Preface and Acknowledgements |
|
v | |
Frequently Cited Material |
|
xiii | |
|
|
xxi | |
|
Table of Legal Instruments |
|
|
xxxiii | |
|
|
1 | (7) |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
3 | (5) |
|
2 The Copyright System: Justification and History |
|
|
8 | (16) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
2.2 Justifications for Copyright |
|
|
9 | (11) |
|
2.2.1 The Economic/Utilitarian Justifications for Copyright |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Public Policy Arguments |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Moral Rights/Natural Law Rights |
|
|
11 | (5) |
|
2.2.4 Copyright Scepticism |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.3 The History of Copyright |
|
|
20 | (4) |
|
3 The Modern Law of Copyright |
|
|
24 | (48) |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
3.1.2 Economic Rights and Moral Rights |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (46) |
|
3.2.1 The Classes of Work Protected by Copyright |
|
|
27 | (14) |
|
3.2.2 Criteria for Protection: Work Must be `Original' |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
3.2.4 The Need for Fixation/Permanence of the Work |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
3.2.5 Qualifying Factors for Protection |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
3.2.6 The Duration of Protection |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
3.2.7 The First Owner of the Copyright, Works of Employees and Commissioned Works |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
3.2.8 Economic Rights and the Idea/Expression Dichotomy |
|
|
47 | (7) |
|
3.2.9 Exceptions/Defences to Copyright Infringement |
|
|
54 | (4) |
|
3.2.10 Industrial Designs |
|
|
58 | (8) |
|
3.2.11 Other Rights Analogous or Related to Copyright (Excluding Moral Rights) |
|
|
66 | (6) |
|
4 Moral Rights and Artist's Resale Right (Droit de Suite) |
|
|
72 | (26) |
|
|
72 | (7) |
|
4.2 Implications of Moral Rights and some UK Cases |
|
|
79 | (5) |
|
4.2.1 Morrison Leahy Music and Another v Lightbond Limited and Others (1991) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
4.2.2 Tidy v The Trustees of the Natural History Museum and Another (1996) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
4.2.3 Pasterfield v Denham and Another (1999) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
4.2.4 Confetti Records v Warner Music (2003) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
4.2.5 Harrison v Harrison (2010) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
4.2.6 Emma Delves-Broughton v House of Harlot Limited (2012) |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
4.2.7 Conclusion: Derogatory Treatment in UK Law |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
4.3 Performers' Moral Rights and Performance Works |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
4.4 Moral Rights in the United States |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
4.5 Artist's Resale Right (Droit de Suite) |
|
|
87 | (11) |
|
4.5.1 Background, Rationale and History |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
4.5.3 UK Implementation of the Resale Right Directive |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
4.5.4 International Developments |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
5 Art, Technology and the Internet: Copyright, Related Rights and Digitisation |
|
|
98 | (28) |
|
5.1 Copyright in Digital and Digitised Works |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
5.1.1 How does Copyright Protect Digital Works? |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
5.2 Copyright, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer-Generated Works |
|
|
100 | (9) |
|
5.2.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Art |
|
|
102 | (5) |
|
5.2.2 Virtual and Augmented Reality and Art |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
5.3 Copying and the Internet |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
5.3.2 Linking and Framing |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
5.3.3 Liability of ISPs, Platforms and Others, Including for User-Generated (and Uploaded) Content |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
5.4 Transmission Right/Communication to the Public Right |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
5.6 Database Right and Art (and Art Market) Databases |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
5.6.1 Art (and Art Market) Databases and Image Libraries |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
5.7 Implications of Moral Rights for the Digital Environment |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
5.8 Blockchain, Art and Copyright Management |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
5.8.3 Blockchain and Artistic Copyright (Including Artist's Resale Right) Management |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
5.9 Art, Copyright Legislation and the Digital Future |
|
|
120 | (6) |
|
|
120 | (3) |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
|
126 | (70) |
|
6.1 Copyright in Photographs of Public Domain Artistic Works |
|
|
126 | (16) |
|
6.1.1 Graves' Case (1869) |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
6.1.2 The Bridgeman Case (1998) |
|
|
130 | (5) |
|
6.1.3 Comment on Bridgeman on the Basis of UK Law Before Infopaq and the Development of a European Standard of Originality by the CJEU |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
6.1.4 European Copyright Law |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
6.1.5 Article 14 of the Digital Single Market Copyright Directive |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
6.2 Copyright and Visual Search Engines: Fair Use and Fair Dealing in the Online Environment |
|
|
142 | (11) |
|
6.2.1 Kelly v Arriba Soft (1999--2004) |
|
|
142 | (5) |
|
6.2.2 Perfect 10 v Google (2006--11) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
6.2.4 A View from the United Kingdom |
|
|
148 | (5) |
|
6.3 Image Sharing, User-Generated Works and Online Artistic Collaboration |
|
|
153 | (5) |
|
6.3.1 Case Study: The National Portrait Gallery, Derrick Coetzee and Wikimedia Commons |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
6.3.2 User-Generated Content and Online Artistic Collaboration |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
6.4 Modern and Contemporary Art and Copyright (Including Film, Video and Performances) |
|
|
158 | (22) |
|
6.4.1 Ready-Mades, Objets Trouvis, Installations and Assemblage |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
6.4.3 Minimalist Art and Conceptual Art |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
6.4.4 Graffiti and Street Art |
|
|
164 | (4) |
|
6.4.5 Bio-Art, Land Art and Other Non-conventional Art Works |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
6.4.6 Film Copyright, Modern Art and Advertising: Gillian Wearing, Mehdi Norowzian and Beyond |
|
|
170 | (4) |
|
6.4.7 The Limits of Appropriation: Parody |
|
|
174 | (5) |
|
6.4.8 Appropriation and Parody: Some Concluding Thoughts |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
6.4.9 Film, Video, Multimedia Works, Animation, Computer Games and Performance Works: Copyright and Performers' Rights |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (6) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
6.5.2 The EU Approach -- The Orphan Works Directive |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
6.5.3 UK Legislation Relating to Orphan Works -- The UK's Orphan Works Licensing Scheme |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
6.5.4 Orphan Works in the US |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
6.6 Art, Originality, Infringement and the Development of EU Copyright Law |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
6.7 Brexit and UK Copyright Law Relating to Artistic Works |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
6.9 Traditional Cultural Expressions, Intangible Cultural Heritage and Copyright |
|
|
189 | (7) |
|
6.9.1 Traditional Cultural Expressions |
|
|
189 | (5) |
|
6.9.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
7 Some Practical Issues and Precedents |
|
|
196 | (22) |
|
7.1 Collecting Societies/Collective Management Organisations (CMOs) |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
7.2 Copyright in the Context of Art Loans |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
7.3 Copyright and Setting Up a Website, Online Viewing Room and Using Instagram: Acquiring and Using Image Rights |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
7.3.1 Use on a Gallery's Website (Including Online Viewing Room) |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
7.3.2 Platforms Including Instagram |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
7.4 The Use of Images in Art Books: The Limits of Fair Dealing |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
7.5 Transferring/Acquiring Copyright in Artistic Works: Commissioned Art Works and Moral Rights Waivers |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
7.6 Licensing Artistic Works and Creative Commons |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
7.6.1 Licensing Artistic Works |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
7.6.2 Creative Commons and Open Access |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
7.7 Artist's Resale Right (ARR) in the United Kingdom: Practical Guidance |
|
|
207 | (5) |
|
7.7.1 What is Artist's Resale Right? |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
7.7.3 What Works of Art are Relevant? |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
7.7.4 What Sales Attract the Resale Royalty? |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
7.7.5 Who is Entitled to Claim the Right? |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
7.7.6 Who is Liable to Pay the Resale Royalty? |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
7.7.7 Right to Information |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
7.7.8 The Works of Deceased Artists |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
7.8 Copyright, Moral Rights and ARR Following the Death of the Artist |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
7.8.2 Moral Rights on Death |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
7.9 Copyright, Moral Rights and ARR Where the Artist is an Employee or Company Director |
|
|
214 | (4) |
|
7.9.1 Copyright and the Employed Artist |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
7.9.2 Moral Rights and the Employed Artist |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
7.9.3 ARR and the Employed Artist |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
7.9.4 Chadwick & Ors v Lypiatt Studio Ltd & Anor |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
8 Art and Intellectual Property Rights Other than Copyright |
|
|
218 | (11) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (3) |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
8.3.1 The Artist as a Brand |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
8.3.2 Use of Trade Marks in Artistic Works |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
8.5 Privacy and Publicity Rights |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
8.6 Copyright and Freedom of Expression |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
|
229 | (7) |
|
9.1 Categories of Art' and the Subsistence of Copyright |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
9.2 Appropriating the Public Domain: Idea Versus Expression |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
9.3 Art, Technology and the Future |
|
|
234 | (2) |
Appendix: Precedents and Precedent Checklists |
|
236 | (11) |
Index |
|
247 | |