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E-grāmata: Asian Monsoon

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  • Sērija : Springer Praxis Books
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Aug-2006
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540377221
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Springer Praxis Books
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Aug-2006
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540377221
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Satellite observations and computing technology have advanced our understanding of the monsoon climate enormously in the last two decades. The author provides an update of the knowledge gained over this period, presenting the modern morphology and the physical principles of monsoon climate variation on all time scales ranging from intraseasonal to tectonic time scales. He brings new ideas that can be expected to markedly improve the prediction of monsoon climate, and includes contributions by experts who expand our understanding of the monsoon environment by their study of paleoclimate records, who present evidence of human influences on monsoon climate, and who describe the links of the monsoon to the economy and to human health.This is a comprehensive interdisciplinary text book summarizing new knowledge of Asian monsoon climate variability, dynamics, modeling, and prediction from intraseasonal to geological time scales, and human influence and its links to environmetal/economic issues.

This is a timely, interdisciplinary scientific overview of the atmosphere, the ocean and the land surface as it interacts with physical, chemical and biological processes. The high level of detail sets it apart from other studies of monsoon meteorology. The text includes analysis of paleoclimate records, human influences on the monsoon climate and the economic impacts of the monsoon on economies and to human health.

Recenzijas

From the reviews:









"This book is a collection of 18 review articles about monsoons and monsoon-related topics. This book appeals to researchers in monsoon and monsoon-related topics. It is also useful to graduate students in tropical meteorology. ... The significant strengths of this book are its broad scope, long bibliography, and the mostly up-to-date information it provides. Many chapters contain useful discussion of future research directions. I do recommend this book to all people who study monsoons and monsoon-related topics." (Winston C. Chao, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, March, 2008)

List of figures
xv
List of tables
xxxi
Preface xxxiii
Contributors xxxvii
Abbreviations xli
Acknowledgements xlix
Part One
1(128)
The coupled monsoon system
3(64)
Introduction
3(2)
Modeling and predicting monsoon variability
5(1)
The development of a holistic view of the monsoon
6(17)
Impacts of remote ocean variability on the monsoon
6(9)
Regional ocean variability
15(1)
Impacts of regional ocean variability
15(1)
Intraseasonal variability and the large-scale monsoon
16(2)
Emergence of the concept of the monsoon as a coupled system
18(4)
Emerging questions
22(1)
Coupled aspects of the monsoon annual cycle
23(13)
Macroscale forcing of the monsoon annual cycle
25(4)
The surface heating-SST tendency paradox
29(3)
The role of ocean dynamics in the annual heat balance of the Indian Ocean
32(3)
Regulation of the annual cycle: an ocean-atmosphere feedback system
35(1)
Interannual variability of the coupled monsoon system
36(17)
Modes of interannual variability in the monsoon
37(9)
Interannual modes in ocean heat transport
46(5)
Intraseasonal ocean heat transport
51(1)
Interannual regulation of the monsoon
51(2)
Coupled aspects of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations
53(10)
The composite MISO
54(3)
MISO and ocean heat transport
57(4)
MISO and the onset of the monsoon
61(1)
Intraseasonal variability and the self-regulation of the monsoon system
62(1)
Holistic theory of monsoon system
63(2)
Conclusions and some remaining questions
65(1)
Acknowledgements
66(1)
The Asian monsoon: Global perspectives
67(22)
The global setting
67(2)
Data
69(1)
The mean seasonal monsoon-related variations
69(9)
Basic climate variables
69(2)
The atmospheric circulations
71(7)
Diabatic processes: heat sources and sinks
78(3)
Regional monsoons
81(3)
Discussion and conclusions
84(3)
Acknowledgments
87(2)
The Asian winter monsoon
89(40)
Introduction
89(2)
Mean circulations
91(2)
Mid-latitude circulations
91(1)
Tropical circulations
92(1)
Severe east Asian winter monsoon weather
93(9)
Explosive cyclones
93(1)
Cold surges
94(8)
Maritime Continent monsoon
102(10)
Annual cycles and seasonal transitions
102(5)
Interactions of cold surges, synoptic disturbances, and MJO
107(3)
Diurnal cycle of convection
110(2)
Australian summer monsoon
112(6)
Evolution and intraseasonal variability
112(3)
Triggers of monsoon onset
115(3)
Modulation of synoptic weather
118(1)
Interannual variations
118(9)
East Asian winter monsoon
118(2)
Relationship of the Maritime Continent/Australian monsoon with ENSO
120(5)
Long-term variability of Australian summer monsoon
125(2)
Acknowledgements
127(2)
Part Two
129(200)
Synoptic systems and weather
131(72)
Major rainy seasons
131(13)
Rainy seasons of the Asian monsoon region and the onset of the summer monsoon
131(3)
The south Asian monsoon region
134(5)
The east Asian monsoon region
139(5)
Synoptic systems
144(20)
The south Asian monsoon region
144(10)
The east Asian monsoon region
154(10)
Tropical cyclones
164(9)
Floods and droughts in the monsoon season
173(11)
The south Asian monsoon region
174(4)
The east Asian monsoon region
178(6)
Cold waves and cold surges
184(10)
Local severe storms and mesoscale convective complex events
194(9)
Intraseasonal variability
203(56)
Introduction
203(3)
General description
206(11)
Madden--Julian Oscillation
206(3)
Boreal summer ISO
209(5)
High-frequency ISV
214(2)
Climatological ISO
216(1)
Synoptic organization and remote influences
217(2)
Low-frequency variability
219(9)
Interannual variability
221(5)
Rectification onto low-frequency variability
226(2)
Theory and physical processes
228(14)
Atmospheric dynamics
228(4)
Air-sea interaction
232(5)
Boreal summer ISO
237(5)
Numerical modeling
242(4)
Prediction and predictability
246(10)
Empirical models
247(2)
Dynamical forecast models
249(1)
Predictability
250(4)
Real time forecasts
254(2)
Conclusion
256(1)
Acknowledgements
257(2)
Interannual variability of the Asian monsoon
259(36)
Introduction
259(1)
Principal modes
260(8)
Precipitation
260(2)
Atmospheric circulation
262(3)
Dominant modes associated with major monsoon indices
265(3)
Dominant impacting factors
268(12)
Sea surface temperatures
268(8)
Land surface process
276(3)
Basic flow and broad-scale climate phenomena
279(1)
Tropospheric biennial oscillation and the monsoon
280(7)
Monsoon and global climate variability
287(5)
Role of the monsoon in ENSO and atmospheric teleconnection
287(1)
Asian monsoon and Pacific-American climate
288(4)
Summary
292(1)
Acknowledgments
293(2)
The Asian monsoon: Interdecadal variability
295(34)
Introduction
295(1)
Interdecadal variability of the south Asian summer monsoon
296(7)
Interdecadal variability of the east Asian summer monsoon
303(2)
Interdecadal variability of the south Asian winter monsoon
305(1)
Mechanism for the interdecadal variability of the ENSO-monsoon relationship
305(10)
Decadal changes in monsoon intraseasonal activity
315(7)
Decadal changes in monsoon predictability
322(1)
Discussion and conclusion
323(3)
Acknowledgments
326(1)
Appendix
326(3)
Data used and method of analysis
326(3)
Part Three
329(222)
Mesoscale processes
331(26)
Introduction
331(1)
Convection
332(15)
Distribution, organization, and structure of tropical convection
332(4)
Latent heating profiles and the monsoon
336(6)
Cloud populations
342(2)
Convective momentum transports
344(1)
Diurnal cycle of convection
345(2)
Topographically forced local circulations
347(2)
Jets
349(3)
Surface-atmosphere interactions
352(1)
Gravity currents and gravity waves
353(1)
Coastally trapped disturbances
354(1)
Mesoscale instabilities
355(1)
Summary and outstanding issues
355(1)
Acknowledgments
356(1)
Large-scale atmospheric dynamics
357(60)
Introduction
357(1)
Equatorial waves
358(6)
Equatorial Kelvin wave
359(2)
General dispersion relation
361(2)
Low-frequency equatorial Rossby waves
363(1)
Mixed Rossby-gravity waves
364(1)
Forced steady motion
364(7)
The wave perspective
364(5)
The vorticity and thermodynamic equation perspective
369(2)
Monsoon and subtropical anticyclones
371(7)
Winter hemisphere subtropical anticyclone: the effects of mountains
372(2)
Processes determining the summer monsoon and subtropical anticyclones
374(2)
Mechanisms of the summer monsoon and subtropical high
376(2)
The Tibetan High and the tropical easterly jet
378(4)
Formation and maintenance of the Tibetan High
379(1)
The upper level easterly jet and its impact on the precipitation distribution
379(1)
A possible positive feedback between the Tibetan High/easterly jet and the monsoon convection
380(2)
Cross-equatorial flow and inertial instability
382(5)
Steady flow in an imposed pressure gradient
382(1)
Inertial instability and the location of the ITCZ
383(4)
The effects of mean flows on equatorial waves and forced motion
387(8)
The effects of vertical shear on the Rossby wave structure and propagation
388(3)
Extratropical barotropic response induced by equatorial heating
391(1)
Asymmetric Rossby wave response to equatorial symmetric heating
392(2)
Northward propagation of Rossby waves due to monsoon easterly shear
394(1)
Wave energy accumulation in the equatorial westerly duct
395(1)
Convectively coupled equatorial waves and the tropical intraseasonal oscillation
395(8)
CISK and wave--CISK
396(1)
Equatorial boundary layer convergence
397(2)
A theoretical model of friction CID for the MJO
399(1)
Dynamics of MJO and monsoon intraseasonal oscillation
400(2)
Roles of atmosphere-ocean interaction and other processes
402(1)
Teleconnections
403(3)
Rossby wave propagation
403(1)
Rossby wave source associated with tropical convection
404(2)
Appendix
406(9)
Vertical modes and shallow-water equations
406(3)
Equatorial waves
409(2)
Theoretical model for study of mean flow effects on equatorial waves
411(1)
A one and a half layer model including interactive diabatic heating
412(3)
Acknowledgments
415(2)
Variation of the Asian monsoon water vapor budget: Interaction with the global-scale modes
417(42)
Introduction
417(2)
Theoretical background of the water vapor budget
419(1)
Contribution of the Asian monsoon to the global hydrological cycle
420(14)
Climatology
420(3)
Temporal variation
423(11)
Modulation of the water vapor transport and rainfall in the east Asian monsoon region by global modes
434(20)
Diurnal variation
435(4)
Intraseasonal variation
439(8)
Interannual variation
447(7)
Summary and concluding remarks
454(3)
Acknowledgements
457(2)
Land-atmosphere interaction
459(20)
Fundamental processes in the seasonal cycle
459(3)
Land surface quantities controlling monsoons
462(11)
The connection between the land surface, the atmospheric boundary layer, and cloud/precipitation processes
473(1)
The possible impact of anthropogenic landuse/land cover changes on the Asian monsoon climate
474(1)
The feedback processes through the energy and water cycles
475(2)
Concluding remarks
477(2)
Interactions between the Asian monsoon and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation
479(34)
Air-sea interactions related to ENSO
479(4)
Precipitation anomalies in the Asian-Australian monsoon region during ENSO events
483(4)
ENSO-related variability in the Indian Ocean basin
487(7)
Atmospheric and SST anomalies
487(2)
Atmospheric response to anomalous tropical heating
489(3)
Atmosphere-ocean feedbacks in the IO basin
492(2)
ENSO-related variability over east Asia, Australia and the western Pacific
494(1)
Evolution of the Philippine Sea anticyclone anomaly
495(5)
Atmospheric preconditions in JJA(0)
495(3)
Synoptic development during PSAC onset
498(1)
Air-sea feedbacks in MAM(1)
499(1)
Impact of the Asian monsoon on ENSO
500(9)
Effects of the Indian summer monsoon on the development of El Nino
500(3)
Effects of the western North Pacific monsoon on the turnabout of the ENSO cycle
503(4)
Effects of the east Asian winter monsoon in triggering the onset of El Nino
507(2)
Discussions and outstanding issues
509(2)
Biennial tendency
509(1)
Interdecadal changes
509(1)
Effects of atmosphere-ocean interaction
510(1)
Effects of atmosphere-land interactions
510(1)
Roles of intraseasonal oscillations
511(1)
Acknowledgments
511(2)
Effects of the Tibetan Plateau
513(38)
Introduction
513(4)
The jet stream
514(1)
Warm anticyclone
515(1)
Early progress of Tibetan Plateau research in China
515(2)
Large-scale features of the atmosphere near the Tibetan Plateau
517(10)
Large-scale flow and temperature fields
517(4)
Mechanical effects of the Tibetan Plateau on large-scale motion
521(1)
Winter cold surge and the role of the Tibetan Plateau
522(1)
Summertime negative vorticity source over the Tibetan Plateau
523(4)
Heat sources on the Tibetan Plateau
527(12)
Various estimates of heating over the Tibetan Plateau
527(3)
Heating over the Tibetan Plateau and the onset of Asian Monsoon
530(3)
Mechanism of heating
533(6)
Thermal influences of the Tibetan Plateau on the seasonal transition of circulation and Asian monsoon onset
539(7)
Sensible heat driven air-pump over the Tibetan Plateau
539(3)
Thermal impacts of the Tibetan Plateau on seasonal transition and Asian monsoon onset
542(4)
Concluding remarks
546(3)
Acknowledgements
549(2)
Part Four
551(62)
Seasonal climate prediction of Indian summer monsoon
553(32)
Introduction
553(3)
Weather and climate modeling of the monsoon using regional models
556(2)
Limited area models
556(1)
Nested regional models
557(1)
Very high-resolution mesoscale regional models
558(1)
Monsoon forecasts using global models
558(7)
Sensitivity to global model resolution
558(1)
Month-long forecasts of monsoonal ISOs and MJOs
559(6)
Monsoon forecasts and sensitivity to physical parameterization schemes
565(9)
Land surface processes
566(1)
Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer
567(1)
Parameterization of cumulus convection
568(5)
Organization of convection and monsoon forecasts
573(1)
Radiative interactions for monsoon modeling
573(1)
Multimodel forecasts for weather and climate
574(6)
Performance of multimodels for weather and seasonal climate forecasts
576(4)
Summary and future work
580(2)
Appendix 14.1: outline of the FSU global spectral model
582(1)
Appendix 14.2: definitions of statistical parameters (skill metrics)
582(3)
Dynamic seasonal prediction and predictability of the monsoon
585(28)
Introduction
586(3)
Historical review
586(1)
Current dynamic seasonal predictions
587(2)
Models and experiment
589(2)
Limit of seasonal predictability
591(4)
Potential predictability of various models
595(3)
Prediction skill after error correction
598(7)
Error correction and verification methods
598(4)
Predictability after error correction
602(3)
Multimodel potential predictability
605(3)
Coupled model predictability
608(3)
Summary and concluding remarks
611(1)
Acknowledgements
612(1)
Part Five
613(72)
Extending the historical record by proxy
615(16)
Introduction
615(3)
Internal and external forcing
618(1)
Tectonic variability
619(3)
Earth-orbital variability
622(5)
The Indian summer monsoon
622(1)
The east Asian summer and winter monsoons
623(4)
Centennial and millennial variability
627(2)
Summary
629(2)
Asian monsoons in the future
631(20)
Introduction: global aspects
631(3)
Summer monsoon
634(10)
South Asian monsoon
634(6)
East Asian monsoon
640(2)
Monsoon onset
642(1)
ENSO-monsoon relationship
643(1)
Winter monsoon
644(3)
Other issues
647(2)
Summary
649(2)
The Asian monsoon -- agriculture and economy
651(34)
Introduction
651(3)
Variability of rice production in Asia and its relation to variation in rainfall
654(6)
Climatic aspects of rice production
655(1)
Observed variation of rice production: decadal-scale variation
655(1)
Interannual variation of the rice yield and cultivated area
656(1)
Relation between variation of rice production and variation of rainfall
657(3)
Some facets of the monsoon variability over the Indian region
660(8)
Extremes of seasonal rainfall: droughts and floods
661(2)
Subseasonal patterns of monsoon anomalies
663(1)
Dry spells -- breaks in the monsoon
664(1)
Seasonal transitions: onset and retreat
665(3)
Role of the monsoon in rice cultivation in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India
668(6)
The impact of local and remote anomalies in seasonal rainfall
668(2)
Impact of the timing of the onset of the monsoon
670(4)
Impact of the monsoon on the gross domestic product -- the Indian case
674(3)
Discussion on the use of meteorological information and predictions for enhancement of agricultural production in a variable climate
677(6)
Use of ENSO predictions
679(1)
The Indian case
679(4)
Acknowledgements
683(2)
Bibliography 685(96)
Index 781