Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications [Hardback]

Preface		xi
Introduction to Body-Centric Wireless Communications		1	(10)
What Are Body-Centric Communications Systems?		1	(4)
Off-Body to On-Body Communications		5	(1)
On-Body Communications		5	(1)
Medical Implants and Sensor Networks		6	(1)
Layout of the Book		7	(4)
References		8	(3)
Electromagnetic Properties and Modeling of the Human Body		11	(28)
Electromagnetic Characteristics of Human Tissues		11	(1)
Physical Body Phantoms		12	(8)
Liquid Phantoms		14	(3)
Semisolid (Gel) or Solid (Wet) Phantoms		17	(1)
Solid (Dry) Phantoms		17	(1)
Examples of Physical Phantoms		18	(2)
Numerical Phantoms		20	(2)
Theoretical Phantoms		21	(1)
Voxel Phantoms		21	(1)
Numerical Modeling Techniques for Body-Centric Wireless Communications		22	(17)
Introduction of Numerical Techniques		22	(5)
On-Body Radio Channel Modeling		27	(7)
References		34	(5)
Antennas and Propagation for On-Body Communication at Microwave Frequencies		39	(26)
Introduction		39	(2)
On-Body Channel Measurement and Modeling		41	(10)
Antenna Design		51	(5)
Comparison of Antenna Types		52	(1)
Antenna Match and Efficiency		52	(4)
Simulation and Modeling		56	(4)
Systems Modeling		60	(2)
Conclusions		62	(3)
Acknowledgments		63	(1)
References		63	(2)
Transmission Mechanism of Wearable Devices Using the Human Body as a Transmission Channel		65	(28)
Introduction to Communications Using Circuits in Direct Contact with the Human Body		65	(3)
Numerical Analysis and Equivalent Circuit Models		68	(8)
Whole Body Models		68	(2)
Arm Models		70	(3)
Effective Electrode Structure		73	(1)
Equivalent Circuit Models		74	(2)
Experiments Using Human Phantom		76	(10)
Measurement of the Signal Distributions		76	(2)
Comparison Between Measurement and Calculation		78	(4)
Electric Field Distributions in and Around the Arm		82	(1)
Received Signal Voltage of the Receiver		83	(3)
Investigation of the Dominant Signal Transmission Path		86	(3)
Calculation Model		86	(1)
Electric Field Distributions and Received Signal Voltages		87	(2)
Conclusions		89	(4)
References		91	(2)
Body-Centric UWB Communications		93	(58)
Overview		93	(1)
Antennas		94	(17)
Design and Analysis		94	(15)
Measurements		109	(2)
Concluding Remarks		111	(1)
Channel Simulation and Measurement Methodology		111	(10)
Simulation of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric Communication Scenarios		111	(1)
Measurement of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric Communication Scenarios		112	(8)
Concluding Remarks		120	(1)
Channel Characterization and Modeling		121	(30)
General Aspects		122	(2)
Personal Area Network Scenarios		124	(5)
Body Area Network Scenarios		129	(15)
Concluding Remarks		144	(3)
References		147	(4)
Wearable Antennas: Advances in Design, Characterization, and Application		151	(38)
Background		151	(2)
Wearable Antennas: Critical Design Issues		153	(2)
Textile Materials		155	(1)
Effects of Substrate Materials: An Example of the Fabric GPS Antenna		156	(6)
Effects of Ground Plane Size Attached to the Fabric Substrate on GPS Antenna Performance		159	(3)
Effect of Various Conductive Materials of Patch Antennas: An Example of WLAN Antenna on Fleece Fabric		162	(4)
Dual Frequency Wearable Antenna Design: An Example of a U-Slot Patch		166	(5)
Experimental Results and Discussions: Fleece and Vellux Fabrics		169	(2)
Wearable Electromagnetic Bandgap Antenna: An Example of WLAN Antenna		171	(9)
Remarks on Antenna Bending		176	(4)
Wearable Antennas Near the Human Body: An Example of a WLAN Antenna		180	(4)
Models and Methods		180	(1)
Results		181	(3)
Conclusions		184	(5)
Acknowledgments		186	(1)
References		186	(3)
Body-Sensor Networks for Space and Military Applications		189	(22)
Introduction		189	(1)
Biosensor System and Basics of Biomedical RF Telemetry		190	(4)
Implantable Pressure Sensor		192	(1)
Integrated Inductor/Antenna		192	(2)
External Pickup Antenna		194	(1)
Antenna Design for Body Sensors		194	(12)
Implantable Antennas		194	(9)
Antennas for External Handheld Devices		203	(3)
Space, Military, and Civilian Applications		206	(5)
Sensors for Space Environment		206	(1)
Battlefield Sensors		207	(1)
Sensors in Hospitals and Smart Homes		207	(1)
References		208	(3)
Antennas and Propagation for Telemedicine and Telecare: On-Body Systems		211	(30)
Telemedicine and Telecare Applications		211	(6)
Physiological Signals for Patient Monitoring		213	(1)
Technologies for Ward-Based Systems		213	(2)
Technologies for Home-Based and Full-Mobility Systems		215	(1)
Emerging Technologies and Novel Applications		215	(1)
Wireless Telemedicine Link Design		216	(1)
Antennas and Human Body Interaction in Personal Telemedicine		217	(14)
Antenna-Body Effects (Less Than 1 GHz)		220	(4)
Antenna-Body Effects (Greater Than 1 GHz)		224	(5)
Emerging Antennas		229	(2)
System Design Issues		231	(5)
Channel Effects		231	(1)
Radio Frequency Interference		232	(4)
Conclusion		236	(5)
References		236	(5)
Medical Implant Communication Systems		241	(30)
Introduction		241	(3)
Inductive Coupling		242	(1)
MICS Standard		243	(1)
2.4-GHz ISM Band		244	(1)
Lossy Dispersive Media		244	(11)
Matter		244	(1)
Material Data and Measurements		245	(1)
Phantoms		246	(3)
Skin Depth		249	(1)
Wave Propagation: One-Dimensional FDTD Simulations		250	(3)
Influence of Patient		253	(1)
Phantom Influence on Antenna		253	(2)
Low-Profile Antennas for Implantable Medical Devices		255	(13)
What Is the Antenna?		256	(1)
Antenna Efficiency Calculations in Matter		256	(2)
Electric Versus Magnetic Antennas		258	(2)
Implantable Antenna Designs		260	(6)
Dependence on Insulation Thickness		266	(1)
SAR		267	(1)
Conclusion		268	(3)
References		269	(2)
Summary and Conclusions		271	(8)
Overview and Conclusions		271	(4)
Overview of Narrowband Systems		271	(3)
Overview of Wideband Systems		274	(1)
Overview of Applications		274	(1)
Conclusions		275	(1)
Future Challenges		275	(4)
Towards Air Interfaces and New Standards		275	(1)
Novel Antennas for Body-Centric Wireless Communications		276	(1)
Medical Implant Systems		276	(1)
Characterization of Time-Domain Systems		277	(1)
References		277	(2)
About the Authors		279	(10)
Index		289

Peter S. Hall is a professor of communications engineering and head of the Communications Engineering Research Group at The University of Birmingham. He has authored four books and over 130 papers in the areas of microwave antennas and associated components and antenna measurements, and holds numerous patents in the field. He received his Ph.D. in antenna measurements from Sheffield University. Yang Hao is a reader in antenna and electromagnetics with the Antenna Engineering Group, Queen Mary College, University of London. He has published over 70 papers in areas including computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic bandgap structures and microwave metamaterials, antennas and radio propagation for body-centric wireless networks, active antennas for millimeter/submillimeter applications, and photonic integrated antennas. He earned his Ph.D. at the Centre for Communications Research (CCR) at the University of Bristol.