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E-grāmata: Atlas of Anatomy of the peripheral nerves: The Nerves of the Limbs - Expert Edition

Philippe Rigoard

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2021
Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9783030491796

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2021
Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9783030491796

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This book focuses on the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. Using the latest 3D-computer graphic modeling techniques, the author developed the innovative NEURO 3D LOCATORTM concept, which provides 3D in-vivo ultrasound images of peripheral nerve architectures, allowing readers to develop a mental real-time 3D GPS of the peripheral nervous system. 

This new edition is an extended version of the “Student edition” dedicated to Experts and is divided into three main parts: The first part describes fundamental concepts, from immunohistochemistry to limb innervation, and includes a detailed evaluation of the morphofunctional anatomy of the peripheral nerves. It also presents relevant data on neuromuscular transmission, from both classic and recent literature, to enable readers to gain an understanding the physiology and pathology of peripheral nerves as well as the prospects of repair. The second section addresses the upper limb, the brachial plexus and related peripheral nerves, while the third section focuses on the lower limb, the lumbosacral plexus and related peripheral nerves.

By providing MRI sections related to the drawings and the descriptions of main nerve injuries, it facilitates radiological interpretation and clinical learning. The book also features detailed descriptions of surgical approaches and the ultrasound anatomy of the limbs, and includes supplementary material on applications to peripheral nerve stimulation, surgical procedures and interventional pain medicine techniques.

Presenting high-quality 3D videos showing the progression of the ultrasound probe in real-time, synchronized with live ultrasound views and enhanced with anatomical computerized graphic layers, as well as over 500 outstanding full-color 2D and 3D illustrations, and access to than 100 practical videos, this unique book is a valuable resource for anesthesiologists, radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neuromodulators, physiatrists, pain physicians and rheumatologists. It will also appeal to the medical community in general.

Part I Morphological and Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerve

The Normal Nerve

(12)

Morpho-Functional Anatomy

(1)

General Organization of the Peripheral Nerve

(2)

The Structure and Physiology of the Nerves

(1)

Axon

(1)

Cytoskeleton

(1)

Axonal Flow

(2)

Schwann Cell and Myelination

(1)

Mechanical Properties of the Nerves

(1)

Vascularization of the Peripheral Nerves

(2)

Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission

(2)

Main Mechanisms of Synaptic Formation

(2)

The Injured Nerve

(10)

Physiology of the Damaged Nerve

(1)

Pathophysiological Mechanisms

(2)

Nerve Degeneration

(2)

Mechanisms of Neural Repair

(1)

Axonal Sprouting

(2)

Neurotrophic Factors

(1)

Potential Functional Consequences

(1)

Functional Regeneration

(1)

Neuroplasticity

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

The Plexus

(16)

Data Learned from Embryology

(1)

Embryological Development of the Peripheral Nerves

(1)

Growth of Precursor Cells

(1)

Development of Segmental Spinal Nerves

(1)

Basal Lamina and Alar Lamina

(1)

Peripheral Nerve Pathways

(1)

Formation of the Myelin Sheath

(2)

Development of the Innervation of Limbs

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Notion of Motor Innervation

(1)

Notion of Cutaneous Innervation

(2)

Innervation of the Limbs in Adults

(1)

Origin and Constitution of the Limb Nerves

(4)

The Notion of Plexus

(2)

Bibliography

(6)

Part II Nerves of the Upper Limb

The Brachial Plexus

(22)

The Brachial Plexus

(2)

Morphological Data

(1)

The Brachial Plexus Relations

(2)

At the Supraclavicular Level

(1)

At the Infraclavicular Level

(4)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

(6)

Interventional Procedure

(1)

Neurostimulation of the Brachial Plexus

(1)

Interscalenic Track

(1)

Installation

(1)

Equipment and Location

(2)

Procedure

(2)

Supraclavicular Pathway

(1)

Installation

(1)

Equipment and Location

(1)

Procedure

(2)

Bibliography

(2)

The Axillary Nerve

(26)

Peripheral Branches

(4)

Morphological Data

(1)

Origin

(1)

Path

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

(1)

Collateral Branches

(1)

Terminal Branches

(8)

Motor Function

(1)

Sensitive Function

(1)

Anastomoses

(2)

Pathology

(1)

Aetiology

(1)

Clinical Significance

(1)

Clinical Forms

(1)

Explorations

(1)

Treatment

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

(1)

Installation

(1)

Equipment and Ultrasound Tracking

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

(4)

Interventional Procedure

(1)

Infiltration/Block Test

(1)

Indication

(1)

Out-of-Plane Technique

(1)

In-Plane Technology

(1)

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

(2)

Surgical Procedure

(1)

Surgical Indications

(1)

Surgical Approaches

(1)

Skin Incision

(1)

Nervous Exposure

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

(4)

The Musculocutaneous Nerve

(30)

Morphological Data

(1)

Origin

(1)

Path

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

(6)

Collateral Branches

(1)

Terminal Branches

(1)

Motor Function

(1)

Sensitive Function

(1)

Anastomoses

(9)

Pathology

103

(1)

Aetiology

103

(1)

Clinical Signs

103

(1)

Explorations

103

(1)

Treatment

103

(3)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

106

(1)

Installation

106

(1)

Equipment and Location

106

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

106

(6)

Interventional Procedure

112

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

112

(1)

Indication

112

(1)

In-Plane Technology

112

(1)

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS)

112

(2)

Surgical Procedure

114

(1)

Surgical Indications

114

(1)

Surgical Approaches

114

(1)

Skin Incision

114

(1)

Nervous Exposure

114

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

114

(4)

The Radial Nerve

118

(34)

Morphological Data

118

(1)

Origin

118

(1)

Path

118

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

118

(6)

Collateral Branches

124

(1)

Terminal Branches

124

(1)

Motor Function

124

(4)

Sensitive Function

128

(1)

Anastomoses

128

(6)

Pathology

134

(1)

Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome

134

(1)

Aetiology

134

(1)

Clinical Signs

134

(1)

Clinical Forms

134

(1)

Explorations

134

(1)

Treatment

134

(10)

Interventional Procedure

144

(1)

PNS

144

(2)

Surgical Procedure

146

(1)

Surgical Indications

146

(1)

Surgical Approaches

146

(1)

On the Arm

146

(2)

At the Elbow

148

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

148

(4)

The Median Nerve

152

(42)

Morphological Data

152

(1)

Origin

152

(1)

Path

152

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

152

(10)

Collateral Branches

162

(1)

Terminal Branches

162

(1)

Motor Function

162

(1)

Sensitive Function

162

(1)

Anastomoses

162

(10)

Pathology

172

(1)

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome

172

(1)

Aetiology

172

(1)

Clinical Significance

172

(1)

Explorations

172

(1)

Treatment

172

(1)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

172

(2)

Clinical Signs

174

(1)

Anatomical Atypias

174

(1)

Clinical Atypias

174

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

174

(1)

Treatment

174

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

176

(1)

Installation

176

(1)

Equipment and Location

176

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

176

(4)

Interventional Procedure

180

(2)

Ultrasound Pathology

182

(2)

Surgical Procedure

184

(1)

Surgical Approaches

184

(1)

Skin Incision

184

(1)

On the Arm

184

(1)

At the Elbow

184

(2)

At the Forearm

186

(2)

By Hand

188

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

188

(2)

Surgical Pathology

190

(2)

Electronic Supplementary Material

192

(2)

The Ulnar Nerve

194

(48)

Morphological Data

194

(1)

Origin

194

(10)

Neurovascular Relations

204

(1)

Collateral Branches

204

(1)

Terminal Branches

204

(1)

Motor Function

204

(1)

Sensitive Function

204

(1)

Anastomoses

204

(10)

Pathology

214

(1)

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

214

(1)

Aetiology

214

(1)

Clinical Significance

214

(1)

Clinical Forms

214

(1)

Explorations

214

(2)

Treatment

216

(1)

Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome (Guyon's Canal)

216

(1)

Aetiology

216

(1)

Clinical Signs

216

(1)

Clinical Forms

216

(1)

Explorations

216

(1)

Treatment

216

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

218

(1)

Installation

218

(1)

Equipment and Location

218

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

218

(12)

Interventional Procedure

230

(1)

Anaesthetic Block of the Ulnar Nerve in the Elbow (Figure U34a)

230

(1)

Anaesthetic Block of the Ulnar Nerve in the Ulnar Canal (Figure U34b)

230

(2)

Ulnar Nerve PNS

232

(2)

Surgical Procedure

234

(1)

Surgical Approaches

234

(1)

On the Arm

234

(1)

At the Elbow

234

(2)

At the Forearm

236

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

236

(2)

By Hand

238

(1)

Main Technical Trap

238

(4)

The Suprascapular Nerve

242

(24)

Morphological Data

242

(1)

Origin

242

(1)

Path

242

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

242

(1)

Collateral Branches

242

(1)

Terminal Branches

242

(1)

Motor Function

242

(1)

Pathologies

242

(1)

Aetiology

242

(1)

Clinical Significance

242

(3)

Explorations

245

(1)

Treatment

245

(3)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

248

(1)

Installation

248

(1)

Equipment and Location

248

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

248

(1)

Interventional Procedure

249

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

250

(1)

RFP

250

(1)

PNS

250

(2)

Surgical Procedure

252

(1)

Surgical Approaches

252

(1)

Skin Incision

252

(1)

Nervous Exposure

252

(2)

The Long Thoracic Nerve

254

(1)

Morphological Data

254

(1)

Origin

254

(1)

Path

254

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

254

(1)

Terminal Branches

254

(1)

Motor Function

254

(3)

Pathologies

257

(1)

Aetiology

257

(1)

Clinical Significance

257

(1)

Treatment

257

(2)

Bibliography

259

(7)

Part III Nerves of the Lower Limb

The Lumbosacral Plexus

266

(14)

Morphological Data

266

(1)

The Lumbar Plexus

266

(2)

The Sacral Plexus

268

(12)

The Obturator Nerve

280

(182)

Peripheral Branches

276

(4)

Morphological Data

280

(1)

Origin

280

(1)

Path

280

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

280

(8)

Collateral Branches

288

(1)

Terminal Branches

288

(1)

Motor Function

288

(1)

Sensitive Function

288

(1)

Anastomoses

288

(6)

Pathology

294

(1)

Obturator Neuralgia

294

(1)

Aetiology

294

(1)

Clinical Significance

294

(1)

Explorations

294

(1)

Treatment

294

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

296

(1)

Installation

296

(1)

Equipment and Location

296

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

296

(4)

Interventional Procedure

300

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

300

(1)

Indication

300

(1)

Technique

300

(1)

PNS

300

(1)

RFP

300

(2)

Surgical Procedure

302

(1)

Surgical Indications

302

(1)

Skin Incision

302

(1)

Nervous Exposure

302

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

302

(6)

The Femoral Nerve

308

(1)

Morphological Data

308

(1)

Origin

308

(1)

Path

308

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

308

(1)

Collateral Branches

308

(6)

Terminal Branches

314

(1)

Motor Function

314

(1)

Sensitive Function

314

(1)

Anastomoses

314

(6)

Pathology

320

(1)

Femoral Nerve Syndrome or Femoral Neuralgia

320

(1)

Aetiology

320

(1)

Clinical Significance

320

(1)

Explorations

320

(1)

Treatment

320

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

322

(1)

Installation

322

(1)

Equipment and Location

322

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

322

(4)

Interventional Procedure

326

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

326

(1)

Indications

326

(1)

Technique

326

(1)

PNS

326

(1)

RFP

326

(2)

Morphological Data: Sonoanatomy

328

(1)

Installation

328

(1)

Equipment and Location

328

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

328

(4)

Interventional Procedure

332

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

332

(1)

Indication

332

(1)

Technique

332

(1)

PNS

332

(1)

Indications

332

(1)

Technique

332

(1)

RFP

332

(1)

Indication

332

(1)

Technique

332

(4)

Surgical Procedure

336

(1)

Surgical Indications

336

(1)

At the Femoral Trigone

336

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

336

(4)

The Sciatic Nerve

340

(1)

Morphological Data

340

(1)

Origin

340

(1)

Path

340

(6)

Neurovascular Relations

346

(1)

Collateral Branches

346

(1)

Terminal Branches

346

(1)

Motor Function

346

(1)

Sensitive Function

346

(1)

Anastomoses

346

(10)

Pathology

356

(1)

Aetiology

356

(1)

Clinical Significance

356

(1)

Clinical Forms

356

(1)

Explorations

356

(1)

Treatment

356

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

358

(1)

Installation

358

(1)

Equipment and Location

358

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

358

(1)

Piriformis Syndrome

358

(6)

Interventional Procedure

364

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

364

(1)

Indication

364

(1)

Technique

364

(1)

PNS

364

(1)

Technique

364

(2)

Surgical Procedure

366

(1)

Surgical Indications

366

(1)

Surgical Approaches

366

(1)

On the Buttock

366

(2)

At the Thigh

368

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

368

(4)

The Tibial Nerve

372

(1)

Morphological Data

372

(1)

Origin

372

(1)

Path

372

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

372

(8)

Collateral Branches

380

(1)

Terminal Branches

380

(1)

Motor Function

380

(1)

Sensitive Function

380

(1)

Anastomoses

380

(6)

Pathology

386

(1)

Soleus Syndrome

386

(1)

Aetiology

386

(1)

Clinical Significance

386

(1)

Explorations

386

(1)

Treatment

386

(2)

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

388

(1)

Aetiology

388

(1)

Clinical Significance

388

(1)

Clinical Forms

388

(1)

Explorations

388

(1)

Treatment

388

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Jyu Installation

390

(1)

Equipment and Location

390

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

390

(4)

Interventional Procedure

394

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

394

(1)

Infiltration at the Proximal Part of the Tibial Nerve

394

(1)

Technique

394

(1)

Indication

394

(1)

Technique

394

(2)

RFP

396

(1)

PNS

396

(2)

Sural Nerve

398

(1)

Installation

398

(1)

Equipment and Location

398

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

398

(2)

InfiltrationyTest Block

400

(1)

Indications

400

(1)

Technique

400

(1)

RFP

400

(2)

Surgical Procedure

402

(1)

Surgical Indications

402

(1)

In the Leg

402

(1)

Skin Incision

402

(1)

Nervous Exposure

402

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

402

(2)

Surgical Indications

404

(1)

At the Ankle

404

(1)

Skin Incision

404

(1)

Nervous Exposure

404

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

404

(4)

The Fibular Nerve

408

(1)

Morphological Data

408

(1)

Origin

408

(1)

Path

408

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

408

(1)

Collateral Branches

408

(6)

Terminal Branches

414

(1)

Motor Function

414

(1)

Sensitive Function

414

(1)

Anastomoses

414

(6)

Pathology

420

(1)

Fibular Nerve Injury

420

(1)

Aetiology

420

(1)

Clinical Significance

420

(1)

Clinical Forms

420

(1)

Explorations

420

(1)

Treatment

420

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

422

(1)

Installation

422

(1)

Equipment and Location

422

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

422

(1)

Identification of the Common Fibular Nerve in the Cervix

422

(2)

Deep Fibular Nerve

424

(1)

Installation

424

(1)

Equipment and Location

424

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

424

(1)

Superficial Fibular Nerve

424

(1)

Installation

424

(1)

Equipment and Location

424

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

424

(8)

Interventional Procedure

432

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block at the Fibula Neck

432

(1)

Technique

432

(1)

Surgical PNS Implantation at the Fibula Neck

432

(1)

Technique

432

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block at the Tarsal Tunnel

432

(1)

Indication

432

(1)

Technique

432

(1)

RFP

432

(2)

Surgical Procedure

434

(1)

Surgical Indications

434

(1)

In the Leg

434

(1)

Technical Pitfalls

434

(1)

PNS by Surgery at the Fibula Neck

434

(4)

The Lateral Cutaneous Nerve

438

(1)

Morphological Data

438

(1)

Origin

438

(1)

Path

438

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

438

(1)

Terminal Branches

438

(4)

Sensitive Function

442

(2)

Pathology

444

(1)

Meralgia Paraesthetica

444

(1)

Aetiology

444

(1)

Clinical Significance

444

(2)

Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy

446

(1)

Installation

446

(1)

Equipment and Location

446

(1)

Ultrasound Procedure

446

(4)

Interventional Procedure

450

(1)

Infiltration/Test Block

450

(1)

Indication

450

(1)

Technique

450

(1)

PNS

450

(1)

Indication

450

(1)

Technique

450

(1)

RFP

450

(1)

Technique

450

(2)

Surgical Procedure: Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Decompression

452

(1)

Surgical Description

452

(1)

Skin Incision

452

(1)

Nervous Exposure

452

(4)

The Other Nerves

456

(1)

The Iliohypogastric Nerve

456

(1)

Morphological Data

456

(1)

Origin

456

(1)

Path

456

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

456

(1)

Collateral Branches

456

(1)

Terminal Branches

456

(1)

Sensitive Function

456

(1)

Anastomoses

456

(2)

The Ilioinguinal Nerve

458

(1)

Morphological Data

458

(1)

Origin

458

(1)

Path

458

(1)

Neurovascular Relations

458

(1)

Terminal Branches

458

(1)

Sensitive Function

458

(2)

Pathology

460

(1)

Entrapment Neuropathies of the Ilioinguinal Nerve and of the Hypogastric Nerve

460

(1)

Aetiology

460

(1)

Clinical Significance

460

(1)

Clinical Forms

460

(1)

Treatment

460

(2)

Bibliography

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Prof. Philippe Rigoard is a spine and functional neurosurgeon and the head of the Spine & Neuromodulation Department at the Poitiers University Hospital, in France. He is also an Honorary Consultant at St Thomas & Guys Hospital, Pain clinic, in London, UK, an Anatomy conference reader at the Human Morphology Institute, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Poitiers and a Researcher at the CNRS, UPR 3346 Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Futuroscope. He is research program director of the PRISMATICS (Predictive Research In Spine & Neuromodulation Management And Thoracic Innovations In Cardiac Surgery) Lab in Poitiers. In parallel of studying anatomy and morphology at National Art Institute, Beaux-Arts, Paris, from 1994-1996, he decided to enter into medicine. He received his medical degree as 1st Laureate of faculty of Medicine, Poitiers in 2006 and completed postgraduate medical training in spine surgery 2008 and a fellowship in functional neurosurgery in 2009. From 2002-2007 he also completed his PhD of Sciences, in Poitiers as well as several degrees including in Neuromuscular Diseases, acute pain, chronic pain and pain management in emergency conditions, microsurgical techniques and surgical robotics. His main research interest is neuromodulation and spine biomechanics. He has intensive scientific collaborations with several researchers worldwide, e.g., Prof. Moens (Be), Dr. Al-Kaisy (UK), Prof. North and Prof. Slavin (USA). He is reviewer for many scientific journals and a member of several learnt societies, including the International Association for the Study of Pain, International Neuromodulation society, European Association of Neurosurgeons, French and North American Society of Spine Surgery, and has been recently elected to become member of the National Academy of Surgery. He is the actual president of the French Neuromodulation Association (SFNM) and the French chapter of the International Neuromodulation Society. He has also published dozens of journal articles, abstracts, and book chapters, and has lectured at numerous conferences and symposia worldwide.

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