List of Contributors |
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xv | |
1 Anatomy of the Reproductive System |
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1 | (58) |
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Gheorghe M. Constantinescu |
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1.1 Male Genital Organs in Domestic Mammals |
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1 | (4) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 The Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, and Spermatic Cord |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The Descent of the Testicle |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.4 The Tunics of the Spermatic Cord and the Testicle |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.5 The Accessory Genital Glands |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.6 The Penis and the Prepuce |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Female Genital Organs in Domestic Mammals |
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5 | (4) |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.2 The Uterine Tube: Salpinx, Fallopian Tube |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.4 The Vagina and the Vestibule |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.5 The Vulva and the Clitoris |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3 The Genital System in Domestic Mammals Species by Species |
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9 | (26) |
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1.3.1 The Genital System in the Carnivores: Cat and Dog |
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9 | (6) |
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1.3.2 The Genital System in the Pig |
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15 | (5) |
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1.3.3 The Genital System in the Ruminants |
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20 | (10) |
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1.3.4 The Genital System in the Horse |
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30 | (5) |
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1.4 Genital Organs in Laboratory Mammals |
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35 | (21) |
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1.4.1 The Genital System in the Rabbit |
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38 | (4) |
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1.4.2 The Genital System in the Mouse |
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42 | (5) |
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1.4.3 The Genital System in the Rat |
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47 | (3) |
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1.4.4 The Mammary Glands in Laboratory Animals |
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50 | (1) |
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1.4.5 The Genital System in the Xenopus laevis: African Clawed Frog |
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51 | (5) |
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1.4.6 The Genital System in the Brachidanio rerio (Zebrafish) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
2 Anatomy of Mammalian (Endocrine) Glands Controlling the Reproduction |
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59 | (6) |
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Gheorghe M. Constantinescu |
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2.1 The Hypothalamus Including the Hypophysis |
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59 | (2) |
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2.2 The Cerebral Epiphysis |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
3 Models for Investigating Placental Biology |
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65 | (26) |
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65 | (1) |
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3.2 Classification of Placenta |
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66 | (3) |
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3.3 Development of Human Placenta |
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69 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Trophoblast Subtypes and Development of Functional Placenta |
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69 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Placental Development |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Development of Fetal Membranes |
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71 | (2) |
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3.4 Modeling Placental Development and Diseases of Placental Origin |
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73 | (9) |
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3.4.1 In Vitro Cell Models |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Alternative Animal Models |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (9) |
4 Early Developmental Programming of the Ovarian Reserve, Ovarian Function, and Fertility |
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91 | (18) |
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91 | (1) |
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4.2 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fetal Oogonia (Germ Cells) |
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92 | (2) |
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92 | (2) |
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4.3 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fetal Follicle/Oocyte Numbers (Healthy versus Atretic) and Oocyte Quality |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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4.4 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on the Ovarian Reserve (Total Number of Morphologically Healthy Follicles/Oocytes in Ovaries) in Offspring |
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95 | (3) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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4.5 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Ovarian Function (e.g., Pituitary Gonadotropin Secretion, Ovarian Hormone/Growth Factor Production, Response to Gonadotropins, Follicle Development, Irregular Reproductive Cycles, and Ovulation Rate) in Offspring |
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98 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.6 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fertility (as Measured by Conception Rates, Fecundity, or Age at Puberty or Menopause) in Offspring |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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4.7 Summary and Conclusion |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (7) |
5 Small Non-Coding RNAS in Gametogenesis |
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109 | (18) |
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5.1 Small Non-Coding RNAs |
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109 | (1) |
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5.2 Function of sncRNAs in Gametogenesis |
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109 | (10) |
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110 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Function of miRNAs in the Process of Spermatogenesis |
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112 | (3) |
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5.2.3 endo-siRNAs Biogenesis |
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115 | (1) |
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5.2.4 endo-siRNAs in the Process of Spermatogenesis |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Role of piRNAs in Male Germ Cell Development |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (8) |
6 The Ovarian Follicle of Cows as a Model for Human |
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127 | (18) |
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127 | (1) |
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6.1.1 Why We Know More About Cow Than Human Reproduction |
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127 | (1) |
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6.2 A Similar Physiology of Folliculogenesis |
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128 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Basic Physiology of Reproduction |
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128 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Time from Primordial Follicle to Ovulation |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Characteristics of the Dominant Follicle |
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131 | (1) |
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6.3 Assisted Reproduction |
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131 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Response to Ovarian Stimulation |
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132 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Response to FSH Coasting |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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6.4 Testing the Competence Hypothesis |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (9) |
7 Production of Energy and Determination of Competence: Past Knowledge, Present Research, and Future Opportunities in Oocyte and Embryo Metabolism |
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145 | (32) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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7.3 The Relationship Between Oocyte Metabolism and Quality |
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148 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Energy Substrates During Oocyte Maturation |
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148 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Oocyte Metabolic Pathways |
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149 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Oocyte Metabolism of Fatty Acids |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Precompaction: More Than Just Pyruvate |
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153 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Postcompaction: More Than Just Glucose |
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154 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Lactate: The Other Carbohydrate |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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7.6 Toward Personalized Culture Media: Formulating Media for Specific Maternal Conditions |
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158 | (3) |
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7.6.1 Maternal Impact on Embryo Development |
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158 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Impaired Embryo Metabolism |
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159 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction |
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159 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (15) |
8 Signal Transduction Pathways in Oocyte Maturation |
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177 | (36) |
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177 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Oocyte Nuclear Maturation |
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178 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Cumulus Cell Expansion |
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179 | (1) |
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8.1.4 The Impact of FSH During In Vitro Maturation |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (11) |
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181 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling |
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182 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Phosphodiesterase Superfamily |
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182 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Oocyte Meiosis and cAMP |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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8.2.7 Cyclic GMP and PDE5/6 |
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187 | (1) |
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8.2.8 Cellular Compartmentalization of Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling |
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188 | (1) |
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8.2.9 C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) and cGMP |
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189 | (3) |
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8.3 Gap Junction Communications |
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192 | (1) |
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8.3.1 Connexin, Connexon, and Gap Junctions |
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192 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Gap Junction Communications and Oocyte Maturation |
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193 | (1) |
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8.4 Metabolic Switch (AMPK) |
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193 | (5) |
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193 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Structure and Regulation of AMPK |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Downstream Targets of AMPK |
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195 | (1) |
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8.4.5 AMPK in Reproductive Function |
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195 | (1) |
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8.4.6 AMPK in Oocyte Function |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (15) |
9 Pig Models of Reproduction |
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213 | (22) |
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213 | (1) |
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9.2 Early Embryonic Development |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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9.5 Tubouterine Contractility |
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216 | (1) |
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9.6 Development to the Blastocyst Stage |
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216 | (1) |
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9.7 Pregnancy and Developmental Programming |
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217 | (5) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (12) |
10 The Mare as an Animal Model for Reproductive Aging in the Woman |
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235 | (12) |
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235 | (1) |
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10.2 Ovarian Activity and Reproductive Cycles |
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236 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Assessment of Antral Follicles |
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236 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Reproductive Cycles |
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237 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Reproductive Senescence |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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10.3.1 Follicle Growth and Selection |
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238 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Follicular Environment |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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10.4.1 Natural Decline in Fertility with Aging |
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239 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Assisted Reproductive Procedures |
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239 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Maternal Age and Pregnancy Failure |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Oocyte Morphology and Viability |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (5) |
11 Spotlight on Reproduction in Domestic Dogs as a Model for Human Reproduction |
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247 | (112) |
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247 | (8) |
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11.1.1 Scope of the Chapter |
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247 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Dog's Importance to Modern Human Society |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (3) |
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11.1.7 Dog as a Model for Human Genetic Disorders |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (66) |
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11.2.1 Dog Onset of Puberty |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Reproductive Anatomy of the Male Dog |
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256 | (4) |
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11.2.4 Reproductive Physiology of the Male Dog |
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260 | (20) |
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11.2.5 Reproductive Anatomy of the Female Dog |
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280 | (7) |
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11.2.6 Reproductive Physiology of the Female Dog |
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287 | (11) |
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298 | (20) |
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11.2.8 Dog Pregnancy, Development and Birth |
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318 | (3) |
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11.3 Dog-Assisted Reproductive Technology |
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321 | (7) |
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11.3.1 Artificial Insemination |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Oocyte In Vitro Maturation |
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322 | (1) |
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11.3.4 In Vitro Fertilization |
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323 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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11.3.9 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Dogs |
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327 | (1) |
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11.3.10 Dog Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
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327 | (1) |
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11.3.11 Genetically Modified Dogs |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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11.5 The Dog as a Model for Human Reproduction |
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328 | (4) |
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11.5.1 Disorders of Sexual Development |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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11.6 Concluding Statements |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (26) |
12 Animal Models of Inflammation During Pregnancy |
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359 | (24) |
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359 | (1) |
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12.2 Local Inflammation of the Pregnant Female Reproductive Tract |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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12.2.2 In liter° Inflammation and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |
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360 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Ascending Infections and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |
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361 | (1) |
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12.3 Systemic Inflammation During Pregnancy |
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361 | (4) |
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361 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Systemic Viral or Bacterial Infection |
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363 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Maternal Stress: Chronic Sterile Inflammation |
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364 | (1) |
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12.3.4 Preeclampsia-Related Inflammation Models |
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364 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Models of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) |
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365 | (1) |
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12.4 Genetic Models and Cellular Manipulation to Study Inflammation During Pregnancy |
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365 | (5) |
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365 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Breeding Cross Models of Induced Inflammation |
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365 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Genetically Modified Models of Inflammation and Pregnancy |
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367 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Immune Cell Manipulation to Study Inflammation |
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367 | (3) |
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12.5 Inflammation During Pregnancy and Offspring Disease |
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370 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Models of Inflammation During Pregnancy Resulting in Offspring Disease |
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371 | (1) |
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12.6 Perspectives and Conclusions |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (10) |
13 Practical Approaches, Achievements, and Perspectives in the Study on Signal Transduction in Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization: Focusing on the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevisas an Animal Model |
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383 | (18) |
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13.1 Introduction to Reproductive Biology of Frog Oocytes and Eggs |
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383 | (1) |
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13.2 Practical Approaches |
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383 | (12) |
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13.2.1 Maintenance of Adult Frogs |
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383 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Collection of Immature Oocytes and Unfertilized Eggs |
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384 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Preparation of Sperm |
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385 | (1) |
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13.2.4 In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization |
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386 | (1) |
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13.2.5 Microinjection and Other Pharmacological Treatments |
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386 | (4) |
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13.2.6 Biochemical Fractionations of Oocytes and Eggs |
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390 | (1) |
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13.2.7 Biochemical and Cell Biological Assays |
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391 | (2) |
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13.2.8 Indirect Immunofluorescent Study |
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393 | (1) |
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13.2.9 Protein Identification by Mass Spectrometry Analysis |
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394 | (1) |
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13.2.10 Emerging Approaches: Live-Cell Imaging and Genome Manipulations |
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394 | (1) |
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13.3 Achievements and Perspectives |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (2) |
14 Prezygotic Chromosomal Examination of Mouse Spermatozoa |
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401 | (8) |
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401 | (1) |
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14.2 Procedure of Sperm Chromosome Screening |
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402 | (2) |
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14.2.1 Sperm Genome Cloning Using an Androgenic Embryo (Step (a)) |
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402 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Induction of PCC for Rapid Chromosome Visualization (Step (b)) |
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403 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Production of Diploid Embryos by Fusion of Blastomere with MII Oocytes (Step (c)) |
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403 | (1) |
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14.3 Practical Use of SCS Before Fertilization |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (3) |
15 Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Mammalian Sperm Acrosomal Exocytosis |
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409 | (18) |
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409 | (1) |
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15.2 Structure of the Acrosome |
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409 | (3) |
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15.3 Intermediate Stages of Exocytosis |
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412 | (1) |
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15.4 Sperm Capacitation Prepare the Sperm to Undergo Acrosomal Exocytosis |
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412 | (2) |
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15.5 Physiological Site for the Occurrence of Acrosomal Exocytosis |
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414 | (2) |
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15.6 SNARES and Other Proteins from the Fusion Machinery |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (8) |
16 Sperm Chromatin Dynamics Associated with Male Fertility in Mammals |
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427 | (8) |
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427 | (2) |
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16.2 Sperm Chromatin Structure Modulates Sperm Nuclear Shape and Function |
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429 | (1) |
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16.3 The Bull Is a Suitable Model for the Study of Male Fertility in Humans |
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430 | (1) |
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16.4 Conclusions and Prospects |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (4) |
17 Epigenome Modification and Ubiquitin-Dependent Proteolysis During Pronuclear Development of the Mammalian Zygote: Animal Models to Study Pronuclear Development |
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435 | (32) |
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435 | (1) |
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17.2 Milestones of Pronuclear Development |
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436 | (2) |
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17.3 Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear Pore Complexes, and Nuclear Lamina Changes During Pronuclear Development |
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438 | (2) |
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17.4 Molecular Mechanism of Paternal and Maternal Pronucleus Biogenesis |
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440 | (2) |
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17.5 Role of UPS in Pronuclear Biogenesis |
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442 | (1) |
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17.6 Posttranslational Modifications of Pronuclear Histones |
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443 | (3) |
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17.7 Sirtuin Family Histone Deacetylases in Gametogenesis and Development |
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446 | (1) |
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17.8 Clinical and Technological Considerations |
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447 | (3) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (17) |
18 Alterations of the Epigenome Induced by the Environment in Reproduction |
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467 | (18) |
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467 | (1) |
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18.2 Epigenetic Reprogramming |
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467 | (3) |
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18.2.1 The Epigenetic Reprogramming in Germ Lines |
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469 | (1) |
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18.2.2 The Epigenetic Reprogramming in Early Embryo |
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470 | (1) |
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18.3 Environment and Epigenetic Alterations |
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470 | (2) |
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18.4 Animal Models Used in Reproduction to Research Epigenetic Alterations Induced by the Environment |
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
18.4.1 Viable Yellow (AvY) Mouse Model |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
18.4.2 Axin 1 Mouse (Fu) Model |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
18.4.3 Micronutrient Animal Models |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
18.4.4 The Protein-Restricted Diet Model |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
18.4.5 The Caloric Restriction Model |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
18.4.6 The Animal Model of Zinc Deficiency |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
18.4.7 Undernutrition Models |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
18.4.9 The Diabetes Mellitus Model |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
18.4.10 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
18.5 Effects of Environment on Epigenetic Modifications in Humans |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
18.6 Epigenetics and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
18.7 Priorities for the Future |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (9) |
19 Toward Development of Pluripotent Porcine Stem Cells by Road Mapping Early Embryonic Development |
|
485 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
485 | (4) |
|
19.2 Current Status on the Pluripotent State in the Pig Embryo |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
19.3 Current Status of the Establishment of Porcine Embryonic Stem Cells (pESCs) |
|
|
491 | (3) |
|
19.4 Current Status in Establishment of Porcine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
19.5 Future Perspectives: Use of Global Profiling on Pluripotent Cells from Pig Embryo and Pluripotent Stem Cells |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
19.6 Discussion and Conclusions |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (7) |
20 Applications of Metabolomics in Reproductive Biology |
|
509 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
20.2 Metabolomics and Reproductive Biology |
|
|
510 | (3) |
|
20.3 Metabolomics Studies in Large Animals as Models for Humans |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
20.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (5) |
21 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes |
|
519 | (38) |
|
|
21.1 Principles of Cryopreservation |
|
|
519 | (3) |
|
21.1.1 Water and Cell Cryopreservation |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
21.2 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes |
|
|
522 | (20) |
|
|
522 | (7) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
21.2.3 Cryopreservation Methods |
|
|
530 | (12) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (14) |
Index |
|
557 | |