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E-grāmata: Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environment: Volume 1 in the Advances in Environmental Pollution Research series

Edited by (Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Pakistan)
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  • Sērija : Advances in Pollution Research
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Nov-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128188835
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Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environment: Volume 1 in the Advances in Environmental Pollution Research seriesPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Advances in Pollution Research
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Nov-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128188835
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Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (AMR) in the Environment summarizes and updates information on antibiotic producing organisms and their resistance and entry routes in soil, air, water and sediment. As antibiotic use continues to rise in healthcare, their fate, bioavailability and biomonitoring, and impacts on environment and public health are becoming increasingly important. The book addresses the impact of antibiotics and AMR to environment and public health and risk assessment. Moreover, it focused on the metagenomics and molecular techniques for the detection of antibiotics and antimicrobial genes. Lastly, it introduces management strategies, such as treatment technologies for managing antibiotics and AMR/ARGs-impacted environment, and bioremediation approaches.

  • Summarizes and updates information on antibiotics and AMR/ARGs production and its fate and transport in the environment
  • Includes phytoremediation and bioremediation technologies for environmental management

  • Provides analysis of risk assessment of antibiotic resistance genes to help understand the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs

Contributors xix
Acknowledgment xxvii
Chapter 1 Microorganisms and antibiotic production 1(6)
Kanwal Rehman
Sania Niaz
Ayesha Tahir
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Probiotics
1(1)
1.3 Prebiotics
2(1)
1.4 Symbiotics
2(1)
1.5 Antibiotics
2(1)
1.5.1 Classification of antibiotics
2(1)
1.5.2 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
3(1)
1.5.3 Enzymatic inactivation
3(1)
1.5.4 Drug elimination
3(1)
1.5.5 Permeability changes
3(1)
1.6 Modifications of antimicrobial targets
3(1)
1.7 Production of antibiotics
3(1)
1.7.1 Natural production of antibiotics
4(1)
1.7.2 Semisynthetic production of antibiotics
4(1)
1.7.3 Synthetic production of antibiotics
4(1)
1.7.4 Industrial production of antibiotics
4(1)
1.7.5 Methods for increased production of antibiotics
4(1)
1.8 Stability of antimicrobial agents
4(1)
1.9 Conclusion
5(1)
References
5(2)
Chapter 2 Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance: temporal and global trends in the environment 7(21)
Kanwal Rehman
Fareeha Fiayyaz
Mohsin Khurshid
Shakila Sabir
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Antimicrobial resistance
7(14)
2.2.1 Escherichia coli
8(3)
2.2.2 Klebsiella pneumoniae
11(4)
2.2.3 Streptococcus pneumoniae
15(2)
2.2.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
17(2)
2.2.5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
19(1)
2.2.6 Staphylococcus aureus
20(1)
2.3 Conclusion
21(1)
References
22(6)
Chapter 3 Antibiotics' presence in hospitals and associated wastes 28(11)
Kanwal Rehman
Waqar Pervaiz
Francis Victor
Basit Ateeq
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
3.1 Introduction
28(1)
3.2 History of antibiotics
29(1)
3.3 Emerging trends of antibiotics in hospitals
29(1)
3.4 Prescribing pattern of antibiotics
30(1)
3.5 Antibiotics as quality metrics
31(1)
3.6 Measurement of antibiotic consumption
32(1)
3.7 Grams of antimicrobial therapy
32(1)
3.8 Cost of antimicrobial therapy
32(1)
3.9 Antimicrobial defined daily dose
33(1)
3.10 Antimicrobial days of therapy
33(1)
3.11 Antibiotic stewardship program
33(1)
3.12 Antibiotics and hospital-associated wastes
34(1)
3.13 Conclusion
35(1)
References
35(4)
Chapter 4 Current trends of antimicrobials used in food animals and aquaculture 39(31)
Muhammad Ibrahim
Fiaz Ahmad
Bushra Yaqub
Ayesha Ramzan
Ayesha Imran
Muhammad Afzaal
Safdar Ali Mirza
Iqra Mazhar
Muhammad Younus
Qaisar Akram
Muhammad Sulman Ali Taseer
Ali Ahmad
Sarfraz Ahmed
4.1 Introduction
39(1)
4.2 Global consumption of antimicrobial trends in food animals
40(1)
4.3 Frequent trends of use of antimicrobials in the treatment of infectious and contagious diseases in food animals
41(8)
4.3.1 Use of antimicrobials in pigs
41(1)
4.3.2 Use of antimicrobials in goats and sheep
41(2)
4.3.3 Use of antimicrobials in cattle and cows
43(1)
4.3.4 Use of antimicrobials in horse
43(2)
4.3.5 Use of antimicrobials in poultry
45(2)
4.3.6 Use of antimicrobials in cats and dogs
47(2)
4.3.7 Use of antimicrobials in rabbits
49(1)
4.4 Aquaculture
49(5)
4.5 Global aquaculture trends
54(2)
4.6 Need for aquaculture
56(1)
4.7 Legislation concerning antimicrobial use in aquaculture
57(1)
4.8 Antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture
57(1)
4.9 Route of antimicrobial usage in aquaculture
58(1)
4.10 WHO list of antimicrobials used in aquaculture
58(1)
4.11 Unregulated use of antimicrobials in aquaculture
58(1)
4.12 Use of antimicrobials in fish
59(1)
4.13 Use of antimicrobials in crustaceans
59(3)
4.14 Use of antimicrobials in mollusks
62(1)
4.15 Future perspectives
62(1)
4.16 Conclusion
63(1)
References
64(6)
Chapter 5 Major natural sinks for harboring microorganisms with altered antibiotic resistance versus major human contributing sources of antibiotic resistance: a detailed insight 70(29)
Arshia Amin
Tehseen Zahra
Hafsa Raja
Mehroze Amin
Erum Dilshad
Muhammad Naveed
Iftikhar Ahmed
5.1 Introduction
70(13)
5.1.1 Biological invasion is affected by climate change
71(1)
5.1.2 Importance of permafrost microbials among other microbes
72(1)
5.1.3 Microorganisms in cold environment
72(1)
5.1.4 Ancient microbes and impact of resurrected microbes
72(1)
5.1.5 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
73(1)
5.1.6 Drug resistance
73(2)
5.1.7 Glacial ice formation plus significance
75(1)
5.1.8 Glacial ice and the study of climate
75(2)
5.1.9 Preservation of life in ice
77(1)
5.1.10 Microorganisms in cold environments
78(5)
5.2 Resurrection of ecological research avenues
83(3)
5.2.1 Temporal adaptation of pathogen infectivity and host susceptibility
83(2)
5.2.2 Virulence in revitalized host-pathogen interactions
85(1)
5.3 Major man-made sources of antibiotics resistance
86(4)
5.3.1 Pharmaceuticals
86(1)
5.3.2 Persistence of antibiotics in natural environment
87(1)
5.3.3 Environmental side effects
88(1)
5.3.4 Direct environmental side effects
88(1)
5.3.5 Indirect effects
89(1)
5.3.6 Events to reduce the discharge of antibiotic and antibiotic-resistance genes
90(1)
5.4 Conclusion
90(1)
References
91(8)
Chapter 6 Dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment 99(18)
Saima Saima
Marium Fiaz
Rabeea Zafar
Iftikhar Ahmed
Muhammad Arshad
6.1 Background
99(1)
6.2 Discovery and development of antibiotics
100(1)
6.3 Classification of antibacterial drugs
101(2)
6.3.1 Beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones
102(1)
6.3.2 Cephalosporins
102(1)
6.3.3 Third-generation cephalosporins, cephamycins and carbapenems
103(1)
6.3.4 Fluoroquinolones
103(1)
6.4 Antibiotic resistance development
103(2)
6.5 Causes of antibiotic resistance
105(1)
6.5.1 Overuse
105(1)
6.5.2 Incorrect prescription
105(1)
6.5.3 Use in other sectors
105(1)
6.5.4 Newer antibiotics
106(1)
6.6 Mechanism of antibiotic resistance
106(4)
6.6.1 Resistance mechanism against β-lactams
106(1)
6.6.2 B-lactamases
106(1)
6.6.3 Ambler molecular classification
106(1)
6.6.4 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
107(1)
6.6.5 ESBL diversity
107(1)
6.6.6 TEM
107(1)
6.6.7 SHV
107(1)
6.6.8 CTX-M
108(1)
6.6.9 Target site alteration
108(1)
6.6.10 Reduced permeability
108(1)
6.6.11 Efflux pump
108(1)
6.6.12 Resistance mechanism against fluoroquinolones
108(1)
6.6.13 Mutations in target
109(1)
6.6.14 Resistance mediated by plasmid
109(1)
6.6.15 Chromosome-mediated resistance
109(1)
6.6.16 Antibiotic resistance consequences
109(1)
6.7 Antibiotic-resistant genes
110(1)
6.8 Dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes in environment
110(4)
6.8.1 Conjugation
110(1)
6.8.2 Integrons
110(2)
6.8.3 Transduction
112(1)
6.8.4 Transformation
112(2)
6.8.5 Pathways for dissemination of ARGs in environment
114(1)
References
114(3)
Chapter 7 Long-range transport of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs 117(9)
Safdar Ali Mirzai
Iram Liaqat
Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan
Muhammad Afzaal
7.1 Introduction
117(1)
7.2 Historical perspective of antibiotics
118(1)
7.3 Invisible organisms causing diseases
118(1)
7.4 Phylogenetic analysis of antibiotic resistance genes
119(1)
7.5 Antibiotic resistance
119(1)
7.6 Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in environment
120(1)
7.7 Antimicrobial resistance in environment
121(1)
7.8 Need for antimicrobial environmental protection
121(2)
7.8.1 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
122(1)
References
123(3)
Chapter 8 Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance mechanism of entry in the environment 126(12)
B. Balabanova
8.1 General aspects of antibiotics use
126(3)
8.1.1 Introduction to the term "antibiotic use"
126(1)
8.1.2 Antibiotic resistance to bacteria
127(1)
8.1.3 Correct use of antibiotics
127(2)
8.2 General pathways of introduction of antibiotics in environment
129(2)
8.2.1 Water/soil environment antibiotics exposure
130(1)
8.2.2 Water/sludge environment antibiotics exposure
131(1)
8.3 Antimicrobial resistance
131(3)
8.3.1 Bacterial resistance mechanism and control
132(1)
8.3.2 Critical issues
133(1)
8.3.3 Risk assessment
134(1)
8.4 Conclusions
134(1)
References
135(3)
Chapter 9 Antibiotics, AMRs, and ARGs: fate in the environment 138(17)
Muhammad Arshad
Rabeea Zafar
9.1 Introduction
138(1)
9.2 Estimation of risk of developing antibiotic resistance
138(2)
9.3 Environmental and human risk
140(1)
9.4 Fate of antibiotics in soil
141(1)
9.5 Fate of antibiotics in wastewater
142(2)
9.6 Fate of antibiotics in plants
144(1)
9.7 Uptake of antibiotics by plants and translocation into tissues
145(1)
9.8 Fate of AMR/ARBs and ARGs
146(1)
9.9 Factors responsible for the fate of ARB and ARGs
147(1)
9.10 Antibiotic resistant genes
147(1)
9.11 Facilitation in spread of resistant genes through integrons
148(2)
9.12 Conclusions
150(1)
References
151(4)
Chapter 10 On the edge of a precipice: the global emergence and dissemination of plasmid-borne mcr genes that confer resistance to colistin, a last-resort antibiotic 155(28)
Jouman Hassan
Lara El-Gemayel
Isam Bashour
Issmat I. Kassem
10.1 A brief history of colistin
155(1)
10.2 Colistin use in animal farming practices
156(1)
10.3 Emergence of mobile colistin resistance on the global stage
157(16)
10.3.1 Americas
157(2)
10.3.2 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
159(4)
10.3.3 Europe
163(7)
10.3.4 Africa: South Africa
170(1)
10.3.5 Asia
170(3)
10.3.6 Australia
173(1)
10.4 Stepping away from the precipice: Conclusions and recommendations
173(1)
References
174(9)
Chapter 11 Uptake mechanism of antibiotics in plants 183(6)
Safdar Ali Mirza
Muhammad Afzaal
Sajida Begum
Taha Arooj
Muniza Almas
Sarfraz Ahmed
Muhammad Younus
11.1 Introduction
183(1)
11.2 Genes related to antibiotic resistance developed in plant endosymbionts
184(1)
11.3 Effects of antibiotic exposure on endosymbionts
184(1)
11.4 Types of antibiotics in soil
185(1)
11.4.1 New class of antibiotics
185(1)
11.5 Consumption of antimicrobial agents from soil through animal dung
185(1)
11.6 Mechanism of uptake of antimicrobial agents by plants
186(1)
11.7 Animal manure, a source of antibiotics
186(1)
11.8 Factors affecting uptake mechanisms of antibiotics in plants
186(1)
11.9 Effect of antibiotic exposure on endosymbionts
187(1)
11.10 Role of antibiotic resistant endophytic bacteria in plant uptake
187(1)
References
187(2)
Chapter 12 Modeling the spread of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs in soil 189(6)
Srujana Kathi
12.1 Introduction
189(1)
12.2 Fate and degradation of antibiotics in soil
190(1)
12.3 Modeling of antibiotic resistance genes in soil
191(1)
12.4 Concluding remarks
192(1)
References
192(2)
Further reading
194(1)
Chapter 13 Metagenomics and methods development for the determination of antibiotics and AMR/ARGS 195(11)
Surojeet Das
Aashna Srivastava
Sunil Kumar
13.1 Introduction
195(1)
13.2 Antimicrobial analysis by the metagenomic method
196(1)
13.3 Advances in metagenomic analysis for evaluating antimicrobial resistance
197(5)
13.3.1 Human microbiome analysis
197(1)
13.3.2 Pathogenomics analysis
198(1)
13.3.3 Soil microbiome
198(1)
13.3.4 Marine environment analysis
199(1)
13.3.5 Wastewater treatment effluents analysis
200(1)
13.3.6 Drinking water analysis
201(1)
13.3.7 Analysis of veterinary and agricultural sources
201(1)
13.4 Conclusions
202(1)
References
202(4)
Chapter 14 Global trends in ARGs measured by HT-qPCR platforms 206(17)
Hassan Waseem
Hamza Saleem ur Rehman
Jafar Ali
Muhammad Javed Iqbal
Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali
14.1 Introduction
206(6)
14.1.1 Use of HT-qPCR for measuring AMR in aquatic environments
208(2)
14.1.2 Wastewater treatment plants
210(1)
14.1.3 River waters
211(1)
14.2 Use of HT-qPCR for measuring AMR in soil
212(3)
14.3 Use of HT-qPCR for measuring AMR in gut microbiomes
215(1)
14.4 Conclusion
216(1)
References
216(7)
Chapter 15 Databases, multiplexed PCR, and next-generation sequencing technologies for tracking AMR genes in the environment 223(11)
Kanwal Rehman
Komal Jabeen
Tahir Ali Chohan
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
15.1 Introduction
223(1)
15.2 Databases of antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment
224(2)
15.3 Techniques used for tracking the AMR genes in the environment
226(2)
15.3.1 Multiplex polymerase chain reaction
226(2)
15.4 Next-generation sequencing
228(1)
15.5 Conclusion
229(1)
References
230(4)
Chapter 16 Toxicity of antibiotics 234(19)
Kanwal Rehman
Saira Hafeez Kamran
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
16.1 Introduction
234(1)
16.2 History of antibiotic discovery
234(1)
16.3 Toxicity testing
235(1)
16.4 Toxicity of antibacterial
235(15)
16.4.1 Toxicity of beta-lactam antibiotics
235(1)
16.4.2 Hypersensitivity reactions
235(1)
16.4.3 Other toxicities of β-lactam antibiotics
236(2)
16.4.4 Toxicity of protein synthesis inhibitors
238(2)
16.4.5 Toxicity of tetracyclines
240(1)
16.4.6 Toxicity of macrolides
240(1)
16.4.7 Toxicity of chloramphenicol
241(1)
16.4.8 Toxicity of clindamycin and vancomycin
242(1)
16.4.9 Toxicity of streptogramins
242(1)
16.4.10 Toxicity of linezolid
242(1)
16.4.11 Toxicity of folic acid synthesis inhibitors
243(1)
16.4.12 Hypersensitivity reactions
243(2)
16.4.13 Other side effects
245(1)
16.4.14 Toxicity of DNA synthesis inhibitors
245(1)
16.4.15 Toxicity of antiviral agents
246(1)
16.4.16 Toxicity of antiretroviral agents
246(3)
16.4.17 Toxicity of antiprotozoal chemotherapy
249(1)
16.5 Toxicity of antifungal agents
250(1)
16.5.1 Amphotericin B
250(1)
16.5.2 Flucytosine
250(1)
16.5.3 Imidazoles and triazoles
250(1)
16.5.4 Itraconacole
251(1)
16.5.5 Echinocandin
251(1)
16.6 Conclusion
251(1)
References
251(2)
Chapter 17 Carbapenems and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and epidemiology 253(16)
Adrian Silva
Vanessa Silva
Gilberto Igrejas
Patricia Poeta
17.1 Introduction
253(1)
17.2 Pseudomonas
253(1)
17.2.1 Characteristics of P aeruginosa
254(1)
17.3 Pathogenesis of P aeruginosa
254(2)
17.3.1 Virulence factors
255(1)
17.4 Biofilms
256(1)
17.5 Antibiotic resistance
257(1)
17.6 Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in P. aeruginosa
258(1)
17.7 Resistance to carbapenems
259(2)
17.8 Resistance to colistin
261(3)
17.9 Conclusions
264(1)
Acknowledgments
264(1)
References
264(5)
Chapter 18 Environmental and public health effects of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs 269(23)
Saadia Andleeb
Mahnoor Majid
Sumbal Sardar
18.1 Introduction to antimicrobial resistance in the environment
269(1)
18.2 Antibiotic resistance in the environment
270(1)
18.3 Global antimicrobial-resistance action plan
270(1)
18.4 Food and Agriculture Organization antimicrobial resistance development framework
271(1)
18.5 Antimicrobial resistance, National Action Plan, Pakistan
271(1)
18.6 Key drivers of AMR/ARGs in the environment
272(2)
18.6.1 Horizontal gene transfer
272(1)
18.6.2 Soil-borne resistance
273(1)
18.6.3 Animal husbandry
273(1)
18.6.4 Wastewater and sludge
274(1)
18.7 Environmental pathways for antibiotic resistance
274(3)
18.7.1 Spread of antimicrobial resistance via municipal and industrial water
274(1)
18.7.2 Transmission of antimicrobial resistance via livestock
275(1)
18.7.3 Spreading of antibiotic resistance via gray water and recycled water
276(1)
18.8 Ways to reduce antimicrobial resistance in the environment
277(2)
18.8.1 Minimization of antibiotic use in humans, animals, and plants
277(1)
18.8.2 Efficient treatment of wastes to eliminate the antimicrobial residues (urban, industrial, agricultural, hospitals, solid and liquid waste)
278(1)
18.8.3 Efforts to minimize the use of antibiotics by improving hygiene practices
278(1)
18.8.4 Spreading awareness and educating the masses
279(1)
18.9 Ethics regarding the use of antibiotics in the environment
279(1)
18.10 Ethical facets of antibiotics resistance
280(1)
18.10.1 Ethics regarding antibiotic use for controlling infectious diseases
280(1)
18.10.2 Ethics regarding the fair distribution of global resources
280(1)
18.10.3 Ethics regarding the use of antibiotics in veterinary practices
281(1)
18.10.4 Ethics regarding the use of antibiotics in environment
281(1)
18.11 Alternative therapies to eradicate the AMR/ARGs
281(2)
18.11.1 Environmental nanotechnology
281(1)
18.11.2 Antimicrobial peptides
282(1)
18.11.3 Bacteriophage therapy
282(1)
18.11.4 CRISPR approaches to environmental AMR
283(1)
18.12 Public health and AMR/ARGs
283(2)
18.12.1 AMR/ARGs, a serious public health problem
283(1)
18.12.2 Primary and secondary AMR
283(1)
18.12.3 Diseases with potential of antimicrobial resistance
284(1)
18.12.4 Preventive measures for reduction of AMR
285(1)
18.13 Conclusion
285(1)
References
285(6)
Further reading
291(1)
Chapter 19 Antibiotics resistance mechanism 292(21)
Muhammad Naveed
Zoma Chaudhry
Syeda Aniqa Bukhari
Bisma Meer
Hajra Ashraf
19.1 What are antibiotics?
292(2)
19.1.1 Human pathogens
292(1)
19.1.2 How antibiotics work
293(1)
19.1.3 Broad-spectrum antibiotics
294(1)
19.1.4 Vaccines block diseases
294(1)
19.1.5 Example of malaria transmission blocking vaccines
294(1)
19.2 Attack and nature of pathogens
294(3)
19.3 Mechanism of action of antibiotics
297(2)
19.3.1 Impairment synthesis of cell wall
297(1)
19.3.2 Impairment of protein biosynthesis
297(1)
19.3.3 Impairment of DNA replication
298(1)
19.3.4 Alteration of cell membrane
298(1)
19.3.5 Antimetabolite activity
299(1)
19.4 Era of dose to cure
299(1)
19.5 Toxicity of antibiotics
300(1)
19.6 Emergence of antibiotic resistance
300(5)
19.6.1 Pathway toward self-medication
301(1)
19.6.2 Genetic mutations among bacteria and microorganisms
301(2)
19.6.3 Phenotypic resistance to antibiotics
303(1)
19.6.4 Development of resistance
303(1)
19.6.5 Enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drug
303(1)
19.6.6 Alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial target
303(1)
19.6.7 Change in the membrane permeability
304(1)
19.6.8 Genetic mutation
304(1)
19.6.9 Modify or bypass the antibiotic's target
304(1)
19.7 Transfer of resistant genes among pathogens
305(1)
19.7.1 Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer
305(1)
19.8 Antibiotics resistant bacterial infections
305(3)
19.8.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
305(1)
19.8.2 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
306(1)
19.8.3 Drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae
306(1)
19.8.4 Drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis
306(1)
19.8.5 Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
307(1)
19.8.6 Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
307(1)
19.8.7 Multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection
307(1)
19.8.8 ESBL producing enterobacteriaceae resistance
307(1)
19.8.9 Antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
308(1)
19.9 Future perspectives
308(1)
19.9.1 Gene target medications to avoid antibiotic resistance
308(1)
19.9.2 Continuous change in nature of antibiotics
309(1)
19.9.3 RNA-mediated gene silencing of pathogens
309(1)
19.9.4 Nanomedicines
309(1)
References
309(4)
Chapter 20 Microbial risk assessment and antimicrobial resistance 313(18)
Sarfraz Ahmed
Muhammad Ibrahim
Fiaz Ahmad
Hafsa Anwar Rana
Tazeen Rao
Wajiha Anwar
Muhammad Younus
Waqas Ahmad
Shahid Hussain Farooqi
Asma Aftab
Munawar Hussain
Muhammad Khalid
Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
20.1 Introduction
313(2)
20.2 Risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance in food safety
315(3)
20.2.1 Assessment of exposure
316(2)
20.3 Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment in water and sanitation
318(1)
20.3.1 Wastewater treatment plants
318(1)
20.3.2 Water treatment techniques and management strategies as barriers for AMR spreading
319(1)
20.4 Risk assessment of antibiotic resistance transmission through environment to humans
319(4)
20.4.1 Transmission and entry of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans
319(1)
20.4.2 Important steps for risk assessment
319(4)
20.5 Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment in environment
323(1)
20.5.1 Environmental transmission pathways
323(1)
20.5.2 Risk analysis process
323(1)
20.6 Methods and management of risk assessment in relation to antimicrobial resistance
324(1)
20.6.1 Policy of risk regulation
324(1)
20.6.2 Components of risk management
324(1)
20.7 Risk evaluation and regulation
325(3)
20.7.1 Risk evaluation
325(3)
20.8 Future perspectives
328(1)
20.9 Conclusion
328(1)
References
328(3)
Chapter 21 Environmental risk assessment of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs 331(19)
Muhammad Ashfaq
Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
Arooj Mumtaz
Deeba Javed
Noor Ul Ain
Sana Shifaqat
Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
21.1 Introduction
331(1)
21.2 Classification of antibiotics
332(3)
21.3 Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
335(1)
21.3.1 (3-Lactams
335(1)
21.3.2 Glycopeptides
335(1)
21.3.3 Lipopeptides
335(1)
21.4 Inhibitors for DNA synthesis
335(1)
21.4.1 Sulfonamides
335(1)
21.4.2 Fluoroquinolones
335(1)
21.5 Inhibitors for RNA synthesis
336(1)
21.5.1 Rifamycins
336(1)
21.5.2 Resistomycins
336(1)
21.6 Inhibitors for protein synthesis
336(1)
21.6.1 Tetracyclines
336(1)
21.6.2 Aminoglycosides
336(1)
21.6.3 Macrolides
336(1)
21.6.4 Amphenicols
337(1)
21.6.5 Lincosamides
337(1)
21.6.6 Pleuromutilins
337(1)
21.7 Intercalators (DNA replication)
337(1)
21.7.1 Anthracyclines
337(1)
21.8 Anaerobic DNA inhibitors
337(1)
21.8.1 Nitrofurans
337(1)
21.8.2 Nitroimidazoles
337(1)
21.9 Risk assessment of antibiotics
338(2)
21.9.1 Toxic unit
338(1)
21.9.2 Terrestrial or soil risk
338(1)
21.9.3 Aquatic risks
339(1)
21.10 Antimicrobial resistance genes
340(4)
21.10.1 Classification of antibiotic resistance genes and their subtypes
340(1)
21.10.2 Human exposure to ARGs at coastal site
340(1)
21.10.3 ARGs from sludge, WWTPs and added to soil organic fertilizer
341(2)
21.10.4 Mode of ARGs spread within microbial communities in soil
343(1)
21.10.5 Spread of ARGs within bacterial communities
343(1)
21.10.6 Reported life loss and recent protective measures for AMR
344(1)
References
344(6)
Chapter 22 Nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery strategy as a potential weapon against multiple drug-resistant pathogens 350(19)
Rizwan Ali
Tahira Batool
Bushra Manzoor
Hassan Waseem
Sajid Mehmood
Ayesha Kabeer
Zeshan Ali
Sahrish Habib
Umer Rashid
Muhammad Javed Iqbal
22.1 Introduction
350(1)
22.2 Nanostructures and nanomaterials
351(7)
22.2.1 Silver (Ag) nanoparticles
351(2)
22.2.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
353(1)
22.2.3 Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs)
353(1)
22.2.4 Iron-containing nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs)
354(1)
22.2.5 Carbon-based nanoparticles
354(1)
22.2.6 Magnetic nanoparticles
355(1)
22.2.7 Chitosan nanoparticles
356(2)
22.3 Biological compatibility of nanoparticles
358(1)
22.3.1 Hemocompatibility and histocompatibility of nanoparticles
358(1)
22.4 In vivo and in vitro experimental analysis
358(1)
22.5 Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles
359(1)
22.6 Drug delivery mechanisms
360(1)
22.7 Nanoparticles' mechanisms for drug targeting
360(2)
22.7.1 Size
360(2)
22.7.2 Surface charge/particle charge
362(1)
22.7.3 Particle shape
362(1)
22.7.4 Surface modifications and cell targeting
362(1)
22.8 Cellular uptake mechanisms
362(1)
22.8.1 Passive diffusion
362(1)
22.8.2 Endocytosis
363(1)
22.9 Conclusion
363(1)
References
364(5)
Chapter 23 Treatment technologies and management options of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs 369(26)
Luqman Riaz
Muzammil Anjum
Qingxiang Yang
Rabia Safeer
Anila Sikandar
Habib Ullah
Asfandyar Shahab
Wei Yuan
Qianqian Wang
23.1 Introduction
369(1)
23.2 Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance
370(2)
23.3 Environmental implications of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs
372(1)
23.4 Treatment technologies
372(13)
23.4.1 Biological methods
372(5)
23.4.2 Physical methods
377(3)
23.4.3 Chemical methods
380(4)
23.4.4 Integrated treatment system
384(1)
23.5 Management options to minimize antibiotic and AMR release
385(1)
23.6 Conclusion
386(1)
References
386(9)
Index 395
Dr. Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi is Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering in the Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Pakistan. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology from Zhejiang University, China. Dr. Hashmis research interests are analytical chemistry and the development of treatment technologies to control environmental and industrial pollution. He also has expertise in developing environmentally sustainable and feasible technologies including bioremediation, using innovative microbes and genes, plants, and microcosms. He has edited seven books, 14 book chapters, 80 original research articles and is currently series editor of two environmental contaminant book series. Dr. Hashmi is also an Associate Editor of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences. Dr. Hashmi is Member of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, International Toxicology Society, HEC and PSF Research Grants Committee, and has been awarded a KANS Prize in OIC countries by MUSTAFA Science and Technology Foundation.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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