Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
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Chapter 1 Historical Background and Contemporary Themes |
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1 | (32) |
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§1.1 The Constitution's Functions |
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1 | (7) |
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8 | (3) |
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§1.3 A Brief History of the Creation and Ratification of the Constitution and Its Amendments |
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11 | (7) |
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§1.4 How Should the Constitution Be Interpreted? |
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18 | (10) |
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§1.5 Who Should Be the Authoritative Interpreter of the Constitution? |
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28 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 The Federal Judicial Power |
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33 | (224) |
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34 | (5) |
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§2.2 The Authority for Judicial Review |
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39 | (10) |
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§2.2.1 Marbury v. Madison: The Authority for Judicial Review of Congressional and Presidential Actions |
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39 | (8) |
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§2.2.2 The Authority for Judicial Review of State and Local Actions |
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47 | (2) |
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§2.3 Introduction to the Justiciability Doctrines |
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49 | (4) |
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§2.4 The Prohibition Against Advisory Opinions |
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53 | (7) |
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60 | (57) |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (20) |
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§2.5.3 Causation and Redressability |
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84 | (11) |
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§2.5.4 The Limitation on Third-Party Standing |
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95 | (9) |
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§2.5.5 The Prohibition Against Generalized Grievances |
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104 | (9) |
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§2.5.6 The Requirement That the Plaintiff Be Within the Zone of Interests Protected by the Statute |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (12) |
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117 | (3) |
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§2.6.2 Criteria for Determining Ripeness: The Hardship to Denying Review |
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120 | (7) |
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§2.6.3 Criteria for Determining Ripeness: The Fitness of the Issues and Record for Judicial Review |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (19) |
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§2.7.1 Description of the Mootness Doctrine |
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129 | (3) |
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§2.7.2 Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Collateral Consequences |
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132 | (3) |
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§2.7.3 Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Wrongs Capable of Repetition Yet Evading Review |
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135 | (4) |
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§2.7.4 Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Voluntary Cessation |
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139 | (5) |
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§2.7.5 Exceptions to the Mootness Doctrine: Class Actions |
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144 | (4) |
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§2.8 The Political Question Doctrine |
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148 | (22) |
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§2.8.1 What Is the Political Question Doctrine? |
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148 | (2) |
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§2.8.2 Should There Be a Political Question Doctrine? |
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150 | (3) |
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§2.8.3 The "Republican Form of Government" Clause and Judicial Review of the Electoral Process |
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153 | (7) |
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160 | (4) |
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§2.8.5 Congressional Self-Governance |
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164 | (1) |
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§2.8.6 The Process for Ratifying Constitutional Amendments |
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165 | (3) |
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§2.8.7 Excessive Interference with Coordinate Branches of Government |
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168 | (1) |
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§2.8.8 Impeachment and Removal from Office: Nixon v. United States |
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169 | (1) |
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§2.9 Congressional Control of Federal Court Jurisdiction |
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170 | (31) |
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170 | (6) |
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§2.9.2 Congressional Control of Supreme Court Jurisdiction |
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176 | (13) |
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§2.9.3 Congressional Control of Lower Federal Court Jurisdiction |
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189 | (12) |
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§2.10 Sovereign Immunity as a Limit on the Federal Judicial Power |
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201 | (56) |
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§2.10.1 History of the Ratification of the Eleventh Amendment |
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204 | (4) |
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§2.10.2 What Does the Eleventh Amendment Mean? |
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208 | (6) |
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§2.10.3 The Application of the Eleventh Amendment: What's Barred and What's Allowed |
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214 | (8) |
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§2.10.4 Ways Around the Eleventh Amendment: Suits Against State Officers |
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222 | (19) |
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§2.10.5 Ways Around the Eleventh Amendment: Waiver |
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241 | (5) |
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§2.10.6 Ways Around the Eleventh Amendment: Suits Pursuant to Federal Laws |
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246 | (11) |
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Chapter 3 The Federal Legislative Power |
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257 | (120) |
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§3.1 The Doctrine of Limited Federal Legislative Authority |
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258 | (2) |
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§3.2 McCulbch v. Maryland and the Scope of Congressional Powers |
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260 | (6) |
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§3.3 The Necessary and Proper Clause |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (31) |
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§3.4.1 Introduction to the Commerce Power |
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268 | (2) |
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§3.4.2 Gibbons v. Ogden and the Definition of the Commerce Power |
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270 | (2) |
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§3.4.3 The Commerce Clause Before 1937 |
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272 | (8) |
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§3.4.4 The Commerce Clause from 1937 to 1995 |
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280 | (9) |
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§3.4.5 The Commerce Clause After United States v. Lopez |
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289 | (10) |
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§3.5 The Taxing and Spending Power |
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299 | (9) |
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§3.5.1 The Scope of the Taxing and Spending Power |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (4) |
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§3.5.3 The Spending Power |
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305 | (3) |
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§3.6 Other Congressional Powers Under Article I and Article IV |
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308 | (8) |
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308 | (6) |
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314 | (2) |
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§3.7 Congress's Powers Under the Reconstruction-Era Amendments |
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316 | (15) |
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§3.7.1 May Congress Regulate Private Conduct? |
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317 | (4) |
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§3.7.2 What Is the Scope of Congress's Power? |
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321 | (10) |
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§3.8 Congress's Power to Authorize Suits Against State Governments |
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331 | (13) |
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§3.9 Congress's Power to Investigate |
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344 | (3) |
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§3.10 The Tenth Amendment and Federalism as a Limit on Congressional Authority |
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347 | (16) |
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§3.11 Delegation of Legislative Power and the Problems of the Administrative State |
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363 | (14) |
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§3.11.1 The Nondelegation Doctrine and Its Demise |
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363 | (8) |
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§3.11.2 The Legislative Veto |
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371 | (3) |
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§3.11.3 Delegation of Executive Power to Congress and Its Officials |
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374 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 The Federal Executive Power |
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377 | (68) |
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§4.1 Express and Inherent Presidential Powers |
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377 | (9) |
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§4.2 Appointment and Removal Power |
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386 | (18) |
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§4.2.1 The Appointment Power |
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387 | (9) |
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396 | (8) |
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404 | (5) |
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§4.4 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits |
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409 | (5) |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (21) |
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§4.6.1 Are Foreign Policy and Domestic Affairs Different? |
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417 | (1) |
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§4.6.2 Treaties and Executive Agreements |
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418 | (6) |
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424 | (3) |
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§4.6.4 Presidential Power and the War on Terrorism |
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427 | (8) |
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§4.6.5 Presidential Power and Immigration |
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435 | (3) |
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§4.7 Impeachment and Removal from Office |
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438 | (7) |
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Chapter 5 Limits on State Regulatory and Taxing Power |
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445 | (92) |
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446 | (2) |
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§5.2 Preemption of State and Local Laws |
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448 | (32) |
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448 | (4) |
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§5.2.2 Express Preemption of State Laws |
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452 | (6) |
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§5.2.3 "Field Preemption" |
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458 | (9) |
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§5.2.4 Conflicts Between State and Federal Laws |
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467 | (4) |
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§5.2.5 State Laws That Impede Achievement of Federal Objectives |
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471 | (6) |
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§5.2.6 Preemption of State Taxation or Regulation of the Federal Government |
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477 | (3) |
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§5.3 The Dormant Commerce Clause |
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480 | (35) |
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§5.3.1 What Is the Dormant Commerce Clause? |
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480 | (2) |
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§5.3.2 Should There Be a Dormant Commerce Clause? |
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482 | (3) |
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§5.3.3 An Overview of the Dormant Commerce Clause |
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485 | (6) |
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§5.3.4 The Central Question: Is the State Discriminating Against Out-of-Staters? |
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491 | (7) |
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§5.3.5 The Analysis When a State Is Not Discriminating |
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498 | (6) |
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§5.3.6 The Analysis When a State Is Discriminating |
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504 | (5) |
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509 | (6) |
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§5.4 State Taxation of Interstate Commerce |
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515 | (12) |
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§5.4.1 The Test Used to Evaluate State Taxes of Interstate Commerce |
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515 | (2) |
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§5.4.2 The Requirement for a Substantial Nexus to the Taxing State |
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517 | (3) |
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§5.4.3 The Requirement for Fair Apportionment |
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520 | (2) |
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§5.4.4 The Prohibition of Discrimination Against Out-of-Staters |
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522 | (4) |
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§5.4.5 The Requirement for Fair Relationship to Services Provided by the State |
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526 | (1) |
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§5.5 The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV, §2 |
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527 | (10) |
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527 | (3) |
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§5.5.2 What Are the "Privileges and Immunities" of Citizenship? |
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530 | (5) |
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§5.5.3 What Is Sufficient Justification for Discrimination? |
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535 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 The Structure of the Constitution's Protection of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties |
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537 | (72) |
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538 | (1) |
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§6.2 Textual Provisions, Apart from the Bill of Rights, Protecting Individual Rights |
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539 | (14) |
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§6.2.1 A Review of the Textual Provisions Protecting Rights |
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539 | (2) |
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§6.2.2 The Prohibition of Bills of Attainder |
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541 | (5) |
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§6.2.3 The Prohibition Against Ex Post Facto Laws |
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546 | (7) |
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§6.3 The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States |
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553 | (16) |
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§6.3.1 The Rejection of Application Before the Civil War |
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553 | (1) |
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§6.3.2 A False Start: The Privileges or Immunities Clause and the Slaughter-House Cases |
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554 | (6) |
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§6.3.3 The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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560 | (9) |
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§6.4 The Application of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to Private Conduct: The State Action Doctrine |
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569 | (33) |
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§6.4.1 The Requirement for State Action |
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569 | (3) |
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§6.4.2 Why Have a State Action Requirement? |
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572 | (3) |
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§6.4.3 Is It the Government? |
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575 | (4) |
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§6.4.4 The Exceptions to the State Action Doctrine |
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579 | (23) |
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§6.5 The Levels of Scrutiny |
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602 | (7) |
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Chapter 7 Procedural Due Process |
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609 | (64) |
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§7.1 The Distinction Between Procedural and Substantive Due Process |
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609 | (4) |
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§7.2 What Is a "Deprivation"? |
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613 | (8) |
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§7.3 Is It a Deprivation of "Life, Liberty, or Property"? |
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621 | (22) |
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§7.3.1 The "Rights-Privileges" Distinction and Its Demise |
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621 | (2) |
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§7.3.2 Deprivations of "Property" |
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623 | (6) |
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§7.3.3 Deprivations of "Liberty" |
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629 | (13) |
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§7.3.4 Deprivations of "Life" |
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642 | (1) |
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§7.4 What Procedures Are Required? |
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643 | (30) |
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§7.4.1 When Is Procedural Due Process Required? |
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643 | (2) |
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§7.4.2 What Is the Test for Determining What Process Is Due? |
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645 | (2) |
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§7.4.3 The Mathews v. Eldridge Test Applied |
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647 | (26) |
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Chapter 8 Economic Liberties |
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673 | (66) |
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673 | (3) |
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§8.2 Economic Substantive Due Process |
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676 | (21) |
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§8.2.1 Economic Substantive Due Process During the Nineteenth Century |
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676 | (6) |
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§8.2.2 Economic Substantive Due Process During the Lochner Era |
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682 | (7) |
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§8.2.3 Economic Substantive Due Process Since 1937 |
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689 | (8) |
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§8.3 The Contracts Clause |
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697 | (11) |
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697 | (2) |
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§8.3.2 The Contracts Clause Before 1934 |
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699 | (3) |
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§8.3.3 The Contracts Clause Since 1934 |
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702 | (6) |
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708 | (31) |
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708 | (1) |
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§8.4.2 What Is a "Taking"? |
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709 | (21) |
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§8.4.3 What Is "Property"? |
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730 | (4) |
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§8.4.4 What Is a Taking for "Public Use"? |
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734 | (2) |
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§8.4.5 What Is the Requirement for "Just Compensation"? |
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736 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Equal Protection |
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739 | (132) |
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740 | (10) |
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§9.1.1 Constitutional Provisions Concerning Equal Protection |
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740 | (1) |
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§9.1.2 A Framework for Equal Protection Analysis |
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741 | (9) |
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§9.2 The Rational Basis Test |
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750 | (12) |
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750 | (2) |
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§9.2.2 The Requirement for a "Legitimate Purpose" |
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752 | (6) |
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§9.2.3 The Requirement for a "Reasonable Relationship" |
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758 | (4) |
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§9.3 Classifications Based on Race and National Origin |
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762 | (66) |
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§9.3.1 Race Discrimination and Slavery Before the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments |
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763 | (4) |
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§9.3.2 Strict Scrutiny for Discrimination Based on Race and National Origin |
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767 | (2) |
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§9.3.3 Proving the Existence of a Race or National Origin Classification |
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769 | (26) |
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§9.3.4 Remedies: The Problem of School Segregation |
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795 | (13) |
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§9.3.5 Racial Classifications Benefiting Minorities |
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808 | (20) |
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§9.4 Gender Classifications |
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828 | (18) |
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§9.4.1 The Level of Scrutiny |
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828 | (8) |
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§9.4.2 Proving the Existence of a Gender Classification |
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836 | (3) |
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§9.4.3 Gender Classifications Benefiting Women |
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839 | (7) |
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§9.5 Discrimination Against Noncitizens |
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846 | (10) |
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846 | (2) |
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§9.5.2 Strict Scrutiny as the General Rule |
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848 | (3) |
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§9.5.3 Discrimination Against Noncitizens Related to Self-Government and the Democratic Process |
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851 | (2) |
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§9.5.4 Congressionally Approved Discrimination |
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853 | (2) |
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§9.5.5 Undocumented Immigrants and Equal Protection |
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855 | (1) |
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§9.6 Discrimination Against Nonmarital Children |
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856 | (5) |
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§9.7 Other Types of Discrimination: Rational Basis Review |
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861 | (10) |
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§9.7.1 Age Classifications |
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861 | (2) |
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§9.7.2 Discrimination Based on Disability |
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863 | (1) |
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§9.7.3 Wealth Discrimination |
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864 | (2) |
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§9.7.4 Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation |
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866 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 Fundamental Rights |
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871 | (132) |
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872 | (5) |
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§10.1.1 Constitutional Bases for Fundamental Rights |
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872 | (2) |
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§10.1.2 Framework for Analyzing Fundamental Rights |
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874 | (3) |
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§10.2 Constitutional Protection for Family Autonomy |
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877 | (18) |
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§10.2.1 The Right to Marry |
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878 | (6) |
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§10.2.2 The Right to Custody of One's Children |
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884 | (4) |
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§10.2.3 The Right to Keep the Family Together |
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888 | (2) |
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§10.2.4 The Right to Control Upbringing of Children |
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890 | (5) |
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§10.3 Constitutional Protection for Reproductive Autonomy |
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895 | (17) |
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§10.3.1 The Right to Procreate |
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895 | (1) |
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§10.3.2 The Right to Purchase and Use Contraceptives |
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896 | (4) |
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§10.3.3 The Right to Abortion: From Roe to Casey to Dobbs |
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900 | (12) |
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§10.4 Constitutional Protection for Sexual Activity and Sexual Orientation |
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912 | (2) |
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§10.5 Constitutional Protection for Medical Care Decisions |
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914 | (8) |
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§10.6 Constitutional Protection for Control over Information |
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922 | (3) |
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§10.7 Constitutional Protection for Travel |
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925 | (14) |
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§10.7.1 The Recognition of the Right to Travel as a Fundamental Right |
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925 | (4) |
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§10.7.2 What Constitutes an Infringement of the Right to Travel? |
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929 | (7) |
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§10.7.3 Restrictions on Foreign Travel |
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936 | (3) |
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§10.8 Constitutional Protection for Voting |
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939 | (43) |
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§10.8.1 The Right to Vote as a Fundamental Right |
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939 | (4) |
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§10.8.2 Restrictions on the Ability to Vote |
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943 | (11) |
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§10.8.3 Dilution of the Right to Vote |
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954 | (10) |
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§10.8.4 Inequalities in Counting Votes Within a State |
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964 | (8) |
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§10.8.5 Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights |
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972 | (3) |
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§10.8.6 Restrictions on Parties and Candidates |
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975 | (7) |
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§10.9 Constitutional Protection for Access to Courts |
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982 | (9) |
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§10.10 The Second Amendment Right to Bear Arms |
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991 | (9) |
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§10.11 Constitutional Protection for a Right to Education |
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1000 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 First Amendment: Expression |
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1003 | (296) |
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1004 | (10) |
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§11.1.1 Historical Background |
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1004 | (2) |
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§11.1.2 Why Should Freedom of Speech Be a Fundamental Right? |
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1006 | (7) |
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§11.1.3 The Issues in Free Expression Analysis |
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1013 | (1) |
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§11.2 Free Speech Methodology |
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1014 | (66) |
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§11.2.1 The Distinction Between Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws |
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1014 | (13) |
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§11.2.2 Vagueness and Overbreadth |
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1027 | (9) |
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1036 | (19) |
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§11.2.4 What Is an Infringement of Freedom of Speech? |
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1055 | (21) |
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§11.2.5 Government Speech |
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1076 | (4) |
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§11.3 Types of Unprotected and Less Protected Speech |
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1080 | (151) |
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1080 | (1) |
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§11.3.2 Incitement of Illegal Activity |
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1081 | (15) |
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§11.3.3 Fighting Words, the Hostile Audience, and the Problem of Racist Speech |
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1096 | (15) |
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§11.3.4 Sexually Oriented Speech |
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1111 | (31) |
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§11.3.5 Reputation, Privacy, Publicity, and the First Amendment: Torts and the First Amendment |
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1142 | (20) |
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§11.3.6 Symbolic Speech: Conduct That Communicates |
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1162 | (27) |
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§11.3.7 Commercial Speech |
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1189 | (25) |
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§11.3.8 Speech of Government Employees |
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1214 | (12) |
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§11.3.9 Attorneys' Speech |
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1226 | (4) |
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§11.3.10 Labor Picketing and Protests |
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1230 | (1) |
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§11.4 What Places are Available for Speech? |
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1231 | (39) |
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1231 | (1) |
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§11.4.2 Government Properties and Speech |
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1232 | (26) |
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§11.4.3 Private Property and Speech |
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1258 | (1) |
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§11.4.4 Speech in Authoritarian Environments: Military, Prisons, and Schools |
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1259 | (11) |
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§11.5 Freedom of Association |
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1270 | (13) |
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1270 | (1) |
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§11.5.2 Laws Prohibiting or Punishing Membership |
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1271 | (3) |
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§11.5.3 Laws Requiring Disclosure of Membership |
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1274 | (5) |
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§11.5.4 Laws Prohibiting Discrimination |
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1279 | (4) |
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§11.6 Freedom of the Press |
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1283 | (16) |
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1283 | (1) |
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§11.6.2 Freedom of the Press as a Shield to Protect the Press from the Government |
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1284 | (11) |
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§11.6.3 Freedom of the Press as a Sword to Gain Access to Government Places and Papers |
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1295 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 First Amendment: Religion |
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1299 | (110) |
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1300 | (10) |
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§12.1.1 Constitudonal Provisions Concerning Religion and the Tension Between Them |
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1300 | (5) |
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§12.1.2 What Is Religion? |
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1305 | (5) |
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§12.2 The Establishment Clause |
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1310 | (61) |
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§12.2.1 Competing Theories of the Establishment Clause |
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1310 | (8) |
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§12.2.2 Government Discrimination Among Religions |
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1318 | (2) |
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§12.2.3 The Lemon Test for the Establishment Clause and Its Apparent Demise |
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1320 | (5) |
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§12.2.4 Religious Speech and the First Amendment |
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1325 | (9) |
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§12.2.5 When Can Religion Become a Part of Government Activities? |
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1334 | (18) |
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§12.2.6 When Can Government Give Ad to Religion? When Must It Do So? |
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1352 | (19) |
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§12.3 The Free Exercise Clause |
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1371 | (38) |
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1371 | (4) |
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§12.3.2 Challenges to Laws Regulating or Burdening Religious Conduct |
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1375 | (31) |
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§12.3.3 Government Involvement in Religious Disputes |
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1406 | (3) |
Appendix The Constitution of the United States of America |
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1409 | (16) |
Table of Cases |
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1425 | (48) |
Index |
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1473 | |