| Preface |
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xi | |
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xix | |
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xxv | |
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List of abbreviations and acronyms |
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xxvii | |
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Historical variations in the Earth's climate |
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1 | (42) |
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1 | (12) |
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Use of proxies to estimate historical temperatures |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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Ocean and stream sediments |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Challenges in using proxies |
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10 | (3) |
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Ice ages and interglacial periods |
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13 | (21) |
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15 | (4) |
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19 | (3) |
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Proposed explanations for ice ages |
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22 | (1) |
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Variations in the Earth's orbit and ice ages |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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Atlantic Ocean circulation variation |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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Mechanisms behind sudden climate transitions |
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29 | (1) |
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North Atlantic circulation as a trigger or an amplifier in rapid climate changes |
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29 | (4) |
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Carbon dioxide as a feedback in sudden changes |
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33 | (1) |
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Surface reflectivity (albedo) of ice, snow, and vegetation |
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34 | (1) |
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Holocene temperature history |
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34 | (9) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (2) |
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Temperatures in the past millennium |
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43 | (66) |
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The Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period |
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44 | (30) |
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Anecdotal inferences on the MWP and the LIA |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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Climate models for the MWP: effects of changes in land use |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (9) |
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61 | (5) |
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Sea surface temperatures in the Sargasso Sea |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (5) |
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71 | (1) |
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Arctic environment change of the last four centuries |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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Average global and hemispheric temperatures in the past millennium |
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74 | (24) |
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74 | (5) |
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Other reconstructions of historical temperature |
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79 | (3) |
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Criticisms of the MBH model |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (6) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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How reliable are proxy methods? |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (6) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (3) |
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Conclusions on millennium temperature history |
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104 | (5) |
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Temperatures in the past century |
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109 | (58) |
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Near-surface measurements |
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109 | (8) |
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109 | (3) |
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Problems with surface temperature data |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (1) |
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Utility of a single global temperature |
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116 | (1) |
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Measured Earth, regional, and local temperatures |
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117 | (50) |
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U. S. temperature measurements |
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117 | (3) |
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Global and hemispheric temperatures |
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120 | (6) |
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Antarctic and Arctic temperatures |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (5) |
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132 | (5) |
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The NH temperature dip, 1940-1978: effect of aerosols |
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137 | (5) |
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Adequacy of the global temperature network |
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142 | (9) |
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151 | (7) |
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Diurnal temperature range |
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158 | (2) |
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Ruminations of Bob Foster |
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160 | (1) |
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Earliest measured European and Greenland temperatures: 1751-1995 |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Mountain glaciers as climate indicators |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (72) |
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167 | (4) |
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167 | (2) |
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Measurements of TSI in space since 1978 |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Aspects of solar variability |
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171 | (8) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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Estimation of sunspot activity from proxies |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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Indices of solar activity |
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178 | (1) |
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Effect of the Sun-Earth distance |
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179 | (1) |
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The Maunder Minimum; John Eddy's Study |
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179 | (9) |
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Historical telescope observations of sunspots |
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179 | (1) |
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Historical records of aurorae |
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180 | (5) |
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Historical visual observations of sunspots |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Beckman and Mahoney on Eddy's work |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Reconstructing total solar irradiance (TSI) in the past |
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188 | (33) |
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Reconstructions based on sunspots, solar cycles, and solar activity |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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Constant quiet Sun models |
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191 | (1) |
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CQSM based on sunspot number |
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191 | (5) |
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CQSM based on sunspot area and cycle duration |
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196 | (3) |
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199 | (3) |
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Stellar Ca HK index models |
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202 | (10) |
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Solar cycle duration model |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Danish Meteorological Institute studies |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (2) |
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Coronal source flux model |
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219 | (2) |
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TSI reconstructions based on cosmogenic isotope proxies |
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221 | (7) |
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221 | (2) |
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Reconstruction of TSI from cosmo-nuclide production proxies |
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223 | (1) |
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Projections for the Holocene |
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224 | (4) |
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Temperature changes driven by the Sun |
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228 | (6) |
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228 | (2) |
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Climate sensitivity parameter |
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230 | (4) |
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234 | (5) |
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The Earth's heat balance and the greenhouse effect |
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239 | (60) |
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239 | (4) |
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239 | (2) |
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Simplistic models of the Earth |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (38) |
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243 | (1) |
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Greenhouse gas effects and water vapor |
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244 | (1) |
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Absorption by greenhouse gases |
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244 | (2) |
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Water vapor as a greenhouse gas |
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246 | (8) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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Heat islands of the Earth |
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256 | (1) |
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Differences between surface temperatures and tropospheric temperatures |
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256 | (2) |
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Correlation of surface temperatures with CO2 sources |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Heat generation by urbanization |
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261 | (1) |
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Effects of land use/land clearing changes |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (2) |
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Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system |
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267 | (3) |
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Heat content of the oceans |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (7) |
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North Atlantic climate variability and ocean oscillations |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (6) |
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287 | (10) |
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287 | (1) |
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The IPCC view of climate models |
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288 | (3) |
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Uncertainties and limitations of GCMs |
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291 | (6) |
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Instability of the climate |
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297 | (2) |
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Anthropogenic influences on climate change |
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299 | (48) |
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CO2 concentration: past and present |
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299 | (17) |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (5) |
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Co2 variations in glacial-interglacial cycles |
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307 | (7) |
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314 | (2) |
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Projections of future CO2 concentration by climatologists |
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316 | (6) |
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Projections of future global temperature rise due to CO2 |
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322 | (4) |
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Energy and climate in the 21st century |
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326 | (5) |
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Constraints on CO2 production imposed by the limits of fossil fuels |
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331 | (1) |
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An alternate theory of 20th-century global warming |
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332 | (15) |
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332 | (8) |
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Black carbon (BC) deposition on Arctic snow and ice |
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340 | (1) |
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Effect of carbon deposition on Ice and snow |
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340 | (1) |
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Rate of emission of carbon in the 20th century |
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341 | (1) |
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Estimated role of BC in Arctic warming |
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341 | (2) |
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Measurement of BC in Greenland ice cores |
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343 | (1) |
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Role of sulfate aerosols and El Ninos |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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Impacts of global warming |
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347 | (48) |
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347 | (14) |
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347 | (6) |
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Orthodoxy in climatology and the politicalization of science |
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353 | (8) |
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361 | (3) |
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Sea level rise, the ice sheets, and sea ice |
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364 | (22) |
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Introduction to sea level rise |
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364 | (2) |
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Direct measurements of sea level |
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366 | (4) |
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Measurements of ice sheet and sea ice extent |
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370 | (4) |
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Global warming and sea level rise |
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374 | (7) |
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381 | (5) |
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Future increases in global temperature |
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386 | (2) |
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Changes in precipitation: floods, drought, and storms |
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388 | (5) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (4) |
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393 | (2) |
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Global climate change and public policy |
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395 | (18) |
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395 | (7) |
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Description of the Kyoto Protocol |
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395 | (1) |
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Status of the Kyoto Agreement |
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396 | (2) |
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Commentary on Kyoto Protocol |
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398 | (4) |
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Economics: Will it cost more to do nothing? |
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402 | (8) |
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402 | (3) |
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Nordhaus Review of Stern Report |
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405 | (4) |
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Investment opportunities in climate change |
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409 | (1) |
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U. S. Congress: meeting the climate change challenge |
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410 | (3) |
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413 | (14) |
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413 | (8) |
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421 | (6) |
| Appendix: Review of the film An Inconvenient Truth |
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427 | (10) |
| References |
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437 | (30) |
| Index |
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467 | |
