Preface to the First Edition |
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xix | |
Preface to the Second Edition |
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xxiii | |
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xxv | |
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1 | (36) |
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1 | (2) |
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Interpreting Variation in Aphids |
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3 | (1) |
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The Taxonomy of Pest Aphids -- What's in a Name? |
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4 | (1) |
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The Use of Molecular Methods in Aphid Taxonomy |
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5 | (1) |
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The 15 Aphid Species of Most Agricultural Importance |
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6 | (21) |
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Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) |
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6 | (2) |
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Aphis craccivora (cowpea aphid) |
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8 | (1) |
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Aphis fabae (black bean aphid) |
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9 | (2) |
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Aphis gossypii (cotton or melon aphid) |
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11 | (2) |
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Aphis spiraecola (spiraea aphid or green citrus aphid) |
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13 | (1) |
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Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid) |
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14 | (1) |
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Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (mustard aphid, also known as the false cabbage aphid) |
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15 | (1) |
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Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid) |
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16 | (1) |
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Metopolophium dirhodum (rose--grain aphid) |
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17 | (2) |
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Myzus persicae (peach--potato aphid) |
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19 | (2) |
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Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) |
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21 | (1) |
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Rhopalosipbum padi (bird cherry--oat aphid) |
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22 | (1) |
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Schizaphis graminum (greenbug) |
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23 | (1) |
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Sitobion avenae (grain aphid) |
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24 | (2) |
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Therioaphis trifolii (alfalfa aphid or yellow clover aphid) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (10) |
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2 Aphid Genomics and its Contribution to Understanding Aphids as Crop Pests |
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37 | (13) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Polyphenism and Reproduction |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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Aphid-Plant Interactions During Feeding |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Aphid Control, Insecticides and Resistance |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (4) |
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3 Population Genetic Issues: New Insights Using Conventional Molecular Markers and Genomics Tools |
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50 | (31) |
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50 | (2) |
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Aphids as pests of crops and their adaptations |
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50 | (1) |
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What the use of molecular markers in aphid studies has so far revealed |
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51 | (1) |
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The way forward: new genomics approaches to studying aphids |
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51 | (1) |
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Identification of Species |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Cotton aphid or melon aphid |
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57 | (1) |
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Peach--potato and tobacco aphids |
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57 | (1) |
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Life Cycle in Relation to Climate |
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58 | (1) |
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Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Aphids, Including Short- and Longer-distance Aerial Movements |
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59 | (4) |
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63 | (1) |
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Superclones ... or Superclans? |
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63 | (4) |
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Tracing the Origin of Aphid Genotypes |
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67 | (1) |
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Detecting Foreign Bodies in Aphids Using Molecular Markers |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (10) |
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4 Life Cycles and Polyphenism |
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81 | (17) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (5) |
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82 | (2) |
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Non-host-alternating aphids |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Holocyclic and anholocyclic life cycles |
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85 | (1) |
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Factors Determining the Production of Different Morphs |
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86 | (5) |
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Determination of sexual morphs |
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86 | (1) |
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Determination of asexual winged morphs |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Physiological control of polyphenism |
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90 | (1) |
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The Importance of Different Morphs for Crop Protection |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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The Importance of Polyphenism in Determining Pest Status |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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98 | (16) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Uses of aphid growth and developmental rates |
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99 | (1) |
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Measurement of Aphid Growth and Developmental Rates |
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99 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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The intrinsic rate of increase, rm |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of aphid cages |
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101 | (2) |
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Limitations on the Use of Aphid Growth and Development Measures |
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103 | (2) |
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The reliability of size x fecundity relationships |
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103 | (1) |
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Variable growth, development and reproductive rates |
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104 | (1) |
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Decoupling development times and fecundity |
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104 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Aphid Growth and Development |
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105 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Difference between nymphs destined to be apterous and alate |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (7) |
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6 Nutrition and Symbiosis |
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114 | (18) |
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114 | (1) |
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Microbial Symbiosis in Aphids |
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114 | (2) |
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Diversity of microorganisms |
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114 | (1) |
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Location of symbiotic microorganisms |
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115 | (1) |
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Acquisition of symbiotic microorganisms |
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115 | (1) |
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Significance of symbiotic microorganisms to aphids |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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Amino acids and their sources |
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119 | (1) |
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The fate of amino acids in aphids |
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119 | (1) |
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Other dietary sources of nitrogen |
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120 | (1) |
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Minerals and Micronutrients |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (6) |
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History of artificial diets for aphids |
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120 | (1) |
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Recipe for the diet and practical procedures |
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121 | (3) |
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Relation between the diet and plant phloem sap |
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124 | (1) |
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Aphid performance on the diet |
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125 | (1) |
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How useful is the diet for studies on aphid nutrition? |
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126 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (5) |
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132 | (16) |
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132 | (1) |
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Temperature Effects on Aphids |
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132 | (1) |
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Adaptation to Cold Stress |
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133 | (1) |
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Overwintering specialist morphs |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Effects of High Temperature |
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134 | (2) |
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Behavioural adaptations to high temperature |
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134 | (1) |
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Emerging technologies to study aphids and stress |
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135 | (1) |
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Physiological adaptations to high temperature |
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135 | (1) |
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Temperature Effects on Diet |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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Haemolymph osmotic homeostasis |
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138 | (1) |
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Flow do aphids osmoregulate? |
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138 | (1) |
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Secondary effects of drought on aphids -- nutrition |
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139 | (1) |
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Secondary effects of host-plant drought on aphids -- allocation to defence |
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140 | (1) |
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as stress and defence |
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140 | (1) |
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Molecular Clues to Aphid Stress Responses |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (6) |
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148 | (25) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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Interactions between Aphids |
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150 | (7) |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (2) |
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Social interactions: aggregation, density regulation and avoidance |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (3) |
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Host-plant semiochemicals |
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157 | (3) |
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Aphid effects on the plant |
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160 | (1) |
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Interaction with Natural Enemies |
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160 | (4) |
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Responses of natural enemies to aphid-produced chemicals |
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160 | (3) |
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Responses of natural enemies to aphid-induced plant signals |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (8) |
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9 Host-plant Selection and Feeding |
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173 | (23) |
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173 | (1) |
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Orientation and Host-plant Finding |
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173 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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Plant Contact after Landing |
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176 | (1) |
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Probing -- Plant Penetration |
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177 | (10) |
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178 | (4) |
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182 | (4) |
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186 | (1) |
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Incompatible Aphid--plant Interaction (Plant Resistance) |
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187 | (1) |
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Host Alternation and Changes in Host-plant Preference |
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187 | (1) |
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Plant Predisposition to Aphid Probing |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (6) |
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10 Aphid Movement: Process and Consequences |
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196 | (29) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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The Nature of Aphid Movement |
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197 | (1) |
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Conceptual Framework for Aphid Movement |
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197 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Aphid life stages, morphs |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
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Events leading to take-off |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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Switching off the migratory urge |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (4) |
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Stimuli that cause aphids to disperse in an appetitive manner |
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205 | (3) |
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Response to multiple perturbations |
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208 | (1) |
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Landing and alighting cues |
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209 | (1) |
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Incorporating Aphid Movement into Pest Management Strategies |
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209 | (7) |
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Components of IPM programmes |
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210 | (3) |
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Categories of aphids as agricultural pests |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (9) |
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11 Predators, Parasitoids and Pathogens |
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225 | (37) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (9) |
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Ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (lacewings) |
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231 | (2) |
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Cecidomyiidae (predatory midges) |
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233 | (1) |
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Other arthropod predators |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (6) |
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235 | (2) |
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Foraging behaviour and host finding |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (4) |
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General biology of aphid-pathogenic fungi |
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241 | (1) |
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Specialized biologies of entomophthoroid species |
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242 | (1) |
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Epizootiology of entomophthoroid fungi |
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243 | (2) |
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Intraguild Interactions and Mutualistic Ants |
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245 | (3) |
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Intraguild predation and competition |
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245 | (2) |
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The effect of mutualistic interactions with ants on predation and parasitism |
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247 | (1) |
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The role of defensive aphid endosymbionts |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (13) |
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12 Population Dynamics: Cycles and Patterns |
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262 | (18) |
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262 | (1) |
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Overwintering Populations |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Onset of Dispersal to Crops |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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The Population Cycle on Crops |
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264 | (8) |
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264 | (2) |
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Factors causing numerical change |
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266 | (3) |
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The development of populations on crops |
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269 | (3) |
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Emigration at the End of the Season |
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272 | (1) |
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Longer-term Regulation of Aphid Populations |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (4) |
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13 Aphid Population Dynamics: From Fields to Landscapes |
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280 | (23) |
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280 | (2) |
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The Aphid System: An Overview |
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282 | (1) |
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Essential Life-cycle Issues that Modellers Need to Understand: Parthenogenesis, Viviparity and Polyphenism |
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283 | (1) |
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Processes Related to Aphid Population Dynamics |
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284 | (1) |
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Extrinsic Forcing Variables |
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284 | (1) |
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Abiotic forcing variables: climate |
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285 | (4) |
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Biotic forcing variables: plants |
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285 | (2) |
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Biotic forcing variables: regulation by natural enemies |
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287 | (2) |
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Biological and Demographic Processes: Modelling Birth, Ageing, Moulting, Reproduction, Migration and Death |
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289 | (5) |
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Modelling birth through fecundity |
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289 | (1) |
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Modelling age and moulting |
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290 | (1) |
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Modelling the migration process |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Scaling up from Fields to Landscapes: Demographic Considerations |
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294 | (3) |
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Modeller's headache: three issues to scaling up |
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294 | (1) |
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Demographic characteristics of aphid populations that should be implicit within models |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (5) |
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303 | (20) |
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303 | (1) |
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The Causes, Signs and Outcomes of Infestation: Injury, Symptoms and Damage |
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304 | (4) |
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304 | (1) |
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Common symptoms of infestation |
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304 | (1) |
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Detection and quantification of symptoms induced by Aphidoidea |
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305 | (3) |
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Modes of Injury by Aphidoidea |
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308 | (2) |
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Plant penetration and mechanical injury |
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308 | (1) |
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Aetiological agents in Aphidoidea oral secretions |
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308 | (2) |
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The Physiological Bases for Symptom Development and Damage |
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310 | (5) |
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Morphological modifications |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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Disruption of resource allocation and transport |
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312 | (1) |
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Perturbati on of photosynthesis |
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313 | (2) |
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Environmental Effects on Insect Damage: Aphidoidea in a Changing Climate |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (7) |
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15 Transmission of Plant Viruses |
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323 | (39) |
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323 | (1) |
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Virus--Vector Interactions |
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323 | (1) |
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Aphids as Effective Virus Vectors |
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324 | (6) |
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Host selection related to virus acquisition and inoculation |
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324 | (4) |
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Early molecular events in aphid--plant interactions |
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328 | (1) |
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Virus-induced changes in plants on aphid vectors |
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329 | (1) |
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Transmission Modes of Plant Viruses by Aphids |
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330 | (10) |
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Non-persistent transmission |
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330 | (3) |
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Semi-persistent transmission |
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333 | (4) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (2) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Disease Management Strategies |
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343 | (4) |
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Use of genotypes resistant to the virus and/or to the aphid vectors |
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343 | (1) |
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Elimination of virus sources |
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344 | (1) |
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Prevention or reduction of virus spread |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (15) |
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16 Monitoring and Forecasting |
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362 | (20) |
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362 | (1) |
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Why Monitor and Forecast? |
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362 | (1) |
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What Should be Monitored and Forecast? |
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362 | (1) |
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Where Should Monitoring and Forecasting be Done? |
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363 | (1) |
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When Should Monitoring and Forecasting be Done? |
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363 | (1) |
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How Can Aphids be Monitored and Forecast? |
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363 | (13) |
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363 | (7) |
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370 | (6) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (6) |
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17 Decision Support Systems |
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382 | (16) |
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382 | (1) |
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Making a DSS: the Biological Constraints of Dealing with Aphids |
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383 | (1) |
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Making an Aphid DSS: Some Basic Mathematical Constraints of Decision Making |
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383 | (2) |
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Aphi.net: a DSS for Managing Aphids Spreading Virus on Cereals |
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385 | (4) |
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Past and Present Aphid DSSs |
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389 | (4) |
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393 | (2) |
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Are aphid DSSs really short-lived and underused? |
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393 | (1) |
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How to improve aphid DSS adoption and usefulness |
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394 | (1) |
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Upcoming opportunities for the revival of DSSs |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (28) |
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398 | (1) |
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Availability and Choice of Aphicides |
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398 | (1) |
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Modes of Action of Aphicides |
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399 | (3) |
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Carbamates (Group 1A) and organophosphates (1B) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (2) |
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Fymetrozine (9B) and flonicamid (9C) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (3) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (7) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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Chenopodiaceae (sugar beet) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (11) |
|
19 Insecticide Resistance |
|
|
426 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis of Resistance in Aphids |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
Biochemistry and Molecular Basis of Resistance |
|
|
428 | (9) |
|
Resistance mechanisms in Myzus persicae (peach--potato aphid) |
|
|
428 | (5) |
|
Resistance mechanisms in other aphid species |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
Factors Affecting the Dynamics of Insecticide Resistance in the Field |
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
Pleiotropic effects of resistance |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (7) |
|
|
448 | (46) |
|
|
Fatemeh Kohandani-Tafresh |
|
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (13) |
|
Classical biological control |
|
|
449 | (12) |
|
Biological control by augmentation in field crops |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (11) |
|
Aphidoletes aphidimyza (predatory gall midge) |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Coccinellidae (ladybirds) |
|
|
465 | (4) |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Entomopathogenic Fungal Species |
|
|
473 | (5) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Mycoinsecticides and aphid biocontrol |
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
Future of mycopesticides and genomic advances |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (14) |
|
|
494 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Irrigation and Fertilizer Management |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Intercropping, Living Mulches and Cover Crops |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Provision of Resources for Natural Enemies |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
Provision of Refuges for Natural Enemies |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
508 | (7) |
|
|
515 | (18) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Types of Host-plant Resistance to Aphids |
|
|
515 | (3) |
|
Antixenosis (close to Painter's `non-preference') |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
What is the preferred type of resistance? |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Host-plant Resistance to Aphids |
|
|
518 | (6) |
|
Mechanisms of antixenosis |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (3) |
|
Yield drag or other fitness costs |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Negative effects on natural enemies |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Interactions with other control measures |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (6) |
|
23 Integrated Pest Management and Introduction to IPM Case Studies |
|
|
533 | (12) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Integration of Chemical and Biological Control |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
Use of a selective active ingredient |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Integration of Chemical Control and Host-plant Resistance (HPR) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Integration of Biological Control and HPR |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Three-Way Integration of Chemical Control, HPR and Biological Control |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Integration of Cultural Control and Biological Control |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
Conclusions from the Case Studies |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
24 IPM Case Studies: Grain |
|
|
545 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Basic Characteristics of the Main Aphid Species in Cereals (Species, Population Dynamics, Damage) |
|
|
545 | (3) |
|
Cereal aphids of major importance in central Europe |
|
|
545 | (3) |
|
Cereal aphids of minor importance in central Europe |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (4) |
|
Monitoring, forecasting and decision-making systems |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Chemical control and pesticide resistance |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
25 IPM Case Studies: Sorghum |
|
|
557 | (12) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
History of Schizaphis graminum on Sorghum |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Greenbug Management Practices |
|
|
558 | (5) |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (4) |
|
26 IPM Case Studies: Leafy Salad Crops |
|
|
569 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
What are leafy salad crops? |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Chemicals and resistance to insecticides |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Chemical control -- reducing insecticides |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Modifying aphid behaviour |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
Assurance and accreditation schemes |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (3) |
|
27 IPM Case Studies: Brassicas |
|
|
578 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Biology of Pest Aphids in the UK |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Integrated Crop Management |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Monitoring and forecasting |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Sampling and decision making |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
28 IPM Case Studies: Cucurbits |
|
|
587 | (10) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Aphid-vectored Viruses Affecting Cucurbits |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Management Options for Aphids and Aphid-Vectored Viruses in Cucurbits |
|
|
588 | (5) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
IPM Programmes for Cucurbits that Include Aphid Management |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (3) |
|
29 IPM Case Studies: Seed Potato |
|
|
597 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Potato Viruses and their Aphid Vectors |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
Integrated Pest Management |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
600 | (4) |
|
Seed potato certification |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Crop isolation from virus sources |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (3) |
|
30 IPM Case Studies: Cotton |
|
|
607 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Damage and Economic Impact |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Disruption of plant growth |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Main Biological and Ecological Traits of the Cotton Aphid |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Host plants and host races |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (4) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Cotton aphid management in organic cotton |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (4) |
|
31 IPM Case Studies: Berry Crops |
|
|
620 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
620 | (4) |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (4) |
|
32 IPM Case Studies: Deciduous Fruit Tree Aphids |
|
|
632 | (11) |
|
|
Giuseppe E. Massimino Cucuzza |
|
|
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
632 | (4) |
|
Damage and virus transmission |
|
|
632 | (3) |
|
Monitoring and economic thresholds |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Chemical and supervised control |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (5) |
|
Damage and virus transmission |
|
|
639 | (2) |
|
Monitoring and economic thresholds |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Chemical and supervised control |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
33 IPM Case Studies: Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Trees |
|
|
643 | (12) |
|
|
Giuseppe E. Massimino Cocuzza |
|
|
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (6) |
|
Damage and virus transmission |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Monitoring and economic thresholds |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Chemical and supervised control |
|
|
644 | (3) |
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
Tropical Fruit Tree Aphids |
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
Damage and virus transmission |
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
Monitoring and economic thresholds |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Supervised chemical control |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
653 | (2) |
Taxonomic Glossary |
|
655 | (14) |
Index |
|
669 | |