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E-grāmata: Aristotle on the Human Good

  • Formāts: 391 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Feb-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Princeton University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780691225128
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Aristotle on the Human GoodPalielināt
  • Formāts: 391 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Feb-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Princeton University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780691225128
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Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, which equates the ultimate end of human life with happiness (eudaimonia), is thought by many readers to argue that this highest goal consists in the largest possible aggregate of intrinsic goods. Richard Kraut proposes instead that Aristotle identifies happiness with only one type of good: excellent activity of the rational soul. In defense of this reading, Kraut discusses Aristotle's attempt to organize all human goods into a single structure, so that each subordinate end is desirable for the sake of some higher goal.



This book also emphasizes the philosopher's hierarchy of natural kinds, in which every type of creature achieves its good by imitating divine life. As Kraut argues, Aristotle's belief that thinking is the sole activity of the gods leads him to an intellectualist conception of the ethical virtues. Aristotle values these traits because, by subordinating emotion to reason, they enhance our ability to lead a life devoted to philosophy or politics.
Acknowledgments ix
Abbreviations xi
Introduction
3(12)
Consistency, Hierarchy, Inclusivism
3(6)
Egoism
9(2)
An Overview
11(4)
Two Lives
15(63)
The Philosophical Life and the Political Life
15(5)
Choosing Ethical Activity
20(3)
The Philosophical-Political Life
23(5)
The Primacy of Contemplation
28(3)
Upper and Lower Bounds
31(4)
Minimal Priority
35(1)
Intuitionism
36(3)
The Argument from Divinity: A First Look
39(2)
Perfect Happiness
41(3)
An Alternative Reading
44(3)
Individuating Lives
47(2)
The Political Life
49(5)
Perfect Happiness Again
54(1)
Gods Philosophers, Statesmen
55(7)
More on 1178b28--32
62(2)
The Argument from Divinity: A Second Look
64(3)
Length of Time
67(4)
A Second Indeterminacy
71(2)
More on Contemplation
73(3)
Further Problems
76(2)
Self and Others
78(77)
Varieties of Egoism
78(8)
Egoism and Intellectualism
86(4)
Ostracism
90(7)
Sharing Power
97(6)
X.7--8 and the Priority of the Community
103(1)
Slavery
104(5)
The Variety of Relationships
109(4)
Comforting a Friend
113(2)
Moral Competition
115(4)
Heroism
119(4)
Enlarging the Pie
123(2)
Harmony of Interests
125(3)
The Real Self
128(3)
From Self-love to Friendship
131(3)
Self-interest and Friendship in IX.9
134(5)
The Other Self
139(3)
Contemplating Others
142(2)
Egoism in NE I?
144(4)
Shared Goods
148(5)
Conclusion
153(2)
Philosophy and Other Goods
155(42)
An Overview
155(3)
Too Much and Too Little
158(4)
The Problem of Intrinsic Goods
162(2)
Amusement
164(3)
How Many Friends?
167(3)
Self-sufficiency
170(5)
Philosophical Friendship
175(3)
Moral Equipment
178(4)
Unphilosophical Friendship
182(2)
Living a Human Life
184(5)
Useless Theorizing
189(3)
Uselessness and Happiness
192(5)
The Hierarchy of Ends
197(70)
An Overview
197(3)
For the Sake Of
200(3)
The Terminus
203(4)
The Target of Politics
207(3)
Part and Whole
210(3)
Two Kinds of Ends
213(4)
An Alleged Fallacy
217(3)
The All-embracing Science
220(5)
The Strategy of 1.5
225(2)
Some Preliminaries in 1.7
227(1)
Three Kinds of Ends
228(2)
Ackrill's Reading
230(3)
Ackrill's Objection
233(4)
The Conclusion of the Function Argument
237(4)
The Most Perfect Virtue
241(3)
Complete Virtue
244(3)
Imperfect Virtue
247(4)
Confirming the Function Argument
251(2)
Two Kinds of Resources
253(2)
The Death of Friends
255(2)
Adornment and Pain
257(3)
Avoiding Misery
260(2)
The Controlling Good
262(2)
Sufficient Equipment
264(3)
Inclusivism
267(45)
Introduction
267(2)
The Reductio
269(3)
The Concept of Eudaimonia
272(2)
The Pinnacle
274(3)
The Least of Goods
277(2)
Plato against Eudoxus
279(4)
Topics III.2
283(3)
Rhetoric I.7
286(1)
Magna Moralia I.2
287(4)
Variety
291(3)
Self-sufficiency Again
294(6)
Two Kinds of Intrinsic Goodness
300(5)
All the Intrinsic Goods
305(4)
Saving the Appearances
309(3)
Function, Virtue, and Mean
312(47)
Looking for Peculiarity
312(8)
From Reason to Virtue
320(2)
The Defense of the Practical Virtues
322(5)
The Mean and the Horos
327(8)
The Right Reason
335(4)
Moderation
339(2)
The Ethical Virtues Again
341(4)
The Political Life
345(2)
The Philosophical Life
347(6)
Final Thoughts
353(6)
Bibliography 359(6)
General Index 365(4)
Index of Passages 369
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