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E-grāmata: Applied Oral Physiology: The Integration of Sciences in Clinical Dentistry

  • Formāts: 192 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-May-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781638536888
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Applied Oral Physiology: The Integration of Sciences in Clinical DentistryPalielināt
  • Formāts: 192 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-May-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781638536888
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"Applied Oral Physiology: The Integration of Sciences in Clinical Dentistry by prosthodontist, biologist, and educator Robin Wilding integrates basic science topics traditionally taught separately, enabling readers to understand the interconnected relationship between the scientific and clinical aspects of dentistry. On the broadest level, this well-researched, readable, and easy-to-study book brings together related elements of anatomy, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. Integration of these areas helps students comprehend the different elements of dental science, thereby improving their ability to understand and treat patient problems. For example, understanding how saliva influences oral health is vital information every dentist needs to know"--

Unique textbook presents and integrates dental sciences essential for the practice of dentistry

Applied Oral Physiology: The Integration of Sciences in Clinical Dentistry by prosthodontist, biologist, and educator Robin Wilding integrates basic science topics traditionally taught separately, enabling readers to understand the interconnected relationship between the scientific and clinical aspects of dentistry. On the broadest level, this well-researched, readable, and easy-to-study book brings together related elements of anatomy, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. Integration of these areas helps students comprehend the different elements of dental science, thereby improving their ability to understand and treat patient problems. For example, understanding how saliva influences oral health is vital information every dentist needs to know.

Key Features

  • An introduction to the structure and related function of teeth and oral soft tissues
  • The relationship between oral ecology and biofilms, dental caries, nutrition, and mucosal immunity
  • Discussion of clinical and neurogenic pain in context with functions including taste, reflexes, mastication, swallowing, and speech
  • A balanced presentation of TMJ dynamics including the role that physical and psychosocial factors play in dysfunction
  • Content considered to be non-essential is presented in appendices at the end of the book, placing the focus on need-to-know information

Topics such as the oral cavity environment, cellular interactions, the extracellular matrix, and bone physiology are covered in one highly relevant resource for clinical dental practice, making this the quintessential text for undergraduate dentistry students.

This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

Preface xii
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xiv
1 The Origins of Teeth
1.1 Evolution
1(1)
1.2 The Teeth as Tools
1(3)
1.2.1 Tooth Strength
1(1)
1.2.2 Tooth Design
1(1)
1.2.3 Tooth Wear in Man
2(2)
2 Dental Hard Tissues 4(11)
2.1 Enamel: Clinical Aspects
4(3)
2.1.1 Enamel Minerals
4(1)
2.1.2 Enamel: Non-Minerals
4(1)
2.1.3 Enamel Etching
4(1)
2.1.4 Early Enamel Caries
5(1)
2.1.5 Arrested Enamel Caries
5(2)
2.2 Pulp-Dentin: Clinical Aspects
7(4)
2.2.1 Physical Properties
7(1)
2.2.2 Tubules
7(2)
2.2.3 Permeability
9(1)
2.2.4 Response to Irritation
9(1)
2.2.5 Secondary Dentin
9(1)
2.2.6 Dental Pulp Hyperemia
9(1)
2.2.7 The Pulp Chamber and Root Canal
10(1)
2.3 Response of the Pulp-Dentin to Caries
11(4)
2.3.1 Bacterial Penetration
11(1)
2.3.2 Secondary Caries
12(1)
2.3.3 Conservative Management of Deep Caries
12(1)
2.3.4 Arrested Caries in Dentin
12(1)
2.3.5 Regeneration after Pulpal Exposure
13(1)
2.3.6 The Origin of Replacement Odontoblasts
13(2)
3 Oral Mucosa and Periodontium 15(13)
3.1 Structure of Oral Mucosa
15(1)
3.1.1 Oral Epithelium
15(1)
3.1.2 Lamina Propria
16(1)
3.2 Function of Oral Mucosa
16(1)
3.2.1 Rates of Turnover of Oral Mucosa
17(1)
3.3 Regional Variation of Oral Mucosa
17(2)
3.3.1 Masticatory Mucosa
17(2)
3.3.2 Lining Mucosa
19(1)
3.3.3 Gustatory Mucosa
19(1)
3.4 Alveolar Bone
19(1)
3.5 The Periodontal Ligament
20(2)
3.5.1 Periodontal Ligament Fibers
20(1)
3.5.2 Response of the Periodontal Ligament to Loading
21(1)
3.5.3 Cells of the Periodontal Ligament
21(1)
3.5.4 Vascular Supply of the Periodontal Ligament
22(1)
3.5.5 Functions of the Periodontal Ligament
22(1)
3.6 Cementum
22(2)
3.6.1 Functions of Cementum
22(1)
3.6.2 Origins of Cementum
23(1)
3.6.3 Changes in Cementum with Aging
24(1)
3.6.4 Cementum Formation in Healing
24(1)
3.7 Junctional Epithelium
24(4)
3.7.1 Loss of Epithelial Attachment
25(1)
3.7.2 Influence of Female Hormones
26(2)
4 The Ecology of the Oral Cavity 28(20)
4.1 Introduction
28(1)
4.2 The Oral Environment
29(5)
4.2.1 Salivary Pellicle
30(1)
4.2.2 How Saliva Defines the Oral Environment
30(3)
4.2.3 Rate of Flow of Saliva
33(1)
4.2.4 Gingival Crevicular Fluid
33(1)
4.3 The Biofilms of the Oral Environment
34(5)
4.3.1 Biofilms
34(1)
4.3.2 Calculus
35(1)
4.3.3 Growth of a Biofilm
35(1)
4.3.4 Dental Plaque
35(1)
4.3.5 Variations in Plaque
36(1)
4.3.6 From Symbiont to Pathobiont
37(1)
4.3.7 Cross-Infection Control
38(1)
4.3.8 Single Organism or Consortium
38(1)
4.3.9 Dental Caries
38(1)
4.3.10 Periodontal Disease
38(1)
4.4 Oral Ecology and Dental Caries
39(3)
4.4.1 Diet and Control of Dental Caries
40(1)
4.4.2 Risk Factors in Predicting Dental Caries
41(1)
4.4.3 Dental Caries, Infection, or Dietary Disorder?
41(1)
4.5 Nutrition and Oral Ecology
42(1)
4.5.1 Oral Manifestation of Malnutrition
42(1)
4.5.2 Trace Elements, Minerals, and Vitamins
43(1)
4.6 The Influence of Fluorides on the Oral Ecosystem
43(2)
4.6.1 Distribution of Fluoride in Teeth
43(1)
4.6.2 Fluoride Protection of Enamel
43(1)
4.6.3 Administration of Fluoride
44(1)
4.7 Mucosal Immunity and Oral Ecology
45(3)
4.7.1 General Barriers to Infection
45(1)
4.7.2 Mucosal Immunity
45(1)
4.7.3 Antigen Tolerance
45(1)
4.7.4 A Caries Vaccine
46(2)
5 Cell Differentiation in Embryology and Repair 48(9)
5.1 Cell Interactions in Differentiation
48(1)
5.1.1 Cell Differentiation
48(1)
5.1.2 Cell Differentiation during Embryology
48(1)
5.1.3 Cell and Matrix Interactions in Tooth Development
49(1)
5.2 Tooth Morphogenesis
49(2)
5.2.1 Generic Tooth Forms
49(2)
5.2.2 Cusp Morphology
51(1)
5.3 Cell Interactions in Repair and Regeneration
51(6)
5.3.1 Wound Healing
51(1)
5.3.2 Healing of a Tooth Socket
52(1)
5.3.3 Healing of a Pulp Exposure
53(1)
5.3.4 Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix in Healing
54(1)
5.3.5 Comparison between Repair and Embryology
55(1)
5.3.6 Nutrition, Embryology, and Healing
55(2)
6 The Extracellular Matrix 57(5)
6.1 Glycosaminoglycans
57(1)
6.1.1 Types of Glycosaminoglycans
57(1)
6.1.2 Properties of Glycosaminoglycans
57(1)
6.2 Glycoproteins
58(1)
6.2.1 Bone Glycoproteins
58(1)
6.2.2 Fibronectin
58(1)
6.2.3 Laminin
58(1)
6.2.4 Metalloproteins
59(1)
6.2.5 Periostin
59(1)
6.3 Fibrous Matrix Proteins
59(2)
6.3.1 Collagen
59(1)
6.3.2 Elastin
60(1)
6.3.3 Keratin
60(1)
6.4 Matricellular Proteins
61(1)
7 The Physiology of Bone 62(16)
7.1 The Mineralization Process
62(1)
7.1.1 Composition of Biological Apatites
62(1)
7.1.2 Solubility of Apatites
62(1)
7.1.3 Production of Apatite Crystals
63(1)
7.2 Mechanisms of Mineralization
63(1)
7.2.1 Control of Mineralization by Organic Components
63(1)
7.2.2 Control of Mineralization by Cells
64(1)
7.3 Methods of Bone Formation
64(4)
7.3.1 Origins of Bone
64(1)
7.3.2 Structure of Cartilage
64(1)
7.3.3 Cartilage as a Skeletal Material
64(1)
7.3.4 Intramembranous Bone Formation
65(1)
7.3.5 Growth of Intramembranous Bone
66(1)
7.3.6 Endochondral Bone Formation
66(2)
7.3.7 Summary of Differences between Cartilage and Bone
68(1)
7.4 Development of the Skull and Jaws
68(1)
7.4.1 Development of the Mandible
68(1)
7.4.2 Development of the Temporomandibular Joint
68(1)
7.4.3 Synchondrosis of the Cranial Base
68(1)
7.5 General Features of Growth
69(1)
7.5.1 Phases of Growth
69(1)
7.5.2 Measuring Growth
70(1)
7.5.3 Soft Tissue (Functional) Matrices
70(1)
7.6 Growth of the Skull and Jaws
70(2)
7.6.1 Growth of the Cranium and Face
70(1)
7.6.2 Growth of the Mandible
71(1)
7.7 Bone Remodeling
72(6)
7.7.1 Mechanical Loads and Bone Remodeling
72(1)
7.7.2 Cellular Process of Bone Remodeling
72(1)
7.7.3 Transformation of Stress to Bone Cells
73(1)
7.7.4 Tooth Repositioning
73(1)
7.7.5 Remodeling of the Tooth Socket
74(1)
7.7.6 Tooth Displacement and Cell Rests of Malassez
74(1)
7.7.7 Response of Alveolar Bone to Dentures
75(1)
7.7.8 Response of Bone to Implants
75(1)
7.7.9 Systemic Factors and Bone Turnover
76(2)
8 Eruption, Occlusion, and Wear 78(14)
8.1 Eruption
78(4)
8.1.1 Phases of Eruption
78(1)
8.1.2 Formation of the Epithelial Attachment
78(1)
8.1.3 Eruptive Mechanisms
79(1)
8.1.4 Tooth Position after Eruption
80(1)
8.1.5 Incomplete Eruption
80(1)
8.1.6 Deciduous Dentition
80(1)
8.1.7 Differences between Deciduous and Permanent Teeth
80(1)
8.1.8 Mixed Dentition
81(1)
8.2 Occlusion
82(8)
8.2.1 Stability of the Dentition
82(1)
8.2.2 Arch Stability
82(1)
8.2.3 Tooth Stability
83(1)
8.2.4 The Distribution of Bite Forces on Teeth
84(1)
8.2.5 Summary
85(1)
8.2.6 Purpose of Cusps
85(1)
8.2.7 Arch and Tooth Relationships
85(1)
8.2.8 Curves of Occlusion
86(1)
8.2.9 Tooth Contacts during Function
86(1)
8.2.10 Anterior Tooth Contact
87(1)
8.2.11 Summary of Arch and Tooth Relationships
88(1)
8.2.12 Class II Arch and Tooth Relationships
89(1)
8.2.13 Occlusion and Wear
89(1)
8.3 Tooth Wear
90(2)
8.3.1 Types of Tooth Wear
90(1)
8.3.2 Consequences of Tooth Wear
90(1)
8.3.3 Other Compensatory Mechanisms for Continued Eruption
90(2)
9 The Temporomandibular Joint 92(8)
9.1 The Mechanics of the Temporomandibular Joint
92(2)
9.1.1 A Load-Bearing Joint
92(1)
9.1.2 Variable Forces at the Teeth
93(1)
9.1.3 Joint Stability
93(1)
9.1.4 Joint Instability and Muscle Fatigue
94(1)
9.2 The Structure of the Temporomandibular Joint
94(1)
9.3 Movement at the Temporomandibular Joint
95(2)
9.3.1 Constraints of Jaw Movements
95(1)
9.3.2 Disk Displacement
96(1)
9.3.3 Condyle Position
96(1)
9.4 Temporomandibular Dysfunction
97(3)
9.4.1 Diagnosis
97(1)
9.4.2 General Description of Temporomandibular Dysfunction
97(1)
9.4.3 Research Diagnostic Criteria
97(1)
9.4.4 Axis I-Physical Factors (Signs)
98(1)
9.4.5 Axis II-Psychosocial Factors (Symptoms)
98(1)
9.4.6 Evidence-Based Etiology
98(1)
9.4.7 Diagnostic Tests
98(1)
9.4.8 Illness Behavior
99(1)
9.4.9 Management of Temporomandibular Dysfunction
99(1)
10 Oral Sensations and Functions 100(21)
10.1 The Nature of Pain
100(1)
10.1.1 Injury without Pain
100(1)
10.1.2 Pain without Injury
101(1)
10.1.3 Chronic Pain
101(1)
10.1.4 Measuring Pain
101(1)
10.2 Psychological Factors and Pain
101(2)
10.2.1 Culture
101(1)
10.2.2 Past Experience
101(1)
10.2.3 The Meaning of Pain
102(1)
10.2.4 Control over Pain
102(1)
10.2.5 Suggestion and Placebo
102(1)
10.2.6 Hypnosis
102(1)
10.2.7 "Psychological" Pain
102(1)
10.2.8 Pain at Death
103(1)
10.3 Some Types of Clinical Pain
103(1)
10.4 Pain Mechanisms
104(6)
10.4.1 Pain Pathways
104(1)
10.4.2 Nerve Synapses
105(1)
10.4.3 Innervation of the Pulp-Dentin
106(1)
10.4.4 Dentin Sensitivity
106(1)
10.4.5 Pulp-Dentin Pain
106(1)
10.4.6 Neurogenic Inflammation of the Pulp Tissue
107(1)
10.4.7 Facial Pain of Muscular Origin
108(1)
10.4.8 Trigger Points in Muscles
108(1)
10.4.9 Referred Pain
109(1)
10.4.10 Nerve Injury
109(1)
10.4.11 The Gate Theory
109(1)
10.4.12 Pain and Stress
109(1)
10.5 Oral Pain Control
110(11)
10.5.1 Controlling Sensations
110(1)
10.5.2 Controlling Emotions
110(1)
10.5.3 Chronic Pain Management
110(1)
10.5.4 Pain Control Mechanisms
110(1)
10.6 Taste
111(1)
10.6.1 General Features of Taste
111(1)
10.6.2 Modalities and Distribution
111(1)
10.6.3 Taste Buds
111(1)
10.7 Oral Proprioception
112(1)
10.7.1 Skin and Mucosa
112(1)
10.7.2 Periodontal Receptors
112(1)
10.7.3 Altered Feedback
112(1)
10.7.4 Temporomandibular Joint Receptors
113(1)
10.8 Oral Reflexes
113(2)
10.8.1 Jaw Reflexes
113(2)
10.9 Mastication
115(2)
10.9.1 Evolutionary Aspects
115(1)
10.9.2 Suckling
115(1)
10.9.3 Masticatory Efficiency and Digestion
115(1)
10.9.4 Masticatory Forces
115(1)
10.9.5 Functional Jaw Movements
116(1)
10.9.6 Muscle Activity
116(1)
10.10 Swallowing
117(2)
10.10.1 The Oral Phase of Swallowing
118(1)
10.10.2 The Pharyngeal Phase
118(1)
10.10.3 The Esophageal Phase
118(1)
10.10.4 Muscle Activity of Swallowing
118(1)
10.10.5 Forces during Swallowing
118(1)
10.11 Speech
119(3)
10.11.1 Phonation and Articulation
119(1)
10.11.2 Defects in Speech
119(2)
11 Aging 121(6)
11.1 General Features of Aging
121(1)
11.2 Age Changes in the Teeth
122(1)
11.2.1 Abrasion and Attrition
122(1)
11.2.2 Stains and Discoloration
122(1)
11.2.3 Secondary and Sclerotic Dentin
122(1)
11.2.4 Age Changes in the Dental Pulp
122(1)
11.3 Age Changes in Tooth Support
122(1)
11.3.1 The Periodontal Ligament
122(1)
11.3.2 Cementum
122(1)
11.3.3 Alveolar Bone
122(1)
11.3.4 Oral Mucosa
123(1)
11.3.5 Changes in the Temporomandibular Joint
123(1)
11.4 Age Changes in Saliva
123(1)
11.5 Nutritional Changes in Aging
123(1)
11.6 Forensic Features of Eruption and Wear
123(1)
11.7 Emotional Changes in Aging
123(4)
Appendices
Appendix A. The Origins of Teeth
127(4)
A.1 Mastication and Mammals
127(1)
A.1.1 The Evolution of Mammalian Teeth
127(1)
A.1.2 The Mammalian Work Ethic
127(1)
A.1.3 A Voracious Appetite
127(1)
A.1.4 A Robust Skeleton and Powerful Muscles
128(1)
A.1.5 Mammalian Teeth
128(1)
A.1.6 The Mammalian Tooth Socket
128(1)
A.1.7 The Mammalian Jaw Joint
128(1)
A.2 The Mechanics of Tooth Use
128(3)
A.2.1 Piercing Food
128(1)
A.2.2 Cutting Food
128(1)
A.2.3 Shredding Food
129(1)
A.2.4 Grinding Food
129(2)
Appendix B. Dental Hard Tissues
131(2)
B.1 Physical Properties of Enamel and Dentin
131(1)
B.2 Enamel Proteins
131(1)
B.3 Composites and Resistance to Fracture
131(2)
Appendix C. Oral Mucosa and the Periodontium
133(1)
C.1 Tooth Displacement
133(1)
C.2 Tooth Mobility
133(1)
Appendix D. The Ecology of the Oral Cavity
134(4)
D.1 Saturated Solutions
134(1)
D.2 Salivary Gland Secretion
134(1)
D.3 Gaia Theory
135(1)
D.4 Gene Regulation in Biofilms
135(1)
D.5 Strategies for Controlling Biofilms
135(1)
D.6 Gram Staining Bacteria
136(1)
D.7 Microenvironments
136(1)
D.8 The Vipeholm Study
136(1)
D.9 Fluoride Availability, Toxicity, and Fluorosis
136(2)
D.9.1 Availability of Fluoride
136(1)
D.9.2 Toxicity of Fluoride
136(1)
D.9.3 Fluorosis
137(1)
Appendix E. Cell Interactions in Embryology and Repair
138(2)
E.1 Epigenetic Modulation
138(1)
E.2 Morphogenesis
138(2)
E.2.1 Adhesion and Contact Inhibition
138(1)
E.2.2 Apoptosis
138(1)
E.2.3 Integrins
139(1)
Appendix F. The Physiology of Bone
140(2)
F.1 Stress and Trabecular Orientation
140(1)
F.2 Remodeling to Achieve Optimal Stress
140(2)
Appendix G. Oral Sensations and Functions
142(2)
G.1 Peripheral Sensitization
142(1)
G.2 Central Sensitization
143(1)
G.3 Central Connections of Pain Impulses
143(1)
Appendix H. Endnotes
144(9)
H.1 Cracks, Composites, and Teeth
144(1)
H.2 On Growth and Form
145(2)
H.3 The Heritage of Fibrous Polymers
147(2)
H.4 Anecdotal Evidence; a Poor Substitute for Science
149(4)
H.4.1 Convictions and Reality
149(1)
H.4.2 The Lessons of Bloodletting
149(1)
H.4.3 Evidence-Based Knowledge
150(1)
H.4.4 The Deficiencies of the Process of Induction
150(3)
Glossary of Terms in Biology 153(17)
Index 170
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