Chapter 1 An Introduction to Animal Behavior |
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2 | (22) |
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Natural Selection and the Evolution of Behavior |
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5 | (8) |
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The Cost-Benefit Approach to Behavioral Biology |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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Box 1.1: Natural selection and infanticide in primates |
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9 | (2) |
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The Integrative Study of Animal Behavior |
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11 | (2) |
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Approaches to Studying Behavior |
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13 | (11) |
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The Adaptive Basis of Behavior: Mobbing in Gulls |
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13 | (8) |
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Box 1.2: Phylogenies and the comparative method |
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14 | (4) |
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Box 1.3: The benefit of high nest density for the arctic skua |
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18 | (3) |
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The Science of Animal Behavior |
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21 | (3) |
Chapter 2 The Integrative Study of Behavior |
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24 | (34) |
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The Development of Song Learning |
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26 | (8) |
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Box 2.1: Characterizing sounds made by animals |
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27 | (1) |
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Intraspecific Variation and Dialects |
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28 | (5) |
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Social Experience and Song Development |
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33 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Song Learning |
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34 | (6) |
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Box 2.2: Song learning in birds adopted by another species |
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35 | (1) |
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The Genetics of Song Learning |
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36 | (1) |
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Control of the Avian Song System |
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36 | (4) |
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Box 2.3: Proximate mechanisms underlying song preferences in females |
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37 | (3) |
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The Evolution of Song Learning |
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40 | (4) |
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An Evolutionary History of Bird Song |
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40 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Song Learning and the Comparative Approach |
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42 | (2) |
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Human versus Avian Vocal Learning |
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44 | (1) |
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The Adaptive Value of Song Learning |
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44 | (12) |
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Box 2.4: Why might song learning make males communicate more effectively with rivals or potential mates? |
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45 | (1) |
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Adapting to the Local Environment |
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46 | (1) |
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Recognition: Friends versus Foes |
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46 | (4) |
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Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition |
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50 | (1) |
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Sexual Selection: Female Choice and Assortative Mating |
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51 | (5) |
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The Integrative Study of Bird Song |
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56 | (2) |
Chapter 3 The Developmental and Genetic Bases of Behavior |
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58 | (46) |
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Behavior Requires Genes and the Environment |
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60 | (14) |
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The Interactive Theory of Development |
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61 | (7) |
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Box 3.1: Behavioral genetics: Identifying the genetic basis of differences in behavior |
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62 | (6) |
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Environmental Differences Can Cause Behavioral Differences |
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68 | (1) |
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Genetic Differences Can Also Cause Behavioral Differences |
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69 | (5) |
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Box 3.2: Migratory restlessness |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (10) |
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Learning Requires Both Genes and Environment |
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75 | (1) |
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Learning in Complex Environments |
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76 | (2) |
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The Adaptive Value of Learning |
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78 | (6) |
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The Evolutionary Development of Behavior |
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84 | (5) |
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The Evo-Devo Approach to Understanding Behavior |
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84 | (5) |
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Box 3.3: The genetics of foraging behavior in honey bees |
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85 | (4) |
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Early Life Developmental Conditions |
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89 | (15) |
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The Role of the Social Environment |
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90 | (1) |
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Developmental Homeostasis versus Developmental Constraint |
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91 | (4) |
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Developmental Switch Mechanisms |
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95 | (5) |
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Supergenes and Behavioral Polymorphisms |
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100 | (4) |
Chapter 4 The Neural Basis of Behavior |
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104 | (40) |
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106 | (12) |
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Complex Responses to Simple Stimuli |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (4) |
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Box 4.1: Ultrasound detection in the moth ear |
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114 | (3) |
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Ultrasonic Hearing in Other Insects |
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117 | (1) |
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Neural Command and Control |
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118 | (17) |
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Decision Making in the Brain |
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118 | (2) |
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From Ultrasound to Ultraviolet Radiation |
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120 | (4) |
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Selective Relaying of Sensory Inputs |
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124 | (2) |
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Responding to Relayed Messages |
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126 | (3) |
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The Proximate Basis of Stimulus Filtering |
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129 | (17) |
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Box 4.2: Determining how female parasitoid wasps choose their singing male bush-cricket hosts |
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132 | (3) |
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Box 4.3: Cortical magnification in mammals |
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135 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Cognitive Skills |
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135 | (9) |
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Box 4.4: Do energetic demands explain why humans have such large brains? |
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137 | (7) |
Chapter 5 The Physiological Basis of Behavior |
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144 | (40) |
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Endogenous Rhythms and Changing Behavioral Priorities |
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146 | (10) |
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Mechanisms of Changing Behavioral Priorities |
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146 | (3) |
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The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |
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149 | (2) |
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The Genetics of Circadian Timing |
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151 | (1) |
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The Physiology of Circadian Timing |
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152 | (3) |
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Seasonal and Annual Cycles of Behavior |
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155 | (1) |
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Cues That Entrain Cycles of Behavior |
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156 | (10) |
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Predictable Environmental Cues |
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157 | (5) |
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Box 5.1: Hormonal responses to light in birds |
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160 | (2) |
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Unpredictable Environmental Cues |
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162 | (3) |
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Social Conditions and Changing Priorities |
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165 | (1) |
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Hormonal Mechanisms Underlying Behavioral Change |
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166 | (18) |
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Organizational versus Activational Effects of Hormones on Behavior and Development |
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166 | (6) |
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Box 5.2: Measuring hormones in animals |
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168 | (3) |
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Box 5.3: Do steroid hormones modulate male parental behavior in California mice? |
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171 | (1) |
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Hormones and Reproduction |
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172 | (2) |
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Testosterone and Reproductive Behavior |
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174 | (2) |
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The Costs of Hormonal Regulation |
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176 | (3) |
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Glucocorticoids and Responding to Environmental Change |
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179 | (5) |
Chapter 6 Avoiding Predators and Finding Food |
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184 | (34) |
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186 | (18) |
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186 | (6) |
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Box 6.1: Evolutionary game theory |
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187 | (5) |
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Game Theory and Social Defenses |
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192 | (1) |
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Box 6.2: Game theory and the selfish herd |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (5) |
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Optimality Theory and Antipredator Behavior |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (14) |
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Optimality Theory and Foraging Decisions |
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205 | (6) |
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Box 6.3: Territoriality and feeding behavior in golden-winged sunbirds |
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206 | (2) |
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Box 6.4: Optimal foraging by pike cichlid fish |
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208 | (3) |
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Criticisms of Optimal Foraging Theory |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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Game Theory and Feeding Behavior |
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214 | (4) |
Chapter 7 Territoriality and Migration |
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218 | (38) |
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220 | (15) |
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220 | (2) |
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Territoriality and Resource-Holding Potential |
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222 | (7) |
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Box 7.1: How to track migratory songbirds |
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228 | (1) |
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Why Give Up Quickly When Fighting for a Territory? |
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229 | (6) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (21) |
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237 | (3) |
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Box 7.2: Opposite patterns of sex-biased dispersal in mammals and birds |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (3) |
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The Costs and Benefits of Migration |
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243 | (7) |
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Box 7.3: Behaviors to reduce the costs of flying during migration |
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244 | (6) |
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Variation in Migratory Behavior |
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250 | (8) |
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Box 7.4: Migratory pathways of Swainson's thrush |
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253 | (3) |
Chapter 8 Principles of Communication |
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256 | (46) |
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Communication and Animal Signals |
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258 | (4) |
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Information Use and Animal Signals |
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259 | (3) |
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The Evolution of Animal Signals |
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262 | (16) |
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Preexisting Traits and the Development of a Strange Display |
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264 | (1) |
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The Panda Principle and Preexisting Traits |
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265 | (4) |
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Preexisting Biases and the Evolution of Animal Signals |
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269 | (4) |
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Box 8.1: Spiders hunting prey at night |
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271 | (2) |
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Preexisting Traits versus Preexisting Biases |
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273 | (5) |
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Box 8.2: Why do female moths mate with males that produce ultrasonic mimetic signals similar to those produced by predatory bats? |
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275 | (3) |
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The Function of Animal Signals |
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278 | (24) |
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The Adaptive Function of a Strange Display |
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278 | (3) |
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Honest Communication and Threat Displays |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (4) |
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Box 8.3: Mechanisms and measurement of animal coloration |
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287 | (1) |
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When Multiple Honest Signals Are Better Than One |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (5) |
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295 | (7) |
Chapter 9 Reproductive Behavior |
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302 | (50) |
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Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Sex Differences |
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305 | (8) |
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Sex Differences in Reproductive Behavior |
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307 | (2) |
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Box 9.1: Are sperm always cheap? |
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308 | (1) |
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Sex Differences and Parental Investment |
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309 | (1) |
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A Reversal in Sex Differences |
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310 | (3) |
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Intrasexual Selection and Competition for Mates |
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313 | (15) |
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Competition and Access to Mates |
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314 | (2) |
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Coexistence of Conditional Mating Tactics |
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316 | (4) |
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Coexistence of Alternative Mating Strategies |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (3) |
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Mate Guarding and Paternity Assurance |
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325 | (3) |
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Intersexual Selection and Mate Choice |
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328 | (16) |
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Female Mate Choice for Direct Benefits |
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329 | (5) |
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Female Mate Choice for Indirect Benefits |
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334 | (7) |
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Box 9.2: Sexual selection in the peacock |
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337 | (4) |
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Runaway versus Chase-away Sexual Selection |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (8) |
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The Manipulation of Female Choice |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (5) |
Chapter 10 Mating Systems |
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352 | (48) |
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Monogamy: A Lack of Multiple Mating |
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355 | (7) |
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355 | (3) |
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Monogamy in Species with Paternal Care |
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358 | (2) |
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Monogamy When Paternal Care Is Rare |
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360 | (2) |
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Polyandry: Multiple Mating by Females |
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362 | (18) |
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Monogamous Males and Polyandrous Females |
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362 | (5) |
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Box 10.1: Sexual parasitism, dwarf males, and the evolution of gigolos |
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364 | (3) |
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Polyandry and Indirect Genetic Benefits |
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367 | (10) |
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Box 10.2: Extra-pair paternity and good genes in birds |
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371 | (6) |
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Polyandry and Direct Benefits |
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377 | (3) |
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Polygyny: Multiple Mating by Males |
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380 | (16) |
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381 | (2) |
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Resource Defense Polygyny |
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383 | (3) |
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386 | (6) |
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Scramble Competition Polygyny |
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392 | (4) |
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Box 10.3: Lekking females in a sex-role reversed pipefish |
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394 | (2) |
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Polygynandry and Promiscuity: Multiple Mating by Both Sexes |
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396 | (4) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
Chapter 11 Parental Care |
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400 | (44) |
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Offspring Value and Parental Investment |
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402 | (12) |
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402 | (5) |
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Parental Favoritism in Offspring Care and Production |
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407 | (2) |
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Parental Favoritism in Humans |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (13) |
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The Costs and Benefits of Parental Care |
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414 | (1) |
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Sexual Conflict and Parental Care: Who Cares? |
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415 | (4) |
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Box 11.1: Why do females provide all of the care in treehoppers? |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (6) |
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Box 11.2: Reactions of nest-defending bluegill males to potential egg and fry predators under two conditions |
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422 | (5) |
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Discriminating Parental Care |
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427 | (17) |
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Recognizing One's Own Offspring |
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427 | (3) |
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Box 11.3: Why do parents in some species adopt genetic strangers of their own species? |
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430 | (1) |
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Interspecific Brood Parasitism |
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430 | (4) |
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Choosing the Correct Host |
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434 | (1) |
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Coevolutionary Arms Races |
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435 | (4) |
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The Evolution of Interspecific Brood Parasitism |
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439 | (5) |
Chapter 12 Principles of Social Evolution |
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444 | (32) |
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Box 12.1: The major evolutionary transitions |
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47 | (401) |
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Altruism and the Levels of Selection |
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448 | (5) |
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Individual versus Group Selection |
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449 | (1) |
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Altruism and the Role of Kin Selection |
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450 | (3) |
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Box 12.2: Calculating genetic relatedness |
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452 | (1) |
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Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness Theory |
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453 | (17) |
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Challenges to Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness Theory |
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455 | (3) |
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Box 12.3: Altruism in amoebae |
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455 | (3) |
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Haplodiploidy and the Evolution of Eusociality |
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458 | (2) |
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Testing the Haplodiploidy Hypothesis |
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460 | (1) |
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Inclusive Fitness and Monogamy in Eusocial Insects |
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461 | (6) |
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Box 12.4: Division of labor in clonal trematode flatworms |
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463 | (4) |
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Sterility and Caste Differentiation |
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467 | (3) |
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Social Conflict in Animal Societies |
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470 | (6) |
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470 | (6) |
Chapter 13 Social Behavior and Sociality |
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476 | (36) |
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The Evolution of Social Behavior |
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478 | (13) |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (8) |
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Box 13.1: How do groups of animals decide where to go? |
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480 | (5) |
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Box 13.2: Social network analysis |
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485 | (2) |
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487 | (4) |
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Non-cooperative Social Behaviors: Selfishness and Spite |
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491 | (1) |
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Individual Differences in Social Behavior |
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491 | (2) |
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Personalities in Social Species |
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492 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding |
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493 | (11) |
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Reproductive Cooperation and Kin Selection |
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494 | (1) |
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Reproductive Benefits and Cooperative Breeding |
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495 | (5) |
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Box 13.3: Mobbing and kinship in groups of Siberian jays |
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496 | (4) |
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Reproductive Costs and Cooperative Breeding |
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500 | (4) |
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Reproductive Conflict in Cooperative Breeders |
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504 | (8) |
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504 | (3) |
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Reproductive Skew, Extra-pair Paternity, and Social Structure |
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507 | (7) |
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Box 13.4: Why do males and females both have elaborate traits in social species? |
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508 | (4) |
Chapter 14 Human Behavior |
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512 | |
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514 | (9) |
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The Development and Evolutionary History of Human Speech |
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515 | (6) |
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Box 14.1: Ethical studies of humans and other animals |
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517 | (4) |
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The Neurophysiology of Speech 51c The Adaptive Value of Speech |
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521 | (2) |
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523 | (20) |
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An Evolutionary Analysis of Human Mate Choice |
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524 | (1) |
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524 | (8) |
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Box 14.2: Female choice and the features of dominant versus attractive men |
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526 | (2) |
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Box 14.3: Human mate choice in an online world |
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528 | (4) |
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532 | (3) |
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Reproductive and Sexual Conflict in Humans |
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535 | (3) |
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Extreme Sexual Conflict in Humans: Polygamy and Extramarital Affairs |
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538 | (2) |
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540 | (3) |
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Practical Applications of Behavioral Theory |
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543 | |
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544 | (2) |
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The Triumph of an Evolutionary Analysis of Human Behavior |
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546 | |