| Preface |
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9 | (3) |
| Introduction |
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The Nature and Aims of Archaeology |
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12 | (7) |
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PART I The Framework of Archaeology |
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19 | (148) |
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The History of Archaeology |
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21 | (28) |
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22 | (4) |
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The Beginnings of Modern Archaeology |
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26 | (6) |
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Classification and Consolidation |
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32 | (8) |
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A Turning Point in Archaeology |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (7) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | |
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Digging Pompeii: Past and Present |
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24 | (3) |
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Evolution: Darwin's Great Idea |
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27 | (3) |
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North American Archaeological Pioneers |
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30 | (3) |
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The Development of Field Techniques |
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33 | (5) |
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Women Pioneers of Archaeology |
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38 | (3) |
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Processual Archaeology: Key Concepts |
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41 | (3) |
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Interpretive or Postprocessual Archaeologies |
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44 | (2) |
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Catalhoyuk: Interpretive Archaeologies in Action |
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46 | (3) |
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The Variety of the Evidence |
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49 | (22) |
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Basic Categories of Archaeological Evidence |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (2) |
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Cultural Formation Processes - How People Have Affected What Survives in the Archaeological Record |
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54 | (1) |
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Natural Formation Processes - How Nature Affects What Survives in the Archaeological Record |
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55 | (15) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | |
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53 | (9) |
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Wet Preservation: The Ozette Site |
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62 | (2) |
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Dry Preservation: The Tomb of Tutankhamun |
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64 | (3) |
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Cold Preservation 1: Mountain "Mummies" |
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67 | (1) |
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Cold Preservation 2: The Iceman |
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68 | (3) |
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Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features |
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71 | (50) |
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Discovering Archaeological Sites and Features |
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72 | (21) |
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Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features |
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93 | (11) |
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104 | (16) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | |
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The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (3) |
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Identifying Archaeological Sites from Above |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (6) |
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90 | (6) |
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Tell Halula: Multi-period Surface Investigations |
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96 | (4) |
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Geophysical Survey at Roman Wroxeter |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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Excavating the Red Bay Wreck |
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108 | (3) |
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Jamestown Rediscovery: The Excavation Process |
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111 | (3) |
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Excavating the Amesbury Archer |
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114 | (7) |
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Dating Methods and Chronology |
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121 | (46) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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Calendars and Historical Chronologies |
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130 | (2) |
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Annual Cycles: Varves and Tree-Rings |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (11) |
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Other Absolute Dating Methods |
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147 | (5) |
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152 | (1) |
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Calibrated Relative Methods |
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152 | (2) |
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Chronological Correlations |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (9) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | |
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130 | (7) |
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The Principles of Radioactive Decay |
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137 | (3) |
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How to Calibrate Radiocarbon Dates |
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140 | (2) |
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Bayesian Analysis: Improving the Precision of Radiocarbon Chronologies |
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142 | (6) |
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Dating the Earliest West Europeans |
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148 | (6) |
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Dating the Thera Eruption |
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154 | (13) |
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PART II Discovering the Variety of Human Experience |
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167 | (326) |
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5 How Were Societies Organized? |
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169 | (54) |
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Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society |
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170 | (6) |
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Further Sources of Information for Social Organization |
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176 | (9) |
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Techniques of Study for Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Societies |
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185 | (4) |
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Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies |
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189 | (10) |
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Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States |
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199 | (13) |
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The Archaeology of the Individual and of Identity |
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212 | (2) |
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The Emergence of Identity and Society |
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214 | (1) |
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Investigating Gender and Childhood |
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215 | (5) |
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The Molecular Genetics of Social Groups and Lineages |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | |
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Ancient Ethnicity and Language |
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184 | (3) |
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Space and Density in Hunter-Gatherer Camps |
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187 | (7) |
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Interpreting the Landscape of Early Wessex |
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194 | (6) |
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Investigating Maya Territories |
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200 | (8) |
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Archaeological and Social Analysis at Moundville |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (6) |
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Early Intermediate Period Peru: Gender Relations |
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216 | (7) |
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6 What Was the Environment? |
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Environmental Archaeology |
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223 | (42) |
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Investigating Environments on a Global Scale |
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223 | (7) |
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Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology |
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230 | (9) |
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Reconstructing the Plant Environment |
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239 | (7) |
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Reconstructing the Animal Environment |
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246 | (8) |
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Reconstructing the Human Environment |
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254 | (10) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | |
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Sea and Ice Cores and Global Warming |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (6) |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (4) |
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240 | (12) |
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252 | (4) |
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Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia and GIS |
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256 | (2) |
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Ancient Gardens at Kuk Swamp |
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258 | (2) |
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Water Pollution in Ancient North America |
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260 | (5) |
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265 | (42) |
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What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet? |
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266 | (12) |
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Information from Animal Resources |
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278 | (2) |
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Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and Domestication from Animal Remains |
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280 | (16) |
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How Were Animal Resources Exploited? |
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296 | (4) |
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Assessing Diet from Human Remains |
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300 | (6) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | |
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Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study |
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268 | (2) |
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Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm |
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270 | (6) |
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Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia |
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276 | (6) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (2) |
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The Study of Animal Teeth |
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288 | (2) |
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Farming Origins: A Case Study |
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290 | (4) |
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294 | (13) |
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8 How Did They Make and Use Tools? |
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307 | (40) |
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Unaltered Materials: Stone |
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309 | (15) |
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Other Unaltered Materials |
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324 | (8) |
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332 | (5) |
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337 | (9) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | |
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Artifacts or "Geofacts" at Pedra Furada? |
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310 | (4) |
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How Were Large Stones Raised? |
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314 | (6) |
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Refitting and Microwear Studies at Rekem |
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320 | (6) |
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Woodworking in the Somerset Levels |
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326 | (12) |
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Metallographic Examination |
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338 | (2) |
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Copper Production in Ancient Peru |
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340 | (5) |
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Early Steelmaking: An Ethnoarchaeological Experiment |
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345 | (2) |
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9 What Contact Did They Have? |
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347 | (34) |
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347 | (8) |
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Discovering the Sources of Traded Goods: Characterization |
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355 | (8) |
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The Study of Distribution |
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363 | (9) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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Exchange and Interaction: The Complete System |
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374 | (6) |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | |
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351 | (1) |
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Materials of Prestige Value |
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352 | (6) |
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Analyzing Artifact Composition |
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358 | (4) |
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Amber From the Baltic in the Levant |
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362 | (6) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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Distribution: The Uluburun Wreck |
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370 | (3) |
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Production: Greenstone Artifacts in Australia |
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373 | (6) |
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Interaction Spheres: Hopewell |
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379 | (2) |
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Cognitive Archaeology, Art, and Religion |
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381 | (40) |
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Investigating How Human Symbolizing Faculties Evolved |
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383 | (6) |
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389 | (1) |
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From Written Source to Cognitive Map |
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390 | (3) |
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Establishing Place: The Location of Memory |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (1) |
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Planning: Maps for the Future |
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397 | (3) |
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Symbols of Organization and Power |
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400 | (3) |
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Symbols for the Other World: The Archaeology of Religion |
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403 | (7) |
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Depiction: Art and Representation |
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410 | (6) |
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416 | (2) |
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Mind and Material Engagement |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (14) |
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402 | (4) |
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The World's Oldest Sanctuary |
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406 | (2) |
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Recognizing Cult Activity at Ghavin |
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408 | (4) |
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Identifying Individual Artists in Ancient Greece |
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412 | (2) |
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Sacrifice and Symbol in Mesoamerica |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (3) |
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Cognition and Neuroscience |
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419 | (2) |
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11 Who Were They? What Were They Like? |
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The Bioarchaeology of People |
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421 | (42) |
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Identifying Physical Attributes |
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423 | (10) |
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Assessing Human Abilities |
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433 | (8) |
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Disease, Deformity, and Death |
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441 | (12) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (5) |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | |
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Spitalfields: Determining Biological Age at Death |
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426 | (4) |
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430 | (2) |
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Finding a Neolithic Family |
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432 | (6) |
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438 | (4) |
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442 | (4) |
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Life and Death Among the Inuit |
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446 | (4) |
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Lindow Man: The Body in the Bog |
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450 | (8) |
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Genetics and Language Histories |
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458 | (2) |
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Studying the Origins of New World and Australian Populations |
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460 | (3) |
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12 Why Did Things Change? |
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Explanation in Archaeology |
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463 | (30) |
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Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations |
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463 | (4) |
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467 | (2) |
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469 | (6) |
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The Form of Explanation: General or Particular |
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475 | (2) |
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Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several? |
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477 | (7) |
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Postprocessual or Interpretive Explanation |
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484 | (4) |
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488 | (2) |
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Agency and Material Engagement |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
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492 | |
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Diffusionist Explanation Rejected: Great Zimbabwe |
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466 | (2) |
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Molecular Genetics, Population Dynamics and Climate Change: Europe |
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468 | (2) |
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The Origins of Farming: A Processual Explanation |
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470 | (2) |
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Marxist Archaeology: Key Features |
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472 | (2) |
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Language Families and Language Change |
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474 | (4) |
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Origins of the State: Peru |
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478 | (4) |
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The Classic Maya Collapse |
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482 | (4) |
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Explaining the European Megaliths |
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486 | (4) |
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The Individual as an Agent of Change |
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490 | (3) |
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PART III The World of Archaeology |
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493 | (83) |
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495 | (40) |
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The Oaxaca Projects: The Origins and Rise of the Zapotec State |
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496 | (9) |
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The Calusa of Florida: A Complex Hunter-Gatherer Society |
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505 | (6) |
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Research Among Hunter-Gatherers: Upper Mangrove Creek, Australia |
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511 | (6) |
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Khok Phanom Di: The Origins of Rice Farming in Southeast Asia |
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517 | (7) |
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York and the Public Presentation of Archaeology |
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524 | (10) |
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534 | (1) |
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Archaeology and the Public |
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535 | (14) |
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The Meaning of the Past: The Archaeology of Identity |
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535 | (3) |
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538 | (1) |
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Popular Archaeology Versus Pseudoarchaeology |
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538 | (3) |
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541 | (3) |
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The Responsibility of Collectors and Museums |
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544 | (4) |
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548 | (1) |
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548 | |
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The Politics of Destruction |
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537 | (8) |
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Destruction and Response: Mimbres |
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545 | (4) |
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15 The Future of the Past |
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How to Manage the Heritage? |
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549 | (18) |
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The Destruction of the Past |
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549 | (9) |
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The Response: Survey, Conservation, and Mitigation |
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558 | (4) |
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Heritage Management, Display, and Tourism |
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562 | (1) |
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Who Interprets and Presents the Past? |
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563 | (1) |
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The Past for All People and All Peoples |
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564 | (1) |
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565 | (1) |
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566 | (1) |
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566 | |
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Conservation in Mexico City: The Great Temple of the Aztecs |
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554 | (3) |
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CRM in Practice: The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway Project |
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557 | (1) |
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Portable Antiquities and the UK "Portable Antiquities Scheme" |
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558 | (9) |
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Building a Career in Archaeology |
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567 | (9) |
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Lisa J. Lucero: University Professor, USA |
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568 | (1) |
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Rasmi Shoocongdej: University Professor, Thailand |
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569 | (2) |
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Douglas C. Comer: CRM Archaeologist, USA |
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571 | (2) |
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Shadreck Chirikure: Archaeometallurgist, South Africa |
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573 | (1) |
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Jonathan N. Tubb: Museum Curator, UK |
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574 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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576 | (9) |
| Notes and Bibliography |
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585 | (49) |
| Acknowledgments |
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634 | (3) |
| Index |
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637 | |
