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E-grāmata: Arsenic & Rice

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Feb-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789400729476
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Arsenic & RicePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Feb-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789400729476
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Rice is the staple food for half of the world's population. Consumption of rice is the major exposure route globally to the class one, non-threshold carcinogen inorganic arsenic. This book explains the sources of arsenic to paddy soils and the biogeochemical processes and plant physiological attributes of paddy soil-rice ecosystems that lead to high concentrations of arsenic in rice grain. It presents the global pattern of arsenic concentration and speciation in rice, discusses human exposures to inorganic arsenic from rice and the resulting health risks. It also highlights particular populations that have the highest rice consumptions, which include Southern and South East Asians, weaning babies, gluten intolerance sufferers and those consuming rice milk. The book also presents the information of arsenic concentration and speciation in other major crops and outlines approaches for lowering arsenic in rice grain and in the human diet through agronomic management.

This book examines the global pattern of arsenic concentration and speciation in rice, discusses human exposures to inorganic arsenic and the resulting health risks. It outlines approaches for lowering arsenic in the human diet through agronomic management.
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Arsenic Exposure from Rice
1(2)
1.2 Historical Context
3(1)
1.3 Biogeochemistry of Paddy Soils
3(2)
1.4 Plant Physiology
5(1)
1.5 Summary
6(5)
References
6(5)
2 Arsenic in Rice Grain
11(20)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Quantification of Arsenic in Rice Grain
11(5)
2.2.1 Total Arsenic Analysis
12(1)
2.2.2 Arsenic Speciation by Chromatographic Separation
13(3)
2.2.3 Certified Reference Materials (CRMs)
16(1)
2.3 Arsenic Speciation in Rice Grain
16(5)
2.4 Total Grain Arsenic
21(4)
2.5 Rice Products
25(6)
References
27(4)
3 Risk from Arsenic in Rice Grain
31(20)
3.1 Rice Consumption
31(4)
3.2 Studies on the Total Intake of Inorganic Arsenic
35(3)
3.3 Considering Rice as an Arsenic Source in Epidemiological Studies
38(1)
3.4 The Effects of Cooking Rice on Its Arsenic Content
39(1)
3.5 Human Bioavailability of Arsenic in Rice
40(1)
3.6 Risk Assessment from Arsenic in Rice
41(2)
3.7 Food Arsenic Standards
43(3)
3.8 Limiting Arsenic Exposure to Rice
46(5)
References
48(3)
4 Sources and Losses of Arsenic to Paddy Fields
51(20)
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 Sources of Arsenic to Paddy Ecosystems
51(14)
4.2.1 Natural Sources
52(3)
4.2.2 Non-point Source Industrial/Urban Pollution
55(1)
4.2.3 Fertilizers and Manures Contaminated with Arsenic
55(2)
4.2.4 Point Source Industrial Pollution
57(1)
4.2.5 Arsenical Pesticides
58(1)
4.2.6 Contamination of Irrigation Water
59(6)
4.3 Paddy Field Arsenic Cycling in a Wider Hydrological Context
65(6)
References
66(5)
5 Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Paddy Environments
71(32)
5.1 Overview of the Biogeochemistry of Paddy Soil
71(4)
5.2 Arsenic Transformations in Paddy Soil
75(19)
5.2.1 Arsenic Reduction and Oxidation
75(7)
5.2.2 Arsenic Adsorption and Desorption
82(5)
5.2.3 Arsenic Biomethylation, Volatilisation and Demethylation
87(5)
5.2.4 Predicting Available Arsenic in Paddy Soil
92(2)
5.3 Impact of Groundwater Irrigation on Arsenic Dynamics in Paddy Fields
94(9)
References
96(7)
6 The Physiology of Arsenic in Rice
103(36)
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.2 Mechanisms of Arsenic Uptake by Roots
103(10)
6.2.1 Uptake of Arsenate
104(3)
6.2.2 Uptake of Arsenite
107(3)
6.2.3 Uptake of Methylated Arsenic Species
110(3)
6.3 Transformation of Arsenic Species in Plant
113(3)
6.3.1 Arsenate Reduction
113(1)
6.3.2 Arsenite Complexation
114(1)
6.3.3 Arsenic Methylation
115(1)
6.4 Arsenic Sequestration in Plant
116(5)
6.4.1 Iron Plaque
116(3)
6.4.2 Sequestration of Arsenic in the Vacuoles
119(2)
6.5 Long-Distance Transport and Unloading of Arsenic in Rice Grain
121(4)
6.5.1 Xylem Transport
121(1)
6.5.2 Phloem Transport
122(1)
6.5.3 Transport of Arsenic into Rice Grain
122(3)
6.6 Arsenic Toxicity and "Straighthead Disease"
125(14)
6.6.1 Toxicity of Inorganic Arsenic
125(1)
6.6.2 "Straighthead Disease"
126(6)
References
132(7)
7 Strategies for Producing Low Arsenic Rice
139(14)
7.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2 Paddy Field Water Management
139(5)
7.2.1 Aerobic Rice
141(1)
7.2.2 Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD)
141(1)
7.2.3 Raised Bed Cultivation
142(1)
7.2.4 Effects of Water Management on the Accumulation of Other Elements
143(1)
7.3 Cultivar Selection and Breeding Low Arsenic Rice
144(3)
7.3.1 Cultivar Difference in Arsenic Accumulation
144(3)
7.3.2 Quantitative Trait Loci for Arsenic Accumulation
147(1)
7.4 Fertilization and Soil Amendments
147(6)
References
149(4)
8 Arsenic in Other Crops
153(11)
8.1 Introduction
153(1)
8.2 Wheat
153(7)
8.3 Maize
160(1)
8.4 Potato
161(1)
8.5 Pulses
162(1)
8.6 Vegetables
162(2)
8.7 Fruits
164(1)
References 164(3)
Index 167
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