordeal
44(4)
3.2 Proof by Swearing of Oaths
48(3)
3.3 The Determiner of Truth
51(2)
3.4 Religion and Proof
53(2)
3.5 Ancient Proof and Truth-Telling
55(4)
Section II Freedom, Equality, And Legal Status
59(74)
4 Debt Forgiveness and Equity
61(18)
4.1 The "Code" of Hammurabi and the Edicts of Ammisaduqa
61(3)
4.2 The Law of Replenishing Stolen Goods
64(3)
4.3 Debt Relief and Equity in Ancient Legal Thought
67(5)
4.4 Equity and Debt Relief
72(4)
4.5 Forgiveness, Equity, and Debt Restructuring
76(3)
5 Freedom and Slavery
79(19)
5.1 Types of Slavery in the Laws of the Ancient Near East
80(3)
5.2 Foreign Slaves
83(2)
5.3 Debt Slaves and Adoption Slaves
85(4)
5.4 Two Modern Conceptions of Freedom
89(2)
5.5 Assessing Ancient Conceptions of Freedom
91(3)
5.6 The Relationship of Ancient Freedom and Slavery
94(4)
6 Class, Legal Status, and Equality
98(17)
6.1 The Muskenum in Ancient Babylonia
99(3)
6.2 Protecting the Muskenum Class?
102(3)
6.3 The Weak and the Poor
105(3)
6.4 Class Inequality and Class Inequity
108(3)
6.5 Equality Before the Law
111(4)
7 Women's Separate Sphere
115(18)
7.1 Women as Priests and Saloon-Keepers
116(4)
7.2 Marriage and Inheritance
120(2)
7.3 Adultery and Rape
122(3)
7.4 Honor and Pollution
125(4)
7.5 Patriarchy and Separate Spheres
129(4)
Section III Crime And Punishment
133(52)
8 Complicity and Conspiracy
135(15)
8.1 Conspiracy in an Egyptian Harem
136(4)
8.2 Conspiracy and the Great Tomb Robberies
140(4)
8.3 Guilt Based on Inaction and Complicity in Egypt and Mesopotamia
144(3)
8.4 Conceptualizing Complicity
147(3)
9 Crime and Lex Talionis
150(19)
9.1 Hammurabi and Lex Talionis
151(4)
9.2 Penalties and Punishments in Hammurabi's Code and Egyptian Law
155(3)
9.3 Proportionality and Lex Talionis
158(4)
9.4 Defending Lex Talionis
162(4)
9.5 Criminal Punishment
166(3)
10 Capital Punishment
169(16)
10.1 Death for Death
169(3)
10.2 Sorcery and False Accusation
172(3)
10.3 Murder and Rape
175(3)
10.4 Punishment and Law Enforcement
178(3)
10.5 Possible Ancient Defenses of Capital Punishment
181(4)
Section IV International Justice
185(32)
11 Ancient Treaties and Trust
187(18)
11.1 Ancient Vassal Treaties
188(3)
11.2 The Hittite-Egyptian Treaty of 1285 BCE
191(2)
11.3 Ancient Compliance
193(4)
11.4 Oaths and Threats
197(3)
11.5 Trust in the Ancient "International" Community
200(5)
12 Aggressive War and Necessity
205(16)
12.1 Opportunity
206(2)
12.2 Necessity
208(2)
12.3 Vengeance and Punishment
210(1)
12.4 Humanitarian Intervention
211(3)
12.5 Reconsidering National Defense and Humanitarian Intervention
214(3)
Concluding Thoughts for Part A
217(2)
Part B Ancient Greece And China 219(176)
Introduction for Part B
219(2)
Section V Law, Justice, And Equity
221(42)
13 Custom and Law in Ancient Greece and China
223(14)
13.1 Antigone and Law
224(2)
13.2 Law and Democracy in Ancient Greek Legal Thought
226(3)
13.3 Ancient Chinese Legal Thought about Law
229(3)
13.4 The Critique of Written Law in China and Greece
232(2)
13.5 The Debate about the Proper Place of Law
234(3)
14 Justice and Equity
237(12)
14.1 Justice and the Rule of Law for the Greeks
238(2)
14.2 Equity and Fairness for Aristotle
240(1)
14.3 Justice and Equity in Ancient China
241(3)
14.4 Conceptualizing Ancient Equity
244(3)
14.5 Distinguishing Justice and Equity
247(2)
15 Trials, Juries, and Democratic Assemblies
249(14)
15.1 Chinese Trials and Investigations
250(1)
15.2 Athenian Jury Trials
251(2)
15.3 Political and Legal Institutions in Greece and China
253(3)
15.4 Aristotle's Criticisms of Democracy
256(2)
15.5 Trial Procedures in Ancient Legal Thought
258(5)
Section VI Legal Status
263(40)
16 Citizens and Aliens
265(13)
16.1 Law, Aliens, and Social Status in Ancient China
266(2)
16.2 Citizenship in Ancient Athens
268(2)
16.3 Metics and Aliens in Athens
270(3)
16.4 Metics and Greek Democracy
273(2)
16.5 Learning from the Athenian Metics
275(3)
17 Women
278(12)
17.1 Women and Citizenship in Ancient Athens
279(1)
17.2 Marriage and Adultery Laws in Ancient Greece
280(4)
17.3 The Status of Women in Plato's Laws
284(1)
17.4 Private Property and the Family
285(3)
17.5 The Status of Women in Democracies
288(2)
18 Slavery and Democracy
290(13)
18.1 Early Greek Laws on Slavery
290(4)
18.2 Aristotle's Defense of Slavery in Athens
294(2)
18.3 Other Athenian Views of Slavery
296(2)
18.4 Law and Freedom in Ancient Athens and China
298(2)
18.5 Thinking about Law and Freedom
300(3)
Section VII Responsibility And Punishment
303(62)
19 Causation and Responsibility
305(16)
19.1 The Javelin Thrower in the Second Tetralogy of Antiphon
306(4)
19.2 Plato and Aristotle on Causation
310(3)
19.3 Contemporary Philosophical Discussions of the Second Tetralogy
313(3)
19.4 Proximate Causation and Contributory Causation
316(2)
19.5 The Second Tetralogy's Lessons
318(3)
20 Homicide and Pollution
321(18)
20.1 Ancient Greek Legal Thought and Criminal Law
322(2)
20.2 Draco's Homicide Law
324(1)
20.3 Pollution in Antiphon, Aeschylus, and Plato
325(4)
20.4 Pollution Problems
329(1)
20.5 Legal Pollution in Athens
330(4)
20.6 Dangerousness and Pollution
334(3)
20.7 Redressing Harm to Society
337(2)
21 Justification, Excuse, and Mitigation
339(13)
21.1 Ajax and Oedipus
339(3)
21.2 Antiphon's Third Tetralogy
342(3)
21.3 Aristotle on Justification and Proportionality
345(2)
21.4 Lack of Virtue and Mitigation of Punishment in Ancient China
347(2)
21.5 Justification and Excuse in Legal Thought
349(3)
22 Hubris and Impiety
352(13)
22.1 Ancient Greek Conceptions of Hubris
353(2)
22.2 Two Cases of Hubris from Demosthenes
355(2)
22.3 Impiety in Ancient Greece and China
357(3)
22.4 Impiety and Hubris as Ancient Honor-Based Crimes
360(2)
22.5 Dishonor and Hubris in Legal Thought
362(3)
Section VIII War And Amnesty
365(28)
23 Amnesty, Sanctuary, and Exile
367(13)
23.1 The Athenian Amnesty of 403 BCE
368(2)
23.2 Sanctuary in Ancient Greece
370(2)
23.3 Exile and Ostracism
372(2)
23.4 Equity and Extraordinary Practices in China and Greece
374(3)
23.5 Why Amnesty and Sanctuary Are Important
377(3)
24 Justified War and the Law of Nations
380(17)
24.1 Ancient Chinese Ideas of the Justification for War
381(4)
24.2 Ancient Greek Ideas about Aggressive War
385(1)
24.3 Ancient Greece and the Law of Nations
386(1)
24.4 The Obligation to Keep Treaties
387(3)
24.5 Treaty Enforcement in International Law
390(3)
Concluding Thoughts for Part B
393(2)
Part C India And The Roman Republic 395(144)
Introduction for Part C
395(2)
Section IX Law, Justice, And Equity
397(42)
25 Law and Its Sources in Ancient Roman and Indian Law
399(13)
25.1 Sources of Ancient Roman and Indian Law
400(2)
25.2 The Twelve Tables and Cicero on the Nature of Law
402(3)
25.3 Ancient Indian Conceptions of Law in the Sutras and Code of Manu
405(4)
25.4 The Nature and Sources of Law
409(3)
26 Legal Procedures and Trials
412(13)
26.1 Procedure in the Law of the Kings and the Twelve Tables
412(3)
26.2 Ancient Indian Procedural Law
415(2)
26.3 Trials in Ancient India and the Roman Republic
417(3)
26.4 Witnesses and Proof
420(2)
26.5 Why Legal Procedure Matters
422(3)
27 Equity and Justice
425(14)
27.1 Cicero on Equity and Justice
426(2)
27.2 Equity in Ancient Indian Legal Thought
428(1)
27.3 Equity in Roman Legal Thought and Practice
429(1)
27.4 From Jus Gentium to Jus Naturale
430(2)
27.5 Equity's Promise and Problems
432(3)
27.6 Law and Its Relation to Morality
435(4)
Section X Legal Status And Social Class
439(28)
28 Legal Status of Women
441(13)
28.1 The Early Roman Laws on Women
442(1)
28.2 The Early Indian Laws on Women
443(3)
28.3 Alternative Accounts of the Legal Status of Women in Rome and India
446(3)
28.4 The Legal Status of Women in Theory and Practice
449(2)
28.5 Legal Status of Women and the Social Control of Marriage
451(3)
29 Social Class and Slavery
454(13)
29.1 Class and Law in Ancient India and Rome
454(3)
29.2 The Sudra in Ancient Indian Law
457(2)
29.3 Slavery in the Roman Republic
459(2)
29.4 Comparing the Lowest Classes in Ancient Rome and India
461(3)
29.5 Law and the Worst Off
464(3)
Section XI Responsibility And Punishment
467(42)
30 Political and Moral Crimes
469(13)
30.1 Poisoning in the Roman Republic
469(2)
30.2 Poison and Treason in Ancient India
471(2)
30.3 Hierarchy and Crime
473(2)
30.4 Ancient Roman and Indian Criminal Procedure
475(4)
30.5 The Moral and Political Aims of Ancient Criminal Law
479(3)
31 Punishment, Cruelty, and Humaneness
482(13)
31.1 Punishment in the Twelve Tables
483(1)
31.2 Punishment in the Code of Manu in Ancient India
484(3)
31.3 Exile, Banishment, and Outcasting as Alternatives to Capital Punishment
487(2)
31.4 A Few Words from Seneca
489(3)
31.5 Thinking about Punishment Humanely
492(3)
32 Crimes Concerning Political and Legal Abuse
495(14)
32.1 Ancient India's Protections of Political and Legal Process
496(2)
32.2 The Roman Crimes of Majestas and Ambitus
498(1)
32.3 Infamia and Calumnia
499(3)
32.4 Ancient Laws Concerning Punishment of Legal or Political Officials
502(2)
32.5 The Importance of Protecting Legal and Political Processes
504(5)
Section XII War And Treaties
509(27)
33 Treaties, Hostages, and Keeping Faith
511(13)
33.1 Treaties in Ancient India and the Roman Republic
511(3)
33.2 Keeping Faith
514(1)
33.3 The Role of Hostages
515(2)
33.4 Conquest by Morality
517(3)
33.5 Treaties in Emerging Ancient Empires
520(4)
34 The Rules of War and the Law of Peoples
524(17)
34.1 The Law of Nature and the Law of Peoples
525(2)
34.2 Roman Ideas of the Law of War
527(2)
34.3 Ancient Indian Ideas on the Law of War
529(1)
34.4 Prisoners of War
530(3)
34.5 International Law in Ancient India and Rome
533(3)
Concluding Thoughts for Part C
536(3)
Part D Rabbinic Law And The Roman Empire 539(140)
Introduction for Part D
539(2)
Section XIII Justice, Equity, And Conflict Of Laws
541(42)
35 Law, Morality, and Religion
543(13)
35.1 Justice and Equity in Rabbinic and Late Roman Legal Thought
544(2)
35.2 Religion and Law in Ancient Rabbinic Thought
546(3)
35.3 Morality and Law in the Roman Empire
549(2)
35.4 The Religious Aspects of Law
551(3)
35.5 Morality and the Domain of Law
554(2)
36 Dual Legal Regimes
556(14)
36.1 Overlapping Legal Domains
557(2)
36.2 Circumcision and Conversion
559(3)
36.3 Roman Interference with Jewish Religious Life
562(2)
36.4 Conflict of Laws for Jews in the Roman Empire
564(3)
36.5 Autonomy and Tolerance of States Within States
567(3)
37 The Law and Ancient Legal Scholars
570(13)
37.1 Rabbis and Ancient Rabbinic Law
571(2)
37.2 The Legal Scholars of the Roman Empire
573(2)
37.3 Why Did Legal Scholars and Rabbis Come to Make Law?
575(3)
37.4 Professional Legal Scholars and Lawyers
578(2)
37.5 Did Professional Legal Scholars Make the Law More Humane?
580(3)
Section XIV Differential Status
583(28)
38 Women in Jewish and Roman Thought
585(13)
38.1 The Status of Women in Rabbinic and Imperial Roman Times
586(2)
38.2 Religion and the Status of Women in Rabbinic and Roman Law
588(1)
38.3 Marriage and Divorce
589(4)
38.4 Rape and Sexual Violence
593(2)
38.5 Lack of Advances for Women at the End of the Ancient Period
595(3)
39 Slaves in Jewish and Roman Legal Thought
598(13)
39.1 Slaves as Both Persons and Things in Late Roman Thought
599(2)
39.2 Slaves in Rabbinic Law
601(3)
39.3 The Quandary Over Slavery Revisited
604(2)
39.4 The Few Critics of Slavery During Later Ancient Times
606(2)
39.5 Reconsidering the Idea of Moral Progress in Light of Slavery
608(3)
Section XV Responsibility
611(40)
40 Intention and Causation in Criminal Law
613(13)
40.1 Causation and Crime in Rabbinic Legal Thought
614(2)
40.2 Causation and Crime in the Legal Thought of the Roman Empire
616(3)
40.3 Intention in Ancient Rabbinic Legal Thought
619(2)
40.4 Intention in the Legal Thought of the Roman Empire
621(2)
40.5 Conceptualizing Criminal Responsibility
623(3)
41 Injury and Murder
626(12)
41.1 Injuria in the Roman Empire
627(1)
41.2 Injury and Assault in the Talmud
628(2)
41.3 Murder in the Roman Empire
630(2)
41.4 Homicide in the Talmud
632(3)
41.5 Why Crime is Understood as Outrageous in Ancient Legal Thought
635(3)
42 Public Punishment, Penal Prisons, and Police
638(13)
42.1 Public Punishment
638(3)
42.2 Penal Prisons
641(3)
42.3 Police Enforcement
644(2)
42.4 Public Institutions and Criminal Law
646(2)
42.5 Assessing the Expanding Domains of Organized Religion and the State
648(3)
Section XVI Universal Law At The End Of Ancient Times
651(26)
43 Universal Law and Human Rights
653(13)
43.1 Roman Conceptions of Natural Law
654(2)
43.2 Ancient Rabbinic Conceptions of Divine Law
656(2)
43.3 Universal Law, Divine or Natural
658(2)
43.4 Universal Law, Universal Jurisdiction, and Human Rights
660(2)
43.5 The Idea of Human Rights
662(4)
44 The Origins of the Just War Doctrine
666(15)
44.1 Pacifism in the Early Christianized Roman Empire
666(4)
44.2 Augustine's Defense of the Just War
670(2)
44.3 Ancient Rabbinic Ideas of a Just War
672(2)
44.4 Universal Law and Limitations on War
674(2)
44.5 Some Remaining Worries about War's Inhumaneness
676(1)
Concluding Thoughts for Part D
677(2)
Part E Final Thoughts 679(14)
45 Final Thoughts on Equity, Justice, and Humaneness
681(12)
45.1 Ancient Conceptions of Equity and Justice
682(3)
45.2 Some Cases of Equity
685(3)
45.3 Mercy and Equity
688(2)
45.4 Humaneness, Discretion, and Equity
690(3)
Bibliography 693(18)
Index 711
Larry May is Professor of Philosophy and Law, Emeritus at Vanderbilt University, Tennessee. He has published thirty-seven books, including Limiting Leviathan: Hobbes on Law and International Affairs (2013), Proportionality in International Law, with Michael Newton, (2014), Contingent Pacifism (Cambridge, 2015), Necessity in International Law, with Jens Ohlin (2016), International Criminal Tribunals, with Shannon Fyfe (Cambridge, 2017), and is editor of The Cambridge Handbook of the Just War (Cambridge, 2017). His books have won awards in law, philosophy, and political science and he has advised the US State Department, the CIA, the NIH, and the International Committee of the Red Cross.