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E-grāmata: Arid Zone Geomorphology - Process, Form and Change in Drylands 3e: Process, Form and Change in Drylands 3rd Edition [Wiley Online]

Edited by David S. G. Thomas (University Of Oxford)

Formāts: 648 pages
Izdošanas datums: 04-Mar-2011
Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN-10: 470710772
ISBN-13: 9780470710777

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Wiley Online
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Formāts: 648 pages
Izdošanas datums: 04-Mar-2011
Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN-10: 470710772
ISBN-13: 9780470710777

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

More info about Wiley Online

Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470710777

The new edition of Arid Zone Geomorphology aims to encapsulate the advances that have been made in recent years in the investigation and explanation of landforms and geomorphological processes in drylands. Building on the success of the previous two editions, the Third Edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the field. Whilst this latest edition will remain a comprehensive reference to the subject, the book has been restructured to include regional case studies throughout to enhance student understanding and is clearly defined into five distinct sections; Firstly, the book introduces the reader to Large Scale Controls and Variability in Drylands and then moves on to consider Surface Processes and Characteristics; The Work of Water, The Work of the Wind. The book concludes with a section on Living with Dryland Geomorphology that includes a chapter on geomorphological hazards and the human impact on these environments.

Once again, recognised world experts in the field have been invited to contribute chapters in order to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of current knowledge about the processes shaping the landscape of deserts and arid regions. In order to broaden the appeal of the Third Edition, the book has been reduced in extent by 100 pages and the Regional chapters have been omitted in favour of the inclusion of key regional case studies throughout the book. The Editor is also considering the inclusion of a supplementary website that could include further images, problems and case studies.

List of contributors

xvii

Preface to the first edition

xix

Preface to the second edition

xxi

Preface to the third edition

xxiii

I Large-scale controls and variability in drylands

(82)

1 Arid environments: their nature and extent

(14)

David S.G. Thomas

1.1 Geomorphology in arid environments

(1)

1.2 Arid zone distinctiveness and the quest for explanation

(1)

1.3 Arid zones: terminology and definitions

(2)

1.3.1 Terminology

(1)

1.3.2 Definition

(2)

1.4 The age of aridity on Earth

(1)

1.5 The distribution of arid zones

(1)

1.6 Causes of aridity

(1)

1.6.1 Atmospheric stability

(1)

1.6.2 Continentality

(1)

1.6.3 Topography

(1)

1.6.4 Cold ocean currents

(1)

1.7 Climate variability

(1)

1.8 Dryland ecosystems

(2)

1.8.1 Arid zone geomorphology

(1)

1.9 Arid zone geomorphology and people

(1)

1.10 Organisation of this book

(4)

References

(3)

2 Tectonic frameworks

(10)

Helen Rendell

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Tectonic setting of drylands

(1)

2.3 Uplift and erosion, subsidence and sedimentation

(2)

2.4 Lengths of record

(1)

2.5 Existing erosional and depositional records in arid environments

(2)

2.5.1 Drainage patterns and fluvial systems

(1)

2.5.2 Playas

(1)

2.5.3 Desert pavements

(1)

2.5.4 Aeolian sequences

(1)

2.6 Selected examples of the geomorphological impact of active tectonics in arid environments

(1)

2.6.1 Tectonic disruption of fluvial systems

(1)

2.6.2 Tectonic controls on alluvial sedimentation

(1)

2.7 Conclusions

(3)

References

(3)

3 Climatic frameworks: legacies from the past

(26)

David S.G. Thomas

Sallie L. Burrough

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 The significance of arid zone fluctuations in the past

(12)

3.2.1 Ancient arid zones

(1)

3.2.2 The development of aridity in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic

(1)

3.2.3 The Quaternary Period

(1)

3.2.4 Sedimentary records

(3)

3.2.5 Marine sediments and palaeoaridity

(2)

3.2.6 Rock varnish

(1)

3.2.7 Geomorphological evidence of arid zone change

(1)

3.2.8 Arid zone contraction

(2)

3.2.9 Ecological evidence

(1)

3.3 Dating arid zone fluctuations

(1)

3.4 Climatic interpretations and issues

(4)

3.4.1 Aridity during glacial times?

(1)

3.4.2 Drivers of late glacial tropical aridity

(1)

3.5 Conclusions

(10)

References

(9)

4 Dryland system variability

(8)

David S.G. Thomas

4.1 A framework for dryland diversity

(2)

4.2 Geomonotony: how unvarying are the `flat' drylands of the world?

(2)

4.3 Within-dryland diversity

(1)

4.4 Summary issues

(3)

References

(2)

5 Extraterrestrial arid surface processes

(22)

Jonathan Clarke

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 What does `aridity' mean beyond Earth?

(1)

5.3 Why should planetary scientists understand terrestrial arid geomorphology?

(1)

5.4 What can terrestrial geomorphologists learn from a solar system perspective?

(1)

5.5 Mars: water-based aridity

(8)

5.5.1 Overview

(1)

5.5.2 The history of atmosphere--surface interactions

(2)

5.5.3 Martian water cycle

(1)

5.5.4 Surface images

(2)

5.5.5 The geomorphology of Mars

(4)

5.5.6 Summary

(1)

5.6 Titan: methane-based aridity?

(4)

5.6.1 Methane cycle

(1)

5.6.2 Surface images

(1)

5.6.3 Lakes

(1)

5.6.4 Rock breakdown: process and form

(1)

5.6.5 Aeolian landforms

(1)

5.6.6 Fluvial systems

(1)

5.6.7 Summary

(1)

5.7 Venus: extreme aridity

(3)

5.7.1 Surface--atmosphere interaction

(1)

5.7.2 Surface images

(1)

5.7.3 Rock breakdown

(1)

5.7.4 Aeolian landforms

(1)

5.7.5 Summary

(1)

5.8 Future Directions

(4)

References

(4)

II Surface processes and characteristics

(152)

6 Weathering systems

(16)

Heather A. Wiles

6.1 Introduction

(2)

6.2 What makes arid environments unusual in terms of weathering systems?

(1)

6.3 Theoretical underpinnings of weathering systems research

(2)

6.4 Current weathering study methods

(2)

6.5 Linking processes to form in arid weathering systems

(3)

6.6 Explaining the development of weathering landforms in arid environments

(2)

6.7 Weathering rates in arid environments

(1)

6.8 Arid weathering and landscape evolution

(1)

6.9 Scale and arid weathering systems

(3)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(3)

7 Desert soils

101

(30)

David L. Dunkerley

7.1 Introduction: the nature and significance of desert soils

101

(2)

7.2 Taxonomy of desert soils

103

(1)

7.2.1 A note on terminology of near-surface features in desert soils

104

(1)

7.3 Some distinctive aspects of desert soil development

104

(1)

7.4 Stone-mantled surfaces and desert pavements

105

(1)

7.5 Inorganic seals at the soil surface

106

(15)

7.5.1 Raindrop properties and raindrop impact seals

106

(3)

7.5.2 Factors known to be significant in the formation of raindrop impact seals

109

(1)

7.5.3 Depositional seals

109

(1)

7.5.4 Effects of seals on infiltration and erosion

110

(1)

7.5.5 Biological soil crusts

111

(1)

7.5.6 The habitats or niches exploited by microphytic plants in drylands

112

(1)

7.5.7 The organisms forming biological soil crusts

113

(1)

7.5.8 The classification of biological soil crusts

114

(1)

7.5.9 Effects of biological soil crusts on infiltration and overland flow

115

(4)

7.5.10 Effects of biological crusts on soil stability and erosion resistance

119

(2)

7.5.11 Possible effects of climate change on biological soil crusts

121

(1)

7.6 Vesicular soil structures

121

(4)

7.6.1 Comparing the infiltrability of biological, raindrop impact and vesicular surfaces

122

(1)

7.6.2 Spatial heterogeneity of desert soils

123

(2)

7.7 Conclusions

125

(6)

References

125

(6)

8 Desert crusts and rock coatings

131

(50)

David J. Nash

8.1 Introduction

131

(1)

8.2 Sodium nitrate deposits

132

(3)

8.2.1 General characteristics and distribution

132

(1)

8.2.2 Micromorphology, chemistry and mode of formation

133

(2)

8.3 Halite crusts

135

(2)

8.3.1 General characteristics and distribution

135

(1)

8.3.2 Micromorphology and chemistry

136

(1)

8.3.3 Mode of formation

137

(1)

8.4 Gypsum crusts

137

(4)

8.4.1 General characteristics

137

(2)

8.4.2 Distribution

139

(1)

8.4.3 Micromorphology and chemistry

140

(1)

8.4.4 Modes of formation

140

(1)

8.5 Calcrete

141

(10)

8.5.1 General characteristics

141

(2)

8.5.2 Distribution

143

(3)

8.5.3 Micromorphology and chemistry

146

(2)

8.5.4 Mode of origin

148

(3)

8.6 Silcrete

151

(7)

8.6.1 General characteristics

151

(1)

8.6.2 Distribution

152

(1)

8.6.3 Micromorphology and chemistry

153

(3)

8.6.4 Mode of formation

156

(2)

8.7 Desert rock coatings

158

(5)

8.7.1 General controls on formation

158

(1)

8.7.2 Rock varnish

159

(3)

8.7.3 Silica glazes and iron films

162

(1)

8.8 Palaeoenvironmental significance of crusts

163

(18)

References

165

(16)

9 Pavements and stone mantles

181

(28)

Julie E. Laity

9.1 Introduction

181

(1)

9.2 Surface types: hamadas and stony surfaces

181

(4)

9.2.1 Hamada

181

(1)

9.2.2 Stony surfaces: gobi, serir, gibber plains and desert pavements

182

(3)

9.3 General theories concerning stony surface formation

185

(4)

9.3.1 Deflation

186

(1)

9.3.2 Concentration by surface wash and rain splash

186

(1)

9.3.3 Upward migration of stones

187

(1)

9.3.4 Accretion of aeolian fines

188

(1)

9.3.5 Desert pavement formation by aeolian aggradation and development of an accretionary mantle

188

(1)

9.4 Stone pavement characteristics

189

(1)

9.4.1 Setting

189

(1)

9.4.2 Surface clast concentration and characteristics

189

(1)

9.5 Processes of pavement formation

190

(2)

9.6 Processes of clast size reduction in pavements

192

(2)

9.6.1 Pavement soils

192

(2)

9.7 Secondary characteristics of pavement surfaces and regional differences in pavement formation

194

(1)

9.7.1 Presence of calcium carbonate and carbonate collars

194

(1)

9.7.2 Pitting

194

(1)

9.7.3 Development of varnish

194

(1)

9.7.4 Embedded clasts

194

(1)

9.7.5 Clast orientation

195

(1)

9.7.6 Clast rubification

195

(1)

9.7.7 Development of ventifacted surfaces

195

(1)

9.8 Secondary modifications to pavement surfaces

195

(3)

9.8.1 Patterns in pavement

195

(1)

9.8.2 Animal burrowing, vegetation and stone displacement

195

(2)

9.8.3 Regeneration of surfaces by rainfall and runoff events

197

(1)

9.8.4 Earthquakes

198

(1)

9.8.5 Off-road vehicle disturbance

198

(1)

9.8.6 Removal of stones for agriculture

198

(1)

9.9 Ecohydrology of pavement surfaces

198

(2)

9.9.1 Infiltration in pavements and runoff potential

199

(1)

9.9.2 Ecohydrologic relationships and vegetation associations

199

(1)

9.10 Relative and absolute dating of geomorphic surfaces based on pavement development

200

(2)

9.10.1 Changes in surface characteristics

200

(1)

9.10.2 Pavement characteristics and geomorphic surface ages

201

(1)

9.10.3 Pavement surfaces as a tool in geomorphic assessment

201

(1)

9.11 Conclusions

202

(7)

References

204

(5)

10 Slope systems

209

(26)

John Wainwright

Richard E. Brazier

10.1 Introduction

209

(3)

10.1.1 Contexts of slope systems

209

(3)

10.2 Badlands

212

(10)

10.2.1 Processes and rates of badland evolution

219

(3)

10.3 Rock slopes

222

(6)

10.3.1 Bare rock or slick-rock slopes

222

(4)

10.3.2 Distinctive landforms of rock- and debris-mantled slopes

226

(2)

10.4 Conclusion

228

(7)

References

229

(6)

III The work of water

235

(190)

11 Runoff generation, overland flow and erosion on hillslopes

237

(32)

John Wainwright

Louise J. Bracken

11.1 Introduction

237

(3)

11.2 Infiltration processes

240

(1)

11.3 Factors affecting infiltration

241

(7)

11.3.1 Controls at the surface--atmosphere interface

241

(5)

11.3.2 Subsurface controls

246

(2)

11.4 Runoff generation

248

(6)

11.4.1 Ponding and surface storage

248

(2)

11.4.2 Flow hydraulics

250

(2)

11.4.3 Pipes and macropore flow

252

(1)

11.4.4 Scales of overland flow

252

(2)

11.5 Erosion processes on hillslopes

254

(5)

11.5.1 Splash

255

(1)

11.5.2 Unconcentrated overland-flow erosion

256

(1)

11.5.3 Concentrated overland-flow erosion

256

(3)

11.5.4 Patterns and scales of sediment transport

259

(1)

11.6 Conclusions

259

(10)

References

259

(10)

12 Distinctiveness and diversity of arid zone river systems

269

(32)

Stephen Tooth

Gerald C. Nanson

12.1 Introduction

269

(1)

12.2 Distinctiveness of dryland rivers

270

(3)

12.3 Diversity of dryland rivers

273

(16)

12.3.1 Higher energy dryland rivers: the Mediterranean region

274

(6)

12.3.2 Moderate and lower energy dryland rivers: southern Africa

280

(4)

12.3.3 Lower energy dryland rivers: Australia

284

(5)

12.4 Reassessing distinctiveness and diversity

289

(4)

12.4.1 Downstream flow decreases and localised flood patterns

291

(1)

12.4.2 Induration of alluvial sediments

291

(2)

12.4.3 Channel--vegetation interactions

293

(1)

12.4.4 Fluvial--aeolian interactions

293

(1)

12.5 Conclusions

293

(8)

References

294

(7)

13 Channel form, flows and sediments of endogenous ephemeral rivers in deserts

301

(32)

Ian Reid

Lynne E. Frostick

13.1 Introduction

301

(1)

13.2 Rainfall and river discharge

302

(7)

13.2.1 Storm characteristics

302

(2)

13.2.2 Flash flood hydrograph

304

(1)

13.2.3 Transmission losses

305

(2)

13.2.4 Drainage basin size and water discharge

307

(2)

13.3 Ephemeral river channel geometry

309

(2)

13.3.1 Channel width

309

(1)

13.3.2 Channel bed morphology

309

(2)

13.4 Fluvial sediment transport

311

(9)

13.4.1 Scour and fill

311

(3)

13.4.2 Sediment transport in suspension

314

(3)

13.4.3 Sediment transport along the stream bed

317

(3)

13.5 Desert river deposits

320

(4)

13.5.1 Thin beds

321

(1)

13.5.2 Predominance of horizontal lamination in sand beds

322

(2)

13.5.3 Mud drapes and mud intraclasts

324

(1)

13.6 Conclusions

324

(9)

References

327

(6)

14 Dryland alluvial fans

333

(40)

Adrian Harvey

14.1 Introduction: dryland alluvial fans -- an overview

333

(5)

14.1.1 Definitions, local occurrence, general morphology

333

(1)

14.1.2 Global occurrence and distribution of dryland alluvial fans

334

(4)

14.1.3 The role of alluvial fans within dryland fluvial systems

338

(1)

14.2 Process and form on dryland alluvial fans

338

(7)

14.2.1 Sediment supply, transport and depositional processes

338

(2)

14.2.2 Post-depositional modification of dry region fan surfaces

340

(2)

14.2.3 Alluvial fan sediment sequences and spatial variations

342

(3)

14.2.4 Alluvial fan morphology and style

345

(1)

14.3 Factors controlling alluvial fan dynamics

345

(13)

14.3.1 Passive factors: influence on fan morphology

347

(4)

14.3.2 Dynamic controls

351

(7)

14.4 Alluvial fan dynamics

358

(4)

14.4.1 Expressions of fan dynamics

358

(1)

14.4.2 Interactions between the dynamic controls: case studies of alluvial fan response to Late Quaternary environmental change

358

(4)

14.5 Discussion: significance of dry-region alluvial fans

362

(11)

14.5.1 Commonly held myths and outdated concepts

362

(1)

14.5.2 Significance to science

362

(1)

14.5.3 Significance of dry-region alluvial fans for society

363

(1)

Acknowledgements

364

(1)

References

364

(9)

15 Pans, playas and salt lakes

373

(30)

Paul A. Shaw

Rob G. Bryant

15.1 The nature and occurrence of pans, playas and salt lakes

373

(6)

15.1.1 Play a and pan terminology

374

(1)

15.1.2 General characteristics

374

(2)

15.1.3 Origins and development of pans and playas

376

(3)

15.2 Pan hydrology and hydrochemistry

379

(7)

15.2.1 Inflow and water balance modelling

380

(2)

15.2.2 Geochemical processes and mineral precipitation

382

(2)

15.2.3 The importance of groundwater: classification of playa and pan types

384

(1)

15.2.4 Implications of climate change and human impacts on playa hydrology

385

(1)

15.3 Influences of pan hydrology and hydrochemistry on surface morphology

386

(3)

15.3.1 Pan topography

386

(2)

15.3.2 Surface dynamics: mapping pan surface morphologies using remote sensing

388

(1)

15.4 Aeolian processes in pan environments

389

(5)

15.4.1 Wind action on the pan surface

391

(1)

15.4.2 The emission of fine panicles (dust): process and controls

391

(1)

15.4.3 Lunette dunes

392

(2)

15.4.4 Yardangs

394

(1)

15.5 Pans and playas as palaeoenvironmental indicators

394

(9)

15.5.1 Identification and dating of pan shorelines

394

(1)

15.5.2 Dating and stratigraphy of lunette dunes

394

(1)

15.5.3 Stable isotope studies and pan hydrochemical evolution

395

(1)

References

395

(8)

16 Groundwater controls and processes

403

(22)

David J. Nash

16.1 Introduction

403

(1)

16.2 Groundwater processes in valley and scarp development

404

(9)

16.2.1 Erosion by exfiltrating water: definitions and mechanisms

404

(1)

16.2.2 Seepage erosion and valley formation

404

(4)

16.2.3 Characteristics of drainage networks developed by groundwater seepage erosion

408

(3)

16.2.4 Parameters promoting the operation of groundwater seepage erosion processes

411

(1)

16.2.5 Groundwater seepage erosion and environmental change

411

(1)

16.2.6 In situ deep-weathering and valley development

412

(1)

16.3 Groundwater and pan/playa development

413

(1)

16.4 Groundwater and aeolian processes

414

(11)

References

418

(7)

IV The work of the wind

425

(144)

17 Aeolian landscapes and bedforms

427

(28)

David S.G. Thomas

17.1 Introduction

427

(1)

17.2 Aeolian bedforms: scales and relationships

427

(3)

17.2.1 Scale effects in aeolian bedform development

430

(1)

17.3 The global distribution of sand seas

430

(7)

17.3.1 Sand sea development

432

(1)

17.3.2 Sediment supply in sand seas

432

(3)

17.3.3 Sandflow conditions and sand sea development

435

(1)

17.3.4 Sand sheets

435

(2)

17.4 The global distribution of loess

437

(2)

17.4.1 Loess production and distribution

437

(1)

17.4.2 Peridesert loess

437

(2)

17.5 Dynamic aeolian landscapes in the Quaternary period

439

(9)

17.5.1 Dating aeolian landscape change

443

(5)

17.6 Conclusions

448

(7)

References

448

(7)

18 Sediment mobilisation by the wind

455

(32)

Giles F. S. Wiggs

18.1 Introduction

455

(1)

18.2 The nature of windflow in deserts

456

(8)

18.2.1 The turbulent velocity profile

456

(1)

18.2.2 Measuring shear velocity (u) and wind stress

457

(3)

18.2.3 Measuring aerodynamic roughness (z0)

460

(2)

18.2.4 The effect of nonerodible roughness elements on velocity profiles

462

(2)

18.3 Sediment in air

464

(2)

18.3.1 Grain entrainment

464

(2)

18.4 Determining the threshold of grain entrainment

466

(2)

18.5 Surface modifications to entrainment thresholds and transport flux

468

(3)

18.5.1 Surface crusting

468

(1)

18.5.2 Bedslope

469

(1)

18.5.3 Moisture content

469

(2)

18.6 Modes of sediment transport

471

(2)

18.6.1 Suspension

471

(1)

18.6.2 Creep

471

(1)

18.6.3 Reptation

472

(1)

18.6.4 Saltation

472

(1)

18.7 Ripples

473

(2)

18.7.1 Ballistic ripples

474

(1)

18.8 Prediction and measurement of sediment flux

475

(3)

18.9 The role of turbulence in aeolian sediment transport

478

(1)

18.10 Conclusions

479

(8)

References

479

(8)

19 Desert dune processes and dynamics

487

(30)

Nick Lancaster

19.1 Introduction

487

(1)

19.2 Desert dune morphology

487

(1)

19.3 Dune types and environments

487

(7)

19.3.1 Crescentic dunes

487

(3)

19.3.2 Linear dunes

490

(4)

19.3.3 Star dunes

494

(1)

19.3.4 Parabolic dunes

494

(1)

19.3.5 Zibars and sand sheets

494

(1)

19.4 Airflow over dunes

494

(3)

19.4.1 The stoss or windward slope

495

(2)

19.4.2 Lee-side flow

497

(1)

19.5 Dune dynamics

497

(5)

19.5.1 Erosion and deposition patterns on dunes

497

(3)

19.5.2 Long-term dune dynamics

500

(2)

19.6 Dune development

502

(1)

19.7 Controls of dune morphology

503

(6)

19.7.1 Sediment characteristics

503

(1)

19.7.2 Wind regimes

503

(1)

19.7.3 Sand supply

504

(1)

19.7.4 Vegetation

505

(1)

19.7.5 Controls of dune size and spacing

505

(3)

19.7.6 Dune trends

508

(1)

19.8 Dune patterns

509

(2)

19.9 Conclusions

511

(6)

References

511

(6)

20 Desert dust

517

(22)

Richard Washington

Giles S. F. Wiggs

20.1 Introduction

517

(9)

20.1.1 Dust in a geomorphological context

517

(5)

20.1.2 Measuring dust

522

(2)

20.1.3 Modelling dust

524

(1)

20.1.4 Distribution of dust

525

(1)

20.2 Key source areas

526

(6)

20.2.1 Bodele Depression, Chad

526

(2)

20.2.2 Saharan Empty Quarter

528

(2)

20.2.3 China

530

(1)

20.2.4 Southern Africa and Australia

531

(1)

20.3 Temporal changes in dust

532

(1)

20.3.1 Observational record

532

(1)

20.4 Future climate change

532

(1)

20.5 Conclusions

532

(7)

References

533

(6)

21 Wind erosion in drylands

539

(30)

Julie E. Laity

21.1 Introduction

539

(1)

21.2 The physical setting: conditions for wind erosion

540

(24)

21.2.1 Processes of aeolian erosion

540

(1)

21.2.2 Yardangs

541

(4)

21.2.3 Yardang formative processes

545

(8)

21.2.4 Inverted topography

553

(1)

21.2.5 Ventifacts

553

(11)

21.3 Conclusions

564

(5)

References

564

(5)

V Living with dryland geomorphology

569

(42)

22 The human impact

571

(12)

Nick Middleton

22.1 Introduction

571

(1)

22.2 Human impacts on soils

571

(5)

22.2.1 Terracing and rainwater harvesting

571

(2)

22.2.2 Irrigated agriculture

573

(1)

22.2.3 Accelerated erosion

574

(1)

22.2.4 Grazing

575

(1)

22.3 Human impacts on sand dunes

576

(1)

22.4 Human impacts on rivers

576

(2)

22.4.1 Large dams

576

(1)

22.4.2 Urbanisation

577

(1)

22.4.3 Changes in vegetation

578

(1)

22.5 Cause and effect: the arroyo debate continues

578

(1)

22.6 Conclusions

579

(4)

References

579

(4)

23 Geomorphological hazards in drylands

583

(16)

Giles F. S. Wiggs

23.1 Introduction

583

(1)

23.2 Aeolian hazards

583

(3)

23.2.1 Blowing sand and active dune movement

583

(2)

23.2.2 Human disturbance of stable surfaces

585

(1)

23.3 The aeolian dust hazard

586

(1)

23.4 Agricultural wind erosion

587

(2)

23.5 Drainage of inland water bodies

589

(4)

23.6 Fluvial hazards

593

(1)

23.7 Conclusions

594

(5)

References

595

(4)

24 Future climate change and arid zone geomorphology

599

(12)

Richard Washington

David S.G. Thomas

24.1 Introduction

599

(1)

24.2 Climate change projections: basis and uncertainties

599

(1)

24.3 Overview of global climate change projections in the context of arid zones

600

(3)

24.3.1 Methods of establishing climate change impacts in arid zones

602

(1)

24.4 Climate change and dunes

603

(2)

24.5 Climate change and dust

605

(2)

24.6 Climate change and fluvial systems

607

(1)

24.7 Conclusions

607

(4)

References

608

(3)

Index

611

David S. G. Thomas is a scientist and geographer. He was born in Buckland Hospital, Dover, Kent, UK, in 1958. He is professor of geography at the University of Oxford, and a professorial fellow of Hertford College, Oxford.

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780470710777_pe.html

Keywords:

E-grāmata: Arid Zone Geomorphology - Process, Form and Change in Drylands 3e: Process, Form and Change in Drylands 3rd Edition [Wiley Online]

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