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Atmospheric Chemistry: From The Surface To The Stratosphere [Hardback]

(Univ Of Oxford, Uk)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 224 pages
  • Sērija : Essential Textbooks in Chemistry
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Apr-2017
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Europe Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1786341751
  • ISBN-13: 9781786341754
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  • Hardback
  • Cena: 108,03 €
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 224 pages
  • Sērija : Essential Textbooks in Chemistry
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Apr-2017
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Europe Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1786341751
  • ISBN-13: 9781786341754
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Understanding the composition and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is essential to global ecological and environmental policy making and research. Atmospheric changes as a result of both natural and anthropogenic activity have affected many of the Earth's natural systems throughout history, some more seriously than others, and such changes are ever more evident with increases in both global warming and extreme weather events. Atmospheric Chemistry: from the Surface to the Stratosphere considers in detail the physics and chemistry of our contemporary planet, and in particular its atmosphere, explaining the chemistry and physics of the air that we breathe, that gives rise to our weather systems and climate, soaks up our pollutants and protects us from solar UV radiation.The development of the complex chemistry occurring on Earth can be explained through application of basic principles of physical chemistry, as is discussed in this book. It is therefore accessible to intermediate and advanced undergraduates of chemistry, with an interdisciplinary approach relevant to meteorologists, oceanographists, and climatologists. It also provides an ideal opportunity to bring together many different aspects of physical chemistry and demonstrate their relevance to the world we live in.This book was written in conjunction with Astrochemistry: From the Big Bang to the Present Day, Claire Vallance (2017) Grant Ritchie, @World Scientific Publishing.
Preface v
About the Author vii
Acknowledgements ix
List of Figures
xv
List of Tables
xxi
1 The Physical and Chemical Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere
1(42)
1.1 Structure of the Atmosphere
3(6)
1.1.1 The Troposphere
4(1)
1.1.2 The Stratosphere
5(1)
1.1.3 The Upper Layers of the Atmosphere
6(3)
1.2 Atmospheric Pressure: The Hydrostatic Equation, Mixing Ratios, and Moisture
9(6)
1.2.1 The Hydrostatic Equation
9(2)
1.2.2 Mixing Ratios and Column Abundances
11(1)
1.2.3 Water in the Atmosphere
12(3)
1.3 Atmospheric Temperature Profiles
15(6)
1.3.1 The Tropospheric Temperature Profile: The Adiabatic Lapse Rate
15(3)
1.3.2 The Potential Temperature
18(1)
1.3.3 The Stratospheric Temperature Profile
19(2)
1.4 The Vertical Stability of the Atmosphere: Buoyancy and Turbulence
21(6)
1.4.1 Buoyancy
21(3)
1.4.2 Turbulence
24(3)
1.5 Horizontal Transport: Winds and Circulation
27(3)
1.6 Chemical Kinetics in the Atmosphere
30(7)
1.6.1 Atmospheric Lifetimes
30(3)
1.6.2 Physical Loss Processes
33(1)
1.6.3 Bimolecular and Termolecular Chemical Reactions
34(3)
1.7 Summary
37(1)
1.8 Questions
37(6)
1.8.1 Essay-style Questions
37(1)
1.8.2 Problems
38(5)
2 Radiation in the Atmosphere
43(40)
2.1 The Solar Spectrum and Its Attenuation by the Atmosphere
44(4)
2.1.1 The Black Body Model
44(1)
2.1.2 The Solar Spectrum
45(1)
2.1.3 O3 and O2 Absorption Spectra
46(1)
2.1.3.1 O2 absorption
46(1)
2.1.3.2 O3 absorption
47(1)
2.2 Theory of Absorption and Scattering by Atmospheric Gases and Particles
48(10)
2.2.1 Absorption and Scattering by Gases
48(1)
2.2.1.1 Refractive Index
48(1)
2.2.1.2 Absorption
49(2)
2.2.1.3 Scattering
51(2)
2.2.2 Absorption and Scattering by Particles
53(2)
2.2.3 Calculation of Photolysis Rates
55(3)
2.3 The Greenhouse Effect
58(13)
2.3.1 The Balanced Flux Model
60(3)
2.3.2 Single Layer Atmosphere Radiative Model
63(2)
2.3.3 The Relative Effectiveness of Different GHGs
65(2)
2.3.4 Absorption Lineshapes and Saturation
67(4)
2.4 Global Energy Balance and Radiative Forcing
71(7)
2.4.1 The Global Radiation and Energy Balance
71(2)
2.4.2 Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks
73(5)
2.5 Questions
78(5)
2.5.1 Essay-style Questions
78(1)
2.5.2 Problems
79(4)
3 Stratospheric Chemistry
83(36)
3.1 The Chapman Cycle: Ox on Its Own
84(7)
3.1.1 Odd Oxygen
84(4)
3.1.2 The Photolysis of O2 and the Chapman Layer
88(1)
3.1.3 Measuring the O3 Distribution: Remote Sounding
89(2)
3.2 Stratospheric Ozone Loss: HOx, NOx, and CIOx Gas-phase Chemistry
91(13)
3.2.1 Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx
92(3)
3.2.2 Oxides of Hydrogen, HOx
95(2)
3.2.3 CIOx Chemistry
97(4)
3.2.4 Bromine Chemistry
101(1)
3.2.5 Summary of the Catalytic Cycles
102(2)
3.3 The Ozone Hole: The Importance of Heterogeneous Chemistry
104(8)
3.3.1 O3 Column Amounts over the Antarctic
104(2)
3.3.2 Explaining Polar Ozone Losses
106(6)
3.4 Future of Stratospheric Ozone Due to Cooling by Climate Change
112(1)
3.5 Questions
113(6)
3.5.1 Essay-style Questions
113(1)
3.5.2 Problems
114(5)
4 Tropospheric Chemistry
119(30)
4.1 Tropospheric Photochemistry of Ozone and the O(1D) Radical
120(3)
4.2 The OH Radical: The Atmosphere's Detergent
123(4)
4.2.1 Reaction of OH with CO
124(1)
4.2.2 Reaction of OH with CH4
125(2)
4.3 Field Measurements of OH and HO2
127(2)
4.4 Nitrogen Oxides and the Production of Tropospheric Ozone
129(3)
4.5 Oxidation Chemistry at Night
132(5)
4.6 NOx Reservoirs and Transporters: PAN
137(1)
4.7 Photochemical Smog
138(5)
4.8 Questions
143(6)
4.8.1 Essay-like Questions
143(1)
4.8.2 Problems
144(5)
5 Aerosols and Heterogeneous Reactions
149(38)
5.1 The Aerosol Size Distribution
149(4)
5.2 Aerosol Composition
153(4)
5.3 Aerosols and the Formation of Clouds
157(12)
5.3.1 The Vapour Pressure of Water Droplets: Kelvin's Equation
157(2)
5.3.2 Water Vapour and Aerosols: Hygroscopic Growth
159(2)
5.3.3 The Role of Solute in Cloud Formation: Raoult's Law
161(1)
5.3.4 Kohler Curves
162(2)
5.3.5 Rates of Droplet Growth
164(5)
5.4 The Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds, and their Effects on Climate
169(3)
5.5 Reactions of Gases with Particles
172(7)
5.5.1 Partitioning of Soluble Gases into Droplets
172(3)
5.5.2 Heterogeneous Reactions on Droplets
175(4)
5.6 Impact of Aerosols on Health and Air Quality
179(1)
5.7 Summary
180(1)
5.8 Questions
181(6)
5.8.1 Essay-style Questions
181(1)
5.8.2 Problems
181(6)
Appendix A The Hydrostatic Equation 187(2)
Appendix B The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate 189(4)
Answers to Numerical Problems 193(2)
Index 195