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1 | (91) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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Electromagnetic Fields in Matter-Constitutive Relations |
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4 | (1) |
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Induced Electromagnetic Fields |
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5 | (1) |
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Continuity Equation for the Conservation of Charge |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Energy Density of the Electromagnetic Field |
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8 | (1) |
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Poynting Energy Flux and Poynting's Theorem |
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8 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Momentum and Radiation Pressure |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Plane Waves |
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9 | (2) |
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Polarization of Plane Waves-The Stokes Parameters |
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11 | (1) |
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Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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Lorentz Coordinate Transformation |
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15 | (1) |
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Lorentz Transformation of the Electromagnetic Field |
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16 | (1) |
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Induced Electric Fields in Moving or Rotating Matter (Unipolar [ Homopolar] Induction) |
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16 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Field of a Point Charge Moving with a Uniform Velocity |
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17 | (1) |
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Vector and Scalar Potentials (The Retarded and Lienard-Wiechert Potentials) |
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17 | (2) |
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Electromagnetic Radiation from an Accelerated Point Charge |
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19 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Radiation from Electric and Magnetic Dipoles |
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20 | (1) |
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Thermal Emission from a Black Body |
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21 | (4) |
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Radiation Transfer and Observed Brightness |
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25 | (1) |
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Magnetobremsstrahlung or Gyroradiation (Gyromagnetic and Synchrotron Radiation) of a Single Electron |
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26 | (10) |
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Synchrotron Radiation from an Ensemble of Particles |
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36 | (5) |
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Synchrotron Radiation in a Plasma |
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41 | (2) |
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Additional Modifications of the Synchrotron Radiation Spectrum |
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43 | (2) |
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Bremsstrahlung (Free-Free Radiation) of a Single Electron |
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45 | (3) |
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Bremsstrahlung (Free-Free Radiation) from a Plasma |
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48 | (3) |
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Photoionization and Recombination (Free-Bound) Radiation |
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51 | (4) |
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55 | (4) |
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Propagation of Electromagnetic (Transverse) Waves in a Plasma |
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59 | (3) |
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Propagation of Longitudinal (P mode) Waves in a Plasma: Plasma Line Radiation and Cerenkov Radiation |
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62 | (3) |
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Scattering from a Harmonic Oscillator |
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65 | (2) |
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Rayleigh Scattering by Bound Electrons |
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67 | (1) |
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Thomson and Klein-Nishina Scattering by a Free Electron |
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68 | (1) |
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Compton Scattering by Free Electrons and Inverse Compton Radiation |
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69 | (3) |
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Rayleigh Scattering from a Small Sphere |
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72 | (2) |
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Interstellar Dust, Extinction and Reddening of Stars |
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74 | (4) |
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Mie Scattering from a Homogeneous Sphere of Arbitrary Size |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (4) |
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Phase Change and Scattering Angle Due to Fluctuations in Electron Density |
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84 | (2) |
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The Scintillation Pattern |
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86 | (5) |
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Monochromatic (Line) Radiation |
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91 | (112) |
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91 | (3) |
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Einstein Probability Coefficients, Bound-Bound Photoprocesses |
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94 | (1) |
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Einstein Probability Coefficient for Spontaneous Emission from an Electric Dipole |
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95 | (1) |
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Relation of the Electric Dipole Emission Coefficient to the Classical Damping Constant and the Oscillator Strength |
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96 | (1) |
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Probability Coefficient for Spontaneous Emission from a Magnetic Dipole |
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97 | (1) |
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Probability Coefficient for Spontaneous Emission from an Electric Quadrupole |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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Resonance Absorption of Line Radiation |
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101 | (1) |
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Line Intensities Under Conditions of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium |
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102 | (2) |
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Line Intensities When Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Does Not Apply |
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104 | (5) |
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Planetary Nebulae, Forbidden Lines, Recombination Spectra and the Balmer Decrement |
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109 | (7) |
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Ionized Hydrogen (H II) Regions and Atomic Recombination Lines |
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116 | (9) |
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125 | (14) |
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Interstellar Hydrogen, Atomic Hyperfine Structure, and the Interstellar Medium |
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139 | (7) |
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Line Radiation from Molecules |
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146 | (20) |
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Energies and Frequencies of the Molecular Transitions |
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150 | (7) |
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Line Intensities and Molecular Abundances |
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157 | (3) |
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The Formation and Destruction of Molecules |
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160 | (6) |
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Line Radiation from Stellar Atmospheres-The Fraunhofer Spectrum and the Curve of Growth |
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166 | (10) |
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Effects Which Alter the Emitted Line Frequency |
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176 | (9) |
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Doppler Broadening (a Gaussian Profile) |
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185 | (3) |
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Broadening Due to Rotating or Expanding Sources |
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188 | (1) |
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Collision Broadening (Stark or Pressure Broadening) |
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188 | (12) |
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Ion Broadening-The Quasi-Static Approximation |
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188 | (4) |
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Electron Broadening-The Impact Approximation |
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192 | (3) |
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Wing Formulae for Collisional Broadening of Line Radiation from Hydrogen-Like Atoms |
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195 | (4) |
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Van der Waals Broadening Due to Collisions with Neutral Hydrogen Atoms |
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199 | (1) |
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Resonance Broadening Due to Interactions of Radiating and Ground State Atoms |
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199 | (1) |
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Natural Broadening (a Lorentz Dispersion Profile) |
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200 | (2) |
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Combined Doppler, Lorentz, and Holtsmark Line Broadening (the Voigt Profile) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (128) |
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203 | (10) |
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Boltzmann's Equation, the Fokker-Planck Equation, the B.B.G.K.Y. Hierarchy, Maxwell's Distribution Function, and the Vlasov Equation |
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203 | (3) |
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Collisions-The Mean Free Path and Mean Free Time Between Collisions |
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206 | (2) |
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Viscosity and the Reynolds Number |
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208 | (1) |
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Electrical Conductivity and Mobility |
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209 | (2) |
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Diffusion and the Magnetic Reynolds Number |
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211 | (1) |
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Heat Conductivity and the Prandtl Number |
|
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (11) |
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First Law of Thermodynamics and the Perfect Gas Law |
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213 | (1) |
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Thermal (or Heat) Capacity, Molecular Heat, and Specific Heat |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Entropy of a Gas |
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217 | (2) |
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Combined First and Second Laws |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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Fluctuations in Thermodynamic Quantities |
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223 | (1) |
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Statistical Properties and Equations of State |
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224 | (27) |
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The Nondegenerate, Perfect Gas |
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224 | (1) |
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Maxwell Distribution Function for Energy and Velocity |
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224 | (1) |
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The Energy Density and Equation of State of a Perfect Gas |
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225 | (1) |
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Boltzmann Equation for the Population Density of Excited States |
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226 | (1) |
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The Saha-Boltzmann Ionization Equation |
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227 | (5) |
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Stromgren Radius for the Sphere of Ionization |
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232 | (4) |
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The Degenerate Gas-Number Density, Energy Density, Entropy Density, and the Equation of State |
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236 | (1) |
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Fermi-Dirac Statistics and Functions |
|
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236 | (2) |
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Equation of State of a Degenerate Electron Gas-White Dwarf Stars |
|
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238 | (6) |
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Equation of State of a Degenerate Neutron Gas-Neutron Stars |
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244 | (4) |
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The Neutrino Gas-Number Density, Energy Density, Entropy Density, and the Equation of State |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
|
Equation of State, Energy Density, and Entropy of a Photon Gas |
|
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250 | (1) |
|
Macrostructure of a Gas-The Virial Theorem |
|
|
251 | (12) |
|
The Virial Theorem of Clausius |
|
|
251 | (2) |
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|
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253 | (1) |
|
Chandrasekhar Limiting Mass for Degenerate Matter |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Conditions for Gravitational Contraction in the Presence of a Magnetic Field or an External Pressure |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
Gravitational Contraction, Hydrodynamic Time Scale, Free-Fall Time, and the Kelvin-Helmholtz Contraction Time |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Stable Equilibrium Ellipsoids of Rotating Liquid Masses |
|
|
257 | (6) |
|
Gas Macrostructure-Hydrodynamics |
|
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263 | (68) |
|
The Continuity Equation for Mass Conservation |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Euler's Equation (the Navier-Stokes and Bernoulli's Equations) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
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|
|
265 | (2) |
|
Atmospheres-Hydrostatic Equilibrium, the Barometric Equation, Scale Height, Escape Velocity, Stellar Winds, and the Solar Corona |
|
|
267 | (6) |
|
Convection-Schwarzschild Condition, Prandtl Mixing Length Theory, Rayleigh and Nusselt Numbers, Boussinesq Equations |
|
|
273 | (5) |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (12) |
|
Isentropic Flow-The Adiabatic Efflux of Gas |
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|
293 | (3) |
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296 | (4) |
|
Hydrodynamic Gravity Waves |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Jeans Condition for Gravitational Instability, Star Formation |
|
|
301 | (4) |
|
Magnetohydrodynamics and Alfven Waves |
|
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (3) |
|
Stellar Variability and Oscillation Theory |
|
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314 | (6) |
|
Instabilities in Fluids and Plasmas |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Rayleigh-Taylor Instability |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Instabilities Due to Velocity Anisotropies |
|
|
324 | (4) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Tearing-Mode Instability and Magnetic Reconnection |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
|
331 | (144) |
|
Early Fundamental Particles, Symbols, and Definitions |
|
|
331 | (9) |
|
The Electron, Proton, Neutron, and Photon and Their Antiparticles |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
Symbols, Nomenclature, and Units |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Binding Energy, Mass Defect, Mass Excess, Atomic Mass, Mass Fraction, Packing Fraction, Energy Release, Magic Numbers, and Mass Laws |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
Alpha Decay and Other Natural Nuclear Reactions |
|
|
337 | (3) |
|
Thermonuclear Reaction Rates |
|
|
340 | (16) |
|
Definition and Reciprocity Theorem for Cross Sections |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Nonresonant Neutron Capture Cross Section |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Nonresonant Charged Particle Cross Section |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Resonant Cross Sections for Neutrons and Charged Particles-Breit-Wigner Shapes |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Reaction Rate, Mean Lifetime, and Energy Generation |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Nonresonant Reaction Rates |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
|
|
347 | (4) |
|
Inverse Reaction Rates and Photodisintegration |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Electron Shielding-Weak and Strong Screening |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Weak Interaction Processes |
|
|
356 | (46) |
|
Electron Neutrino, Mu Neutrino, Muons, Pions, and Weak Interaction Theory |
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
|
|
361 | (5) |
|
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
|
|
368 | (6) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Neutrino Bremsstrahlung and Neutrino Synchrotron Radiation |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
Electron Positron (Pair) Annihilation Neutrinos |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Photocoulomb and Photon-Photon Neutrinos |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
The Muon and Pion Neutrino Processes |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
|
|
384 | (3) |
|
|
|
387 | (7) |
|
|
|
394 | (6) |
|
Neutrino Emission from Stellar Collapse and Supernovae |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Nucleosynthesis of the Elements |
|
|
402 | (30) |
|
Stellar Nucleosynthesis and the Abundances of the Elements |
|
|
402 | (4) |
|
Nucleosynthetic Processes in Ordinary Stars-Energy Generation Stages and Reaction Rates |
|
|
406 | (8) |
|
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Explosive Burning Processes |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Nuclide Abundance Equations |
|
|
419 | (5) |
|
Formation of the Rare Light Elements-Spallation Reactions |
|
|
424 | (5) |
|
Rapid Thermonuclear Reactions in Supernovae Explosions |
|
|
429 | (3) |
|
High Energy Particles and High Energy Radiation |
|
|
432 | (43) |
|
Creation of High Energy Particles and Energetic Radiation |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Creation of Electron-Positron Pairs by Gamma Ray Absorption in the Presence of a Nucleus |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Creation of Electron-Positron Pairs by Charged Particles |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Creation of Electron-Positron Pairs by Two Photon Collision |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Creation of μ-Meson Pairs by Gamma Rays in the Prsence of a Nucleus |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Creation of Recoil (Knock-on) Electrons by Charged Particle Collision |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Creation of Photons by Electron-Positron Annihilation |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Creation of π-Mesons, μ-Mesons, Positrons, Electrons, Photons, and Neutrinos by Nuclear Interaction |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Emission of a High Energy Photon by the Inverse Compton Effect |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
High Energy Photon Emission by the Bremsstrahlung of a Relativistic Electron or Muon |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Photon Emission by the Synchrotron Radiation of a Relativistic Electron (Magnetobremsstrahlung) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Photon Emission from Nuclear Reactions |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Energetic Particles and Radiation from Solar Flares |
|
|
440 | (13) |
|
Energy Loss Mechanisms for High Energy Particles and High Energy Radiation |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Charged Particle Energy Loss by Ionization |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
Electron Energy Loss by Bremsstrahlung |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Electron Energy Loss by Compton Scattering-The Inverse Compton Effect |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Electron Energy Loss by Synchrotron (Magneto-Bremsstrahlung) Radiation |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Photon Energy Loss by the Photoelectric Effect, Compton Scattering, and Pair Formation |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
The Origin of High Energy Particles |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Ray Electrons, Protons, and Positrons |
|
|
460 | (6) |
|
Acceleration Mechanisms for High Energy Particles |
|
|
466 | (4) |
|
The Origin of High Energy Photons |
|
|
470 | (5) |
| References Volume I |
|
475 | (98) |
| Author Index Volume I |
|
573 | (18) |
| Subject Index Volume I |
|
591 | (272) |
|
Space, Time, Matter, and Cosmology |
|
|
1 | (318) |
|
|
|
1 | (23) |
|
Location on the Earth's Surface |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
The Celestial Sphere and Astronomical Coordinates |
|
|
7 | (6) |
|
Transformation of Astronomical Coordinates |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
Precession, Nutation, Aberration, and Refraction |
|
|
15 | (9) |
|
|
|
24 | (45) |
|
Distance of the Sun, Moon, and Planets |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Distance to the Nearby Stars-Trigonometric Parallax |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
Distance to the Nearby Stars-Stellar Motions |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Apparent and Absolute Luminosity |
|
|
29 | (8) |
|
Absolute Luminosity of Variable Stars |
|
|
37 | (5) |
|
Kinematic Distance and Galactic Structure |
|
|
42 | (5) |
|
Luminosity, Distance, Luminosity Function, and Mass Density of Galaxies |
|
|
47 | (11) |
|
The Hubble Constant and the Expanding Universe |
|
|
58 | (8) |
|
Extragalactic Distances and Cosmological Models |
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
|
|
69 | (45) |
|
International Atomic Time (TAI) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Julian Date, Tropical Year, Synodic Month, and Calendars |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
Sidereal Time (ST), or Star Time |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Universal Time (UT), or Sun Time, Time Zones and the Equation of Time |
|
|
74 | (4) |
|
Variation in the Earth's Rotation |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
Relations Between Sidereal Time and Universal Time |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
Age of the Earth, Moon, and Meteorites |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
Age of the Sun, Stars, and Star Clusters |
|
|
85 | (17) |
|
Nucleochronology and the Age of Our Galaxy |
|
|
102 | (5) |
|
Approximate Expansion Age of the Universe |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
Expansion Age from Cosmological Models |
|
|
109 | (5) |
|
|
|
114 | (31) |
|
Inertial Mass, Gravitational Mass and the Newtonian Gravitational Constant |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
Mass of the Sun, Earth, Moon, and Planets |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
Mass and Mass Loss of Stars |
|
|
118 | (5) |
|
Mass of Galaxies-Light Emitting Regions |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Mass of Galaxies-Beyond the Luminous Boundaries |
|
|
125 | (11) |
|
|
|
136 | (9) |
|
Relativity and Its Consequences |
|
|
145 | (40) |
|
Formulae of General Relativity |
|
|
145 | (4) |
|
Tests of the Special and General Theories of Relativity |
|
|
149 | (20) |
|
|
|
169 | (9) |
|
|
|
178 | (7) |
|
Compact Objects and Accretion Power |
|
|
185 | (43) |
|
White Dwarf Stars, Neutron Stars, Pulsars, X-ray Binaries, and Accretion |
|
|
185 | (12) |
|
Black Holes-Theory and Observation |
|
|
197 | (17) |
|
Radio Galaxies, Quasars, Superluminal Motions, Active Galactic Nuclei, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galactic Micro-Quasars |
|
|
214 | (14) |
|
|
|
228 | (91) |
|
The Homogeneous and Isotropic Universes |
|
|
228 | (6) |
|
|
|
234 | (6) |
|
Classical Tests of Cosmological Models |
|
|
240 | (9) |
|
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe |
|
|
249 | (20) |
|
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation |
|
|
269 | (8) |
|
The Shape, Structure, Contnet, and Formation of the Universe |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Distribution of Galaxies in Space and Time |
|
|
277 | (12) |
|
Large-Scale Peculiar Motions of the Galaxies |
|
|
289 | (8) |
|
Ripples in the Background Radiation |
|
|
297 | (5) |
|
Formation of Structure in the Universe |
|
|
302 | (8) |
|
Using Invisible Matter to Force Formation |
|
|
310 | (9) |
| References Volume II |
|
319 | (76) |
| Author Index Volume II |
|
395 | (14) |
| Subject Index Volume II |
|
409 | |
