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Atmospheric Radiation: A Primer with Illustrative Solutions [Hardback]

(Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA), (Texas A & M University, College Station, USA)
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Atmospheric Radiation: A Primer with Illustrative SolutionsPalielināt
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A first-look at radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres with a particular focus on the Earth's atmosphere and climate. The textbook covers the basics of the radiative transfer of sunlight, treating absorption and scattering, and the transfer of the thermal infrared appropriate for local thermodynamic equilibrium, absorption and emission.

This textbook is a first-look at radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres with a particular focus on the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It covers the basics of the radiative transfer of sunlight, treating absorption and scattering, and the transfer of the thermal infrared. The examples included show how the solutions of the radiative transfer equation are used to evaluate changes in the Earth s energy budget due to changes in atmospheric composition, how these changes lead to climate change, and also how remote sensing can be used to probe the thermal structure and composition of planetary atmospheres. The examples motivate students by leading them to a better understanding of and appreciation for the computer-generated numerical results.
Aimed at upper-division undergraduates and beginning graduate students in physics and atmospheric sciences, the book is designed to cover the essence of the material in a 10-week course, while the material in the optional sections will facilitate its use at the more leisurely pace and in-depth focus of a semester course.
Preface ix
1 The Earth's Energy Budget and Climate Change
1(40)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Radiative Heating of the Atmosphere
2(1)
1.3 Global Energy Budget
3(3)
1.4 The Window-Gray Approximation and the Greenhouse Effect
6(2)
1.5 Climate Sensitivity and Climate Feedbacks
8(4)
1.6 Radiative Time Constant
12(2)
1.7 Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere
14(5)
1.8 Radiation and the Earth's Mean Temperature Profile
19(13)
1.9 The Spatial Distribution of Radiative Heating and Circulation
32(3)
1.10 Summary and Outlook
35(6)
References
39(2)
2 Radiation and Its Sources
41(24)
2.1 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
41(1)
2.2 Radiation from an Oscillating Dipole, Radiance, and Radiative Flux
42(5)
2.3 Radiometry
47(3)
2.4 Blackbody Radiation: Light as a Photon
50(7)
2.5 Incident Sunlight
57(8)
References
63(2)
3 Transfer of Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere
65(20)
3.1 Cross Sections
65(3)
3.2 Scattering Cross Section and Scattering Phase Function
68(3)
3.3 Elementary Principles of Light Scattering
71(6)
3.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer
77(3)
3.5 Radiative Transfer Equations for Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
80(5)
References
82(3)
4 Solutions to the Equation of Radiative Transfer
85(64)
4.1 Introduction
85(1)
4.2 Formal Solution to the Equation of Radiative Transfer
86(2)
4.3 Solution for Thermal Emission
88(5)
4.4 Infrared Fluxes and Heating Rates
93(9)
4.5 Formal Solution for Scattering and Absorption
102(1)
4.6 Single Scattering Approximation
103(7)
4.7 Fourier Decomposition of the Radiative Transfer Equation
110(2)
4.8 The Legendre Series Representation and the Eddington Approximation
112(9)
4.9 Adding Layers in the Eddington Approximation
121(2)
4.10 Adding a Surface with a Nonzero Albedo in the Eddington Approximation
123(1)
4.11 Clouds in the Thermal Infrared
124(2)
4.12 Optional Separation of Direct and Diffuse Radiances
126(1)
4.13 Optional Separating the Diffusely Scattered Light from the Direct Beam in the Eddington and Two-Stream Approximations
127(3)
4.14 Optional The δ-Eddington Approximation
130(5)
4.15 Optional The Discrete Ordinate Method and DISORT
135(3)
4.16 Optional Adding-Doubling Method
138(2)
4.17 Optional Monte Carlo Simulations
140(9)
References
146(3)
5 Treatment of Molecular Absorption in the Atmosphere
149(36)
5.1 Spectrally Averaged Transmissions
149(2)
5.2 Molecular Absorption Spectra
151(4)
5.3 Positions and Strengths of Absorption Lines within Vibration-Rotation Bands
155(4)
5.4 Shapes of Absorption Lines
159(3)
5.5 Doppler Broadening and the Voigt Line Shape
162(1)
5.6 Average Absorptivity for a Single, Weak Absorption Line
163(1)
5.7 Average Absorptivity for a Single, Strong, Pressure-Broadened Absorption Line
164(2)
5.8 Treatment of Inhomogeneous Atmospheric Paths
166(3)
5.9 Average Transmissivities for Bands of Nonoverlapping Absorption Lines
169(2)
5.10 Approximate Treatments of Average Transmissivities for Overlapping Lines
171(6)
5.11 Exponential Sum-Fit and Correlated k-Distribution Methods
177(5)
5.12 Treatment of Overlapping Molecular Absorption Bands
182(3)
References
184(1)
6 Absorption of Solar Radiation by the Earth's Atmosphere and Surface
185(18)
6.1 Introduction
185(1)
6.2 Absorption of UV and Visible Sunlight by Ozone
186(5)
6.3 Absorption of Sunlight by Water Vapor
191(12)
References
201(2)
7 Simplified Estimates of Emission
203(16)
7.1 Introduction
203(1)
7.2 Emission in the 15 μm Band of CO2
203(6)
7.3 Change in Emitted Flux due to Doubling of CO2
209(4)
7.4 Changes in Stratospheric Emission and Temperature Caused by a Doubling of CO2
213(2)
7.5 Afterthoughts
215(4)
References
217(2)
Appendix A Useful Physical and Geophysical Constants
219(2)
Appendix B Solving Differential Equations
221(4)
B.1 Simple Integration
221(1)
B.2 Integration Factor
221(2)
B.3 Second Order Differential Equations
223(2)
Appendix C Integrals of the Planck Function
225(2)
Appendix D Random Model Summations of Absorption Line Parameters for the Infrared Bands of Carbon Dioxide
227(4)
Reference
229(2)
Appendix E Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Cross Sections of Ozone
231(2)
References
231(2)
Index 233
Professor James Coakley received his degrees in Physics: B.S. (1968) UCLA, and MA (1970) and PhD (1972) Berkeley. He entered the atmospheric sciences in 1972 as a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Advanced Study Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and stayed at NCAR in various staff scientist positions until moving to Oregon State University in 1988 where he is currently a Professor of Atmospheric Sciences in the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences. His research focuses on the problem of climate change and in particular on the remote sensing of aerosol and cloud properties from satellites, and the effects of aerosols and clouds on the Earth's energy budget and climate. Dr. Coakley is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has served on editorial advisory board for Tellus, as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research, and as Editor for the Journal of Climate. He has also served on various panels for the National Research Council and as a member for two of the Council's standing committees: Meteorological Analysis, Prediction, and Research and Climate Research.

Professor Ping Yang received the B.S. (theoretical physics) and M.S. (atmospheric physics) degrees from Lanzhou, China, in 1985 and 1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in meteorology from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA, in 1995. He is currently a professor and the holder of the David Bullock Harris Chair in Geosciences, the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. His research interests cover the areas of remote sensing and radiative transfer. He has been actively conducting research in the modeling of the optical and radiative properties of clouds and aerosols, in particular, cirrus clouds, and their applications to space-borne and ground-based remote sensing. He has co-authored more than 160 peer-reviewed publications. He received a best paper award from the Climate and Radiation Branch, NASA Goddard Space Center in 2000, the U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER award in 2003, and the Dean's Distinguished Achievement Award for Faculty Research, College of Geosciences, Texas A&M University in 2004. He is a member of the MODIS Science Team and he currently serves as an associate editor for the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, and the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.