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E-grāmata: Attosecond and XUV Physics: Ultrafast Dynamics and Spectroscopy

Edited by Marc Vrakking (Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany), Edited by Thomas Schultz (Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany)

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 13-Nov-2013
Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9783527677672

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 13-Nov-2013
Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9783527677672

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This book provides fundamental knowledge in the fields of attosecond science and free electron lasers, based on the insight that the further development of both disciplines can greatly benefit from mutual exposure and interaction between the two communities.
With respect to the interaction of high intensity lasers with matter, it covers ultrafast lasers, high-harmonic generation, attosecond pulse generation and characterization. Other chapters review strong-field physics, free electron lasers and experimental instrumentation.
Written in an easy accessible style, the book is aimed at graduate and postgraduate students so as to support the scientific training of early stage researchers in this emerging field. Special emphasis is placed on the practical approach of building experiments, allowing young researchers to develop a wide range of scientific skills in order to accelerate the development of spectroscopic techniques and their implementation in scientific experiments.
The editors are managers of a research network devoted to the education of young scientists, and this book idea is based on a summer school organized by the ATTOFEL network.

List of Contributors

XIII

1 Attosecond and XUV Physics: Ultrafast Dynamics and Spectroscopy

(16)

Marc Vrakking

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 The Emergence of Attosecond Science

(5)

1.2.1 Attosecond Pulse Trains and Isolated Attosecond Pulses

(1)

1.2.2 Characterization of Attosecond Laser Pulses

(1)

1.2.3 Experimental Challenges in Attosecond Science

(1)

1.2.4 Attosecond Science as a Driver for Technological Developments

(1)

1.3 Applications of Attosecond Laser Pulses

(2)

1.4 Ultrafast Science Using XUV/X-ray Free Electron Lasers

(2)

1.5 The Interplay between Experiment and Theory

(1)

1.6 Conclusion and Outlook

(1)

References

(4)

Part One Laser Techniques

(160)

2 Ultrafast Laser Oscillators and Amplifiers

(18)

Uwe Morgner

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Mode-Locking and Few-Cycle Pulse Generation

(3)

2.3 High-Energy Oscillators

(2)

2.4 Laser Amplifiers

(4)

References

(8)

3 Ultrashort Pulse Characterization

(58)

Adam S. Wyatt

3.1 Motivation: Why Ultrafast Metrology?

(5)

3.1.1 Ultrafast Science: High-Speed Photography in the Extreme

(4)

3.2 Formal Description of Ultrashort Pulses

(9)

3.2.1 Sampling Theorem

(1)

3.2.2 Chronocyclic Representation of Ultrafast Pulses

(1)

3.2.3 Space-Time Coupling

(3)

3.2.4 Accuracy, Precision and Consistency

(2)

3.3 Linear Filter Analysis

(2)

3.4 Ultrafast Metrology in the Visible to Infrared

(20)

3.4.1 Temporal Correlations

(2)

3.4.2 Spectrography

(5)

3.4.3 Sonography

(1)

3.4.4 Tomography

(3)

3.4.5 Interferometry

(10)

3.5 Ultrafast Metrology in the Extreme Ultraviolet

(12)

3.5.1 Complete Characterization of Ultrashort XUV Pulses via Photoionization Spectroscopy

(6)

3.5.2 XUV Interferometry

(4)

3.6 Summary

(1)

References

(10)

4 Carrier Envelope Phase Stabilization

(40)

Vincent Crozatier

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 CEP Fundamentals

(3)

4.2.1 Time Domain Representation

(1)

4.2.2 Frequency Domain Representation

(2)

4.3 Stabilization Loop Fundamentals

(5)

4.3.1 The Noisy Source

(1)

4.3.2 Noise Detection

100

(1)

4.3.3 Open-Loop Noise Analysis

101

(1)

4.3.4 Feedback

102

(1)

4.3.5 Closed-Loop Noise Analysis

103

(1)

4.4 CEP in Oscillators

104

(11)

4.4.1 Oscillators Peculiarities

105

(2)

4.4.2 CEP Detection

107

(3)

4.4.3 Actuation

110

(5)

4.5 CEP in Amplifiers

115

(14)

4.5.1 Amplifier Peculiarities

116

(3)

4.5.2 CEP Detection

119

(4)

4.5.3 Actuation

123

(1)

4.5.4 Feedback Results

124

(2)

4.5.5 Parametric Amplification

126

(3)

4.6 Conclusion

129

(1)

References

129

(6)

5 Towards Tabletop X-Ray Lasers

135

(42)

Philippe Zeitoun

Eduardo Oliva

Thi Thu Thuy Le

Stephane Sebban

Marta Fajardo

David Ros

Pedro Velarde

5.1 Context and Objectives

135

(2)

5.2 Choice of Plasma-Based Soft X-Ray Amplifier

137

(4)

5.2.1 Basic Aspects of High Harmonic Amplification

138

(2)

5.2.2 Basic Aspects of Plasma Amplifiers

140

(1)

5.3 2D Fluid Modeling and 3D Ray Trace

141

(8)

5.3.1 ARWEN Code

142

(1)

5.3.2 Model to Obtain 2D Maps of Atomic Data

143

(6)

5.4 The Bloch-Maxwell Treatment

149

(8)

5.5 Stretched Seed Amplification

157

(13)

5.6 Conclusion

170

(1)

References

171

(6)

Part Two Theoretical Methods

177

(144)

6 Ionization in Strong Low-Frequency Fields

179

(21)

Misha Ivanov

6.1 Preliminaries

179

(1)

6.2 Speculative Thoughts

179

(2)

6.3 Basic Formalism

181

(3)

6.3.1 Hamiltonians and Gauges

181

(1)

6.3.2 Formal Solutions

182

(2)

6.4 The Strong-Field Approximation

184

(5)

6.4.1 The Volkov Propagator and the Classical Connection

185

(1)

6.4.2 Transition Amplitudes in the SFA

186

(3)

6.5 Strong-Field Ionization: Exponential vs. Power Law

189

(6)

6.5.1 The Saddle Point Approximation and the Classical Connection

190

(5)

6.6 Semiclassical Picture of High Harmonic Generation

195

(3)

6.7 Conclusion

198

(1)

References

199

(1)

7 Multielectron High Harmonic Generation: Simple Man on a Complex Plane

200

(57)

Olga Smirnova

Misha Ivanov

7.1 Introduction

201

(2)

7.2 The Simple Man Model of High Harmonic Generation (HHG)

203

(2)

7.3 Formal Approach for One-Electron Systems

205

(4)

7.4 The Lewenstein Model: Saddle Point Equations for HHG

209

(5)

7.5 Analysis of the Complex Trajectories

214

(7)

7.6 Factorization of the HHG Dipole: Simple Man on a Complex Plane

221

(6)

7.6.1 Factorization of the HHG Dipole in the Frequency Domain

222

(2)

7.6.2 Factorization of the HHG Dipole in the Time Domain

224

(3)

7.7 The Photoelectron Model of HHG: The Improved Simple Man

227

(4)

7.8 The Multichannel Model of HHG: Tackling Multielectron Systems

231

(7)

7.9 Outlook

238

(3)

7.10 Appendix A: Supplementary Derivations

241

(1)

7.11 Appendix B: The Saddle Point Method

242

(8)

7.11.1 Integrals on the Real Axis

243

(5)

7.11.2 Stationary Phase Method

248

(2)

7.12 Appendix C: Treating the Cutoff Region: Regularization of Divergent Stationary Phase Solutions

250

(1)

7.13 Appendix D: Finding Saddle Points for the Lewenstein Model

251

(2)

References

253

(4)

8 Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation

257

(36)

Armin Scrinzi

8.1 Atoms and Molecules in Laser Fields

258

(1)

8.2 Solving the TDSE

259

(7)

8.2.1 Discretization of the TDSE

260

(3)

8.2.2 Finite Elements

263

(2)

8.2.3 Scaling with Laser Parameters

265

(1)

8.3 Time Propagation

266

(3)

8.3.1 Runge-Kutta Methods

267

(1)

8.3.2 Krylov Subspace Methods

268

(1)

8.3.3 Split-Step Methods

269

(1)

8.4 Absorption of Outgoing Flux

269

(3)

8.4.1 Absorption for a One-Dimensional TDSE

270

(2)

8.5 Observables

272

(6)

8.5.1 Ionization and Excitation

272

(2)

8.5.2 Harmonic Response

274

(1)

8.5.3 Photoelectron Spectra

275

(3)

8.6 Two-Electron Systems

278

(4)

8.6.1 Very Large-Scale Grid-Based Approaches

278

(1)

8.6.2 Basis and Pseudospectral Approaches

278

(4)

8.7 Few-Electron Systems

282

(5)

8.7.1 MCTDHF: Multiconfiguration Time-Dependent Hartree-Fock

283

(2)

8.7.2 Dynamical Multielectron Effects in High Harmonic Generation

285

(2)

8.8 Nuclear Motion

287

(3)

References

290

(3)

9 Angular Distributions in Molecular Photoionization

293

(28)

Robert R. Lucchese

Danielle Dowek

9.1 Introduction

293

(4)

9.2 One-Photon Photoionization in the Molecular Frame

297

(5)

9.3 Methods for Computing Cross-Sections

302

(2)

9.4 Post-orientation MFPADs

304

(6)

9.4.1 MFPADs for Linear Molecules in the Axial Recoil Approximation

304

(2)

9.4.2 MFPADs for Nonlinear Molecules in the Axial Recoil Approximation

306

(2)

9.4.3 Breakdown of the Axial Recoil Approximation Due to Rotation

308

(1)

9.4.4 Breakdown of the Axial Recoil Approximation Due to Vibrational Motion

309

(1)

9.4.5 Electron Frame Photoelectron Angular Distributions

309

(1)

9.5 MFPADs from Concurrent Orientation in Multiphoton Ionization

310

(4)

9.6 Pre-orientation or Alignment, Impulsive Alignment

314

(1)

9.7 Conclusions

315

(1)

References

315

(6)

Part Three High Harmonic Generation and Attosecond Pulses

321

(142)

10 High-Order Harmonic Generation and Attosecond Light Pulses: An Introduction

323

(16)

Anne L'Huillier

10.1 Early Work, 1987-1993

323

(2)

10.2 Three-Step Model, 1993-1994

325

(3)

10.3 Trajectories and Phase Matching, 1995-2000

328

(3)

10.4 Attosecond Pulses 2001

331

(1)

10.5 Conclusion

332

(3)

References

335

(4)

11 Strong-Field Interactions at Long Wavelengths

339

(22)

Manuel Kremer

Cosmin I. Blaga

Anthony D. DiChiara

Stephen B. Schoun

Pierre Agostini

Louis F. DiMauro

11.1 Theoretical Background

340

(6)

11.1.1 Keldysh Picture of Ionization in Strong Fields

340

(1)

11.1.2 Classical Perspectives on Postionization Dynamics

341

(1)

11.1.3 High-Harmonic Generation

342

(1)

11.1,4 Wavelength Scaling of High-Harmonic Cutoff and Attochirp

342

(2)

11.1.5 In-situ and RABBITT Technique

344

(2)

11.2 Mid-IR Sources and Beamlines at OSU

346

(4)

11.2.1 2-p.m Source

346

(1)

11.2.2 3.6-p.m Source

347

(1)

11.2.3 OSU Attosecond Beamline

347

(1)

11.3 Strong-Field Ionization: The Single-Atom Response

348

(2)

11.4 High-Harmonic Generation

350

(6)

11.4.1 Harmonic Cutoff and Harmonic Yield

350

(2)

11.4.2 Attochirp

352

(1)

11.4.3 In-situ Phase Measurement

352

(3)

11.4.4 RABBITT Method

355

(1)

11.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

356

(1)

References

356

(5)

12 Attosecond Dynamics in Atoms

361

(34)

Giuseppe Sansone

Francesca Calegari

Matteo Lucchini

Mauro Nisoli

12.1 Introduction

361

(1)

12.2 Single-Electron Atom: Hydrogen

362

(3)

12.3 Two-Electron Atom: Helium

365

(15)

12.3.1 Electronic Wave Packets

366

(5)

12.3.2 Autoionization: Fano Profile

371

(2)

12.3.3 Two-Photon Double Ionization

373

(7)

12.4 Multielectron Systems

380

(13)

12.4.1 Neon: Dynamics of Shake-Up States

381

(3)

12.4.2 Neon: Delay in Photoemission

384

(2)

12.4.3 Argon: Fano Resonance

386

(2)

12.4.4 Krypton: Auger Decay

388

(2)

12.4.5 Krypton: Charge Oscillation

390

(1)

12.4.6 Xenon: Cascaded Auger Decay

391

(2)

References

393

(2)

13 Application of Attosecond Pulses to Molecules

395

(26)

Franck Lepine

13.1 Attosecond Dynamics in Molecules

395

(2)

13.2 State-of-the-Art Experiments Using Attosecond Pulses

397

(8)

13.2.1 Ion Spectroscopy

398

(4)

13.2.2 Electron Spectroscopy

402

(2)

13.2.3 Photo Absorption

404

(1)

13.3 Theoretical Work

405

(8)

13.3.1 Electron Dynamics in Small Molecules

405

(1)

13.3.2 Electron Dynamics in Large Molecules

406

(7)

13.4 Perspectives

413

(3)

13.4.1 Molecular Alignment and Orientation

413

(1)

13.4.2 Electron Delocalization between DNA Group Junction

414

(2)

13.4.3 Similar Dynamics in Water and Ice

416

(1)

13.4.4 More

416

(1)

13.5 Conclusion

416

(1)

References

417

(4)

14 Attosecond Nanophysics

421

(42)

Frederik Submann

Sarah L. Stebbings

Sergey Zherebtsov

Soo Hoon Chew

Mark I. Stockman

Eckart Ruhl

Ulf Kleineberg

Thomas Fennel

and Matthias F. Kling

14.1 Introduction

421

(4)

14.2 Attosecond Light-Field Control of Electron Emission and Acceleration from Nanoparticles

425

(8)

14.2.1 Imaging of the Electron Emission from Isolated Nanoparticles

426

(3)

14.2.2 Microscopic Analysis of the Electron Emission

429

(4)

14.3 Few-Cycle Pump-Probe Analysis of Cluster Plasmons

433

(6)

14.3.1 Basics of Spectral Interferometry

433

(2)

14.3.2 Oscillator Model Results for Excitation with Gaussian Pulses

435

(2)

14.3.3 Spectral Interferometry Analysis of Plasmons in Small Sodium Clusters

437

(2)

14.4 Measurements of Plasmonic Fields with Attosecond Time Resolution

439

(10)

14.4.1 Attosecond Nanoplasmonic Streaking

439

(2)

14.4.2 The Regimes of APS Spectroscopy

441

(1)

14.4.3 APS Spectroscopy of Collective Electron Dynamics in Isolated Nanoparticles

442

(2)

14.4.4 Attosecond Nanoscope

444

(2)

14.4.5 Experimental Implementation of the Attosecond Nanoscope

446

(3)

14.5 Nanoplasmonic Field-Enhanced XUV Generation

449

(5)

14.5.1 Tailoring of Nanoplasmonic Field Enhancement for HHG

450

(2)

14.5.2 Generation of Single Attosecond XUV Pulses in Nano-HHG

452

(2)

14.6 Conclusions and Outlook

454

(1)

References

455

(8)

Part Four Ultra Intense X-Ray Free Electron Laser Experiments

463

(136)

15 Strong-Field Interactions at EUV and X-Ray Wavelengths

465

(64)

Artem Rudenko

15.1 Introduction

465

(2)

15.2 Experimental Background

467

(6)

15.2.1 What Is a "Strong" Field?

467

(2)

15.2.2 Basic Parameters of Intense High-Frequency Radiation Sources

469

(2)

15.2.3 Detection Systems

471

(2)

15.3 Atoms and Molecules under Intense EUV Light

473

(20)

15.3.1 Two-Photon Single Ionization of Helium

473

(3)

15.3.2 Few-Photon Double Ionization of Helium and Neon

476

(9)

15.3.3 Multiple Ionization of Atoms

485

(2)

15.3.4 EUV-Induced Fragmentation of Simple Molecules

487

(6)

15.4 EUV Pump-EUV Probe Experiments

493

(6)

15.4.1 Split-and-Delay Arrangements and Characterization of the EUV Pulses

493

(2)

15.4.2 Nuclear Wave Packet Imaging in Diatomic Molecules

495

(3)

15.4.3 Isomerization Dynamics of Acetylene Cations

498

(1)

15.5 Experiments in the X-Ray Domain

499

(11)

15.5.1 Multiple Ionization of Heavy Atoms: Role of Resonant Excitations

500

(6)

15.5.2 Multiphoton Ionization of Molecules Containing High-Z Atoms

506

(4)

15.6 Summary and Outlook

510

(2)

References

512

(17)

16 Ultraintense X-Ray Interactions at the Linac Coherent Light Source

529

(28)

Linda Young

16.1 Introduction

529

(7)

16.1.1 Comparison of Ultrafast, Ultraintense Optical, and X-Ray Lasers

531

(2)

16.1.2 X-Ray Atom Interactions

533

(3)

16.2 Atomic and Molecular Response to Ultraintense X-Ray Pulses

536

(7)

16.2.1 Nonresonant High-Intensity X-Ray Phenomena

537

(3)

16.2.2 Resonant High-Intensity X-Ray Phenomena

540

(3)

16.3 Ultrafast X-Ray Probes of Dynamics

543

(1)

16.4 Characterization of LCLS Pulses

544

(2)

16.5 Outlook

546

(3)

References

549

(8)

17 Coherent Diffractive Imaging

557

(42)

Willem Boutu

Betrand Carre

Hamed Merdji

17.1 Introduction

557

(2)

17.2 Far-Field Diffraction

559

(6)

17.2.1 Optical Point of View

559

(2)

17.2.2 Born Approximation

561

(1)

17.2.3 Resolution

562

(2)

17.2.4 Comments on the Approximations

564

(1)

17.3 Source Requirements

565

(7)

17.3.1 Coherence

565

(3)

17.3.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio

568

(1)

17.3.3 Dose

569

(3)

17.3.4 Different XUV Sources Comparison

572

(1)

17.4 Solving the Phase Problem

572

(11)

17.4.1 Oversampling Method

572

(2)

17.4.2 Basics on Iterative Phasing Algorithms

574

(3)

17.4.3 Implementations of Phase Retrieval Algorithms

577

(6)

17.5 Holography

583

(7)

17.5.1 Fourier Transform Holography

583

(4)

17.5.2 HERALDO

587

(3)

17.6 Conclusions

590

(2)

References

592

(7)

Index

599

Thomas Schultz coordinates scientific aspects of the ATTOFEL network. He graduated from ETH Zurich. After receiving his PhD in Chemistry he became a visiting Visiting Fellow at the Femtosecond Research Program in the National Research Council Canada. Since 2003 He is a Project leader at the Max Born Institute in Berlin. His research explores the photochemical elementary reactions in biologically relevant systems through ionization spectroscopy of molecules and clusters.

Marc Vrakking is Scientific Director of the Attoscience Group at the Max Born Institute in Berlin, Germany. He graduated in Physics and received his PhD in Chemistry from the University of California Berkeley, USA. He was a Professor of Physics at the University of Nijmegen, NL, and has served as group leader in XUV Physics at AMOLF. In 2010 he joined the Max Born Institute, and has been appointed Professor of Physics at the Free University of Berlin.

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