|
Part I What Is Recirculating Aquaculture Systems? |
|
|
|
1 Overview of Land-Based Recirculating Aquaculture |
|
|
3 | (18) |
|
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2 Current Status of CRAS |
|
|
5 | (6) |
|
1.2.1 What Is Land-Based Aquaculture? |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 The Current State of Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 A History of Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.2.5 Features of Representative Systems |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
1.3 Challenges in the Popularization of Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
1.3.1 Comparisons of Mariculture and Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.3.2 Development of New Fish Culture for RASs |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
1.4 Economics and Feasibility of Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
1.4.1 Economics-Based Approach Toward Planning, Facility Design, and Profitability |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.4.2 Costs Involved in Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
1.5 Possible Business Opportunities |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
|
17 | (4) |
|
Part II Basic Information of Closed Recirculating Systems from the View Point of Bioscience |
|
|
|
2 Characteristics of Closed Recirculating Systems |
|
|
21 | (36) |
|
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
2.2 Physical Clarification |
|
|
23 | (6) |
|
2.2.1 Methods of Physical Clarification |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Sedimentation Treatment |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 Coagulation-Sedimentation Treatment |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
2.2.5 Granulated Filtration |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
2.2.6 Foam Separation Treatment |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
2.2.7 Effectiveness of the Foam Separation Unit in CRAS |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (13) |
|
2.3.1 Nitrification Function of Biofiltration |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 Types of Biofiltration Methods |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.3 Moving Bed Filter |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.4 Rotating Disk Filter |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.5 Intermittent Filter |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.6 Floating Bead Bioclarifiers |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.7 Immobilization Filter |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Influential Factors of Nitrification |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.3.3.5 Ammonium Nitrogen and Nitrite Nitrogen |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.3.3.6 Trace Element Ion |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.1 Maturation of Biofilter Medium |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.2 Characteristics and Selection of Biofilter Medium |
|
|
40 | (2) |
|
2.4 Disinfection Treatment |
|
|
42 | (5) |
|
2.4.1 Methods of Disinfection |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.4.1.1 Ultraviolet Ray Disinfection (UV Disinfection) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.4.1.2 Ozone Disinfection |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
2.4.1.3 Electrolytic Disinfection |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.6 Removal of Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (8) |
|
|
50 | (7) |
|
Part III Tackle of Recirculating Aquaculture in Fishes |
|
|
|
3 Eel Anguilla japonica: Toward Zero Emission |
|
|
57 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
3.2 Experimental Condition |
|
|
59 | (4) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
3.2.3 Procedure for Sludge Recovery |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
3.3 Eel Culture in Closed Recirculating System |
|
|
63 | (9) |
|
3.3.1 Survival and Growth of Eel |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Fish-Rearing Density and Productivity |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
3.3.3 Quality of Rearing Water |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
3.3.4 Characteristics of Foam Separation Process |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
3.3.5 Recovery and Utilization of Sludge |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
3.3.7 Economical Efficiency |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
4 Pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis |
|
|
75 | (26) |
|
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
4.2 The Experimental System |
|
|
76 | (6) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
4.2.2 Details of the System |
|
|
77 | (5) |
|
4.3 Experiment Materials and Method |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
4.3.1 Experiment Materials |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
4.4 Result and Discussion |
|
|
83 | (9) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
|
85 | (5) |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
4.5 Rearing in Two Kinds of Water Velocity |
|
|
92 | (6) |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
4.5.2 Result and Discussion |
|
|
95 | (3) |
|
|
98 | (3) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
5 Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus |
|
|
101 | (26) |
|
|
5.1 Aquaculture of Japanese Flounder in Japan |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
5.2 Development of Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Techniques for Japanese Flounder |
|
|
104 | (18) |
|
5.2.1 Design of Water Treatment System |
|
|
104 | (5) |
|
5.2.2 Management of Culture Water |
|
|
109 | (5) |
|
5.2.3 Factors Affecting Productivity |
|
|
114 | (4) |
|
5.2.4 A Trial to Produce Japanese Flounder with a Closed Recirculating System |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
5.2.5 Quality of Japanese Flounder Produced with Closed Recirculating System |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
6 Kuruma Shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus |
|
|
127 | (18) |
|
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
6.2 System for Bench-Scale Study |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
6.3 Growth of Juvenile Shrimp and System Performance |
|
|
129 | (6) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
6.3.3 Growth of Juvenile Shrimp |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
6.3.4 Quality of Rearing Water |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
6.3.5 Characteristics of Foam Separation Process |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (4) |
|
6.5.1 Rearing for Spawning |
|
|
136 | (2) |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
|
142 | (3) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
7 White Shrimp IMopenaeus vannamei |
|
|
145 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
146 | (6) |
|
7.1.1 Growth of the World's Aquaculture Industry |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
7.1.2 Selection of Target Species Suitable for Land-Based Aquaculture in Japan |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
7.1.3 Why Were Shrimp Selected? |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
7.1.4 Development Strategy (Industry-Government Collaboration) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (5) |
|
7.2.1 Osmoregulatory Mechanisms in L. vannamei |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Reproductive Mechanisms in L. vannamei |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
7.2.3 Optimum Water Temperature and Oxygen Consumption Levels |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
7.2.5 Evaluation of Stress |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
7.2.6 Basic Nutritional Requirements of L. vannamei |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
7.2.7 Summary of Development Strategy |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
7.3 Features of the Development System |
|
|
157 | (9) |
|
7.3.1 ISPS Technology Components |
|
|
158 | (6) |
|
7.3.2 Learning Curve: Problems Encountered during the Research Development Phase |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
7.4 Challenges Relating to Business Promotion |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
7.4.1 High Cost of Production |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Finding Steady Customers |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
7.4.4 Ideal Business Model |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
7.6 Integrated Approaches to Developing Land-Based Aquaculture |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
7.6.1 Approaches to Aquaponics in Japan |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
|
175 | (40) |
|
|
|
8.1 General Information on Abalone |
|
|
176 | (6) |
|
8.1.1 Species and Geographical Distribution |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
8.1.2 History and Culture |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
8.1.3 Current Trends of Abalone Production in Japan, China, and Korea |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
8.1.4 Significance of Abalone Culture by Using a Land-Based Recirculating System |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
8.3 Water Quality Requirements and System Overview for Land-Based Abalone Farming |
|
|
185 | (12) |
|
8.3.1 Importance of Recirculating Water Treatment |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
8.3.2 System Overview for Abalone Culture in RAS |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
8.3.3 Parameters and Standards of Water Quality Control for Rearing Abalone in RAS |
|
|
188 | (9) |
|
8.4 Water Treatment Technologies for Maintenance of Water Quality in RAS |
|
|
197 | (6) |
|
8.4.1 Nitrification Using Polypropylene Short Tubular Media |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
8.4.2 Automated Batch Processing Denitrification System |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
8.4.3 Treatment of Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
|
203 | (6) |
|
8.5.1 Reduction of Capital Expenditure and Operating Expense (Engineering Aspect) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 Increase of Abalone Productivity (Scientific Aspect) |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
8.5.3 Sales and Marketing Managements (Marketing Aspect) |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
Part IV Applications and Other Consideration for Recirculating Aquaculture Systems |
|
|
|
9 Seed Production Systems |
|
|
215 | (22) |
|
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
9.2 The Characteristic of Seed Production in CRAS |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
9.3 The Characteristic of CRAS for Seed Production |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
9.4 Construction of CRAS for Seed Production |
|
|
219 | (3) |
|
9.5 The Fundamental Units, Their Function, and Suitable Conditions in Operation |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
9.5.1 Reservoir Tank and Net Filtration Unit |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 Foam Separation Unit |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
9.5.4 UV Disinfection Unit |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
9.6 Cases of Research on CRAS for Seed Production in Japan |
|
|
224 | (8) |
|
9.6.1 Optimum Biofilter Media and Its Relationship with Foam Separation Unit |
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
9.6.2 Culturing Water; Artificial Seawater, Low Salinity |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
9.6.3 Suitable Recirculation Rate in CRAS for Seed Production |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
9.7 Cases on Demonstration of CRAS for Seed Production |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
9.7.1 The Case of Disease Prevention; Kagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
9.7.2 The Case of High Productivity in Low Salinity; Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute of Fisheries Marine Technology Center |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
10 Aquarium Recirculation System |
|
|
237 | (20) |
|
|
|
10.1 Closed-Circulation Systems in Aquaria |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
10.1.2 Overall Configuration of the Latest Water Treatment System |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
10.2 Three Components of the Latest Water Treatment System |
|
|
239 | (14) |
|
10.2.1 Development of an Artificial Saltwater Manufacturing System |
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
10.2.2 Development of a High-Performance Water-Conserving Filtration System |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
10.2.2.1 System Functions |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
10.2.2.2 Optimization of Denitrification Reaction Conditions |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
10.2.2.4 Demonstration Using USB Denitrification Tank with Granules |
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
10.2.3 Development of a Saltwater Reuse System |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (4) |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
|
257 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
11.2 Overview of Aquaponics |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
11.3 Preliminary Attempts at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology |
|
|
259 | (5) |
|
11.3.1 Nitrogen and Other Minerals in Wastewater from Fish Culture |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
11.3.2 Hydroponics of Basil on Fish Tank |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
11.3.3 Culture of Tilapia and White Radish Sprouts |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
11.3.4 Saltwater Aquaponics |
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
|
264 | (3) |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
12 Advantages of Environmentally Sound Poly-eco-aquaculture in Fish Farms |
|
|
267 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
12.2 Heavy Environmental Load by Mono-aquaculture |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
12.3 Environmentally Sound Poly-eco-aquaculture |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
12.4 The Cultural Density of Seaweed Necessary for Water Purification in Fish Farms |
|
|
270 | (6) |
|
12.4.1 Environment of the Seaweed Cultivation |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 Growth of Seaweeds |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
12.4.3 Nitrogen and Phosphate Uptake Rates of Seaweed Species |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
12.4.4 Production and Consumption of Oxygen by the Seaweeds |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
12.4.5 Seaweed Cultural Density in Relation to Nitrogen Load in Fish Farm Area |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
12.4.6 Seaweed Cultural Density to Oxygen Consumption by Cultured Fish |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
13 Closed Ecological Recirculating Aquaculture Systems |
|
|
279 | (20) |
|
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
13.2 The Closed Recirculating Fish-Rearing System |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
13.3 Microalgae--Tilapia Culture |
|
|
282 | (3) |
|
13.3.1 Tilapia Fed a Microalgae Diet |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
13.3.2 Tilapia Egg Quality |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
13.4 Transgenic Nile Tilapia |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
13.5 Fish Waste--Microalgae Culture in Freshwater |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
13.5.3 Chlorella--Moina Feedback Culture |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
13.5.4 Fish Waste--Microalgae Culture in Salt Water |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
13.6 Gas Exchange between Chlorella and Tilapia |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
13.7 Estimation of the Mass Balance |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
14 Local Survey and Consideration of Land-Based Factory for Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Using Waste Heat Discharged from Biomass Power Plants |
|
|
299 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
14.3 Survey of Biomass Abundances and Needs Assessment on Fisheries Products in the Kuji Area |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
14.3.1 Biomass Abundances in the Kuji Area |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
14.3.2 Needs Assessment on Fisheries Products |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
14.4 Consideration of a Land-Based Facility for Recirculating Aquaculture Using Waste Heat Discharged from Biomass Power Plants |
|
|
305 | (11) |
|
|
305 | (4) |
|
|
309 | (6) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
14.5 Evaluation of Projects on Heat Utilization of Biomass Power Plant for Closed Recirculating Aquaculture |
|
|
316 | (11) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (7) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
327 | (2) |
Index |
|
329 | |