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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
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1 Antarctic Climate Evolution -- second edition |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Structure and content of the book |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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2 Sixty years of coordination and support for Antarctic science -- the role of SCAR |
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9 | (32) |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2 Scientific value of research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean |
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10 | (5) |
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2.3 The international framework in which SCAR operates |
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15 | (1) |
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2.4 The organisation of SCAR |
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16 | (4) |
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2.5 Sixty years of significant Antarctic science discoveries |
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20 | (2) |
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2.6 Scientific Horizon Scan |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (14) |
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3 Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate from onshore and offshore studies |
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41 | (124) |
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41 | (3) |
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3.2 Long-term tectonic drivers and ice sheet evolution |
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44 | (2) |
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3.3 Global climate variability and direct evidence for Antarctic ice sheet variability in the Cenozoic |
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46 | (13) |
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3.3.1 Late Cretaceous to early Oligocene evidence of Antarctic ice sheets and climate variability |
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47 | (3) |
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3.3.2 The Eocene-Oligocene transition and continental-scale glaciation of Antarctica |
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50 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Transient glaciations of the Oligocene and Miocene |
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51 | (6) |
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3.3.4 Pliocene to Pleistocene |
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57 | (2) |
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3.4 Regional seismic stratigraphies and drill core correlations, and future priorities to reconstruct Antarctica's Cenozoic ice sheet history |
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59 | (61) |
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61 | (10) |
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71 | (5) |
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3.4.3 Bellingshausen Sea and Pacific coastline of Antarctic Peninsula |
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76 | (5) |
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3.4.4 The Northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands |
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81 | (1) |
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3.4.5 The Eastern Margin of the Antarctic Peninsula |
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82 | (2) |
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3.4.6 The South Orkney Microcontinent and adjacent deep-water basins |
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84 | (4) |
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3.4.7 East Antarctic Margin |
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88 | (32) |
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3.5 Summary, future directions and challenges |
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120 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (40) |
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4 Water masses, circulation and change in the modern Southern Ocean |
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165 | (34) |
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165 | (2) |
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4.1.1 Defining the Southern Ocean |
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166 | (1) |
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4.2 Water masses -- characteristics and distribution |
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167 | (9) |
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167 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Intermediate depth waters |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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4.3 Southern Ocean circulation |
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176 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) |
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176 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SOMOC) |
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177 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Deep western boundary currents |
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178 | (2) |
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4.3.4 Subpolar circulation -- gyres, slope and coastal currents |
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180 | (2) |
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4.4 Modem Southern Ocean change |
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182 | (4) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Change in dynamics and circulation |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (12) |
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5 Advances in numerical modelling of the Antarctic ice sheet |
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199 | (20) |
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5.1 Introduction and aims |
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199 | (1) |
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5.2 Advances in ice sheet modelling |
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200 | (4) |
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5.2.1 Grounding line physics |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Parallel ice sheet model - PISM |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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5.3 Model input - bed data |
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204 | (2) |
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5.4 Advances in knowledge of bed processes |
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206 | (2) |
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5.5 Model intercomparison |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (7) |
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6 The Antarctic Continent in Gondwana: a perspective from the Ross Embayment and Potential Research Targets for Future Investigations |
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219 | (78) |
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219 | (2) |
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6.2 The Antarctic plate and the present-day geological setting of the Ross Embayment |
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221 | (3) |
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224 | (17) |
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6.3.1 The Main Geological Units during the Paleoproterozoic--Early Neoproterozoic Rodinia Assemblage |
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224 | (6) |
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6.3.2 From Rodinia breakup to Gondwana (c. 800--650 Ma) |
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230 | (7) |
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6.3.3 The `Ross Orogen' in the Transantarctic Mountains during the late Precambrian-- early Paleozoic evolution of the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana (c. 600-450 Ma) |
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237 | (4) |
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6.4 West Antarctic Accretionary System |
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241 | (14) |
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6.4.1 West Antarctica in the Precambrian to Mesozoic (c. 180 Ma. evolution of Gondwana until the middle Jurassic breakup |
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244 | (11) |
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6.5 Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains |
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255 | (4) |
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6.6 Tectonic evolution in the Ross Sea Sector during the Cenozoic |
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259 | (5) |
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6.7 Concluding remarks, open problems and potential research themes for future geoscience investigations in Antarctica |
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264 | (5) |
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6.7.1 Persistent challenges for onshore geoscience investigations |
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264 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Antarctica and the Ross Orogen in the Transantarctic Mountains |
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265 | (2) |
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6.7.3 Antarctica after Gondwana fragmentation |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (28) |
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7 The Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition: an Antarctic perspective |
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297 | (66) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Plate tectonic setting |
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299 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Antarctic paleotopography |
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301 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Paleoceanographic setting |
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302 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Global average and regional sea level response |
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302 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Proxies to reconstruct past Antarctic climatic and environmental evolution |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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7.3 Antarctic Sedimentary Archives |
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305 | (21) |
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7.3.1 Land-based outcrops |
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305 | (8) |
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7.3.2 Sedimentary archives from drilling on the Antarctic Margin |
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313 | (13) |
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7.4 Summary of climate signals from Antarctic sedimentary archives |
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326 | (6) |
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7.4.1 Longer-term changes |
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326 | (3) |
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7.4.2 The climate of the Eocene-Oligocene transition |
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329 | (3) |
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7.5 The global context of Earth and climate system changes across the EOT |
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332 | (7) |
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333 | (3) |
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7.5.2 Relative sea-level change around Antarctica |
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336 | (3) |
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339 | (3) |
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7.6.1 Early--middle Eocene polar warmth |
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340 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Late Eocene cooling |
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340 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Eocene-Oligocene transition |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (21) |
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8 Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene: climatic conundrums revisited |
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363 | (26) |
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363 | (3) |
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8.2 Oligocene-Miocene Transition in Antarctic geological records and its climatic significance |
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366 | (5) |
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371 | (7) |
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8.3.1 What caused major transient glaciation of Antarctica across the OMT? |
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371 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Apparent decoupling of Late Oligocene climate and ice volume? |
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374 | (4) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (9) |
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9 Antarctic environmental change and ice sheet evolution through the Miocene to Pliocene -- a perspective from the Ross Sea and George V to Wilkes Land Coasts |
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389 | (134) |
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390 | (22) |
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9.1.1 Overview and relevance |
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390 | (5) |
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9.1.2 Far-field records of climate and ice sheet variability |
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395 | (14) |
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9.1.3 Southern Ocean Paleogeography and Paleoceanography |
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409 | (2) |
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9.1.4 Land elevation change and influences on Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution |
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411 | (1) |
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9.2 Records of Miocene to Pliocene climate and ice sheet variability from the Antarctic margin |
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412 | (41) |
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9.2.1 Introduction to stratigraphic records |
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412 | (2) |
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9.2.2 George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin |
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414 | (10) |
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9.2.3 The Ross Sea Embayment and Southern Victoria Land |
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424 | (29) |
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453 | (8) |
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453 | (3) |
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456 | (5) |
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9.4 Synthesis/summary of key climate episodes and transitions in Antarctica through the Miocene and Pliocene |
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461 | (18) |
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9.4.1 Early to mid-Miocene |
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461 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Miocene Climate Optimum |
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463 | (3) |
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9.4.3 Miocene Climate Transition |
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466 | (7) |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (4) |
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479 | (2) |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (41) |
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10 Pleistocene Antarctic climate variability: ice sheet, ocean and climate interactions |
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523 | (100) |
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10.1 Background and motivation |
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523 | (6) |
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523 | (3) |
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10.1.2 Orbital cyclicity and climate |
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526 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Antarctic feedbacks in the global climate system |
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527 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Strengths of Pleistocene research on Antarctica |
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528 | (1) |
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10.2 Archives of Pleistocene Antarctic climate and climate-relevant processes |
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529 | (16) |
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529 | (6) |
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10.2.2 Deep-sea paleoceanographic records |
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535 | (8) |
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10.2.3 Ice-proximal sedimentary records |
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543 | (2) |
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10.3 Records of global and Southern Ocean climate during the Pleistocene |
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545 | (8) |
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545 | (4) |
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10.3.2 Sea surface temperatures |
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549 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Intermediate and deep ocean temperatures |
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550 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Antarctic temperatures and atmospheric C02 |
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551 | (1) |
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10.3.5 Sea ice extent and dust supply |
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552 | (1) |
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10.4 Late Pleistocene carbon cycle and climate dynamics |
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553 | (12) |
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10.4.1 Controls on glacial--interglacial atmospheric C02 |
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553 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Southern Ocean mechanisms based on sea ice, ocean circulation and deep stratification |
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553 | (4) |
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10.4.3 Southern Ocean mechanisms based on dust supply, productivity and nutrient utilisation |
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557 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Sequence of changes through the last glacial cycle |
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558 | (3) |
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10.4.5 Millennial climate variability and the bipolar seesaw |
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561 | (4) |
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10.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics in the late Pleistocene |
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565 | (18) |
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565 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Global evidence on the Antarctic Ice Sheet |
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566 | (2) |
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10.5.3 Regional studies of Antarctic Ice Sheet behavior before the LGM |
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568 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Regional evidence on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet |
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568 | (3) |
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10.5.5 Regional evidence on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet |
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571 | (6) |
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10.5.6 Mechanisms of Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat and insights from ice sheet modelling |
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577 | (4) |
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10.5.7 Millennial variability and ice sheet--ocean--climate feedbacks |
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581 | (2) |
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10.6 Antarctica during earlier Pleistocene climate states |
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583 | (8) |
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10.6.1 Lukewarm interglacials |
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583 | (2) |
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10.6.2 Super-interglacial MIS 31 |
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585 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Mid-Pleistocene Transition |
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586 | (5) |
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10.7 Future research on Antarctica in the Pleistocene |
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591 | (4) |
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10.7.1 Motivation and outlook |
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591 | (1) |
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10.7.2 IODP Expedition 374: Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History |
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592 | (1) |
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10.7.3 IODP Expedition 379: Amundsen Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History |
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593 | (1) |
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10.7.4 IODP Expedition 382: Iceberg Alley and Subantarctic Ice and Ocean Dynamics |
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593 | (1) |
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10.7.5 IODP Expedition 383: Dynamics of Pacific Antarctic Circumpolar Current |
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594 | (1) |
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595 | (1) |
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595 | (28) |
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11 Antarctic Ice Sheet changes since the Last Glacial Maximum |
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623 | (66) |
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623 | (2) |
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11.2 Response of the ice sheets to glacial climate and late Quaternary ice sheet reconstructions |
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625 | (2) |
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11.3 Constraining late Quaternary ice sheet extent, volume and timing |
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627 | (2) |
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11.4 Last interglacial (Eemian, ~ 130-116 ka) |
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629 | (1) |
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11.5 Last Glacial Maximum, subsequent deglaciation and the Holocene (-20-0 ka) |
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630 | (29) |
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11.5.1 Queen Maud/Enderby Land |
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631 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Mac.Robertson Land/Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf/Prydz Bay |
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632 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Princess Elizabeth Land to Wilkes Land |
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633 | (3) |
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636 | (5) |
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11.5.5 Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas |
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641 | (5) |
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11.5.6 Antarctic Peninsula |
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646 | (4) |
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11.5.7 WeddelI Sea Embayment |
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650 | (9) |
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11.6 Discussion: pattern and timing of post-LGM ice retreat and thinning |
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659 | (2) |
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661 | (1) |
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662 | (1) |
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662 | (27) |
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12 Past Antarctic ice sheet dynamics (PAIS) and implications for future sea-level change |
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689 | (80) |
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Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben |
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12.1 Research focus of the PAIS programme |
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689 | (6) |
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12.2 Importance of evolving topography, bathymetry, erosion and pinning points |
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695 | (6) |
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12.3 Reconstructions of Southern Ocean sea and air surface temperature gradients |
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701 | (4) |
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12.4 Extent of major Antarctic glaciations |
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705 | (7) |
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12.5 Antarctic ice sheet response to past climate warmings |
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712 | (9) |
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12.6 Antarctica and global teleconnections: the bipolar seesaw |
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721 | (4) |
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12.7 The PAIS legacy: bridging the past and the future |
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725 | (8) |
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725 | (4) |
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12.7.2 Challenges for the next programmes |
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729 | (2) |
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12.7.3 Long-term projections and role of PAIS and future programs |
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731 | (2) |
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12.8 Coauthors from the PAIS community |
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733 | (2) |
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735 | (1) |
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735 | (31) |
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766 | (3) |
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13 The future evolution of Antarctic climate: conclusions and upcoming programmes |
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769 | (8) |
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13.1 Introduction: the past is key to our future |
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769 | (2) |
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13.2 Upcoming plans and projects |
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771 | (3) |
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774 | (1) |
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774 | (3) |
Index |
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777 | |