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E-grāmata: Auditory Processing of Temporal Fine Structure: Effects of Age and Hearing Loss [World Scientific e-book]

(Univ Of Cambridge, Uk)
  • Formāts: 196 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Apr-2014
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9789814579667
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  • World Scientific e-book
  • Cena: 98,80 €*
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Auditory Processing of Temporal Fine Structure: Effects of Age and Hearing LossPalielināt
  • Formāts: 196 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Apr-2014
  • Izdevniecība: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9789814579667
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
World Scientific e-booksMore info about World Scientific e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9064#t=toc
The book is concerned with changes in the perception of sound that are associated with hearing loss and aging. Hearing loss affects about 7% of the population in developed countries, and the proportion is increasing as the average age of the population increases. The audiogram is the most widely used diagnostic tool in audiology clinics around the world. The audiogram involves measuring the threshold for detecting sounds of different frequencies. Sometimes the audiogram is the only diagnostic tool that is used. However, hearing problems are not completely characterized by the audiogram. Two individuals with similar audiograms may show very different abilities in the detection and discrimination of sounds at above-threshold levels. Also, a person may have hearing difficulties despite having an audiogram that is within the range conventionally considered as normal. One factor that may influence the discrimination of sounds, especially the ability to understand speech in background sounds, is sensitivity to temporal fine structure (TFS).This monograph reviews the role played by TFS in masking, pitch perception, speech perception, and spatial hearing, and concludes that cues derived from TFS play an important role in all of these. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that cochlear hearing loss reduces the ability to use TFS cues. Also, the ability to use TFS declines with increasing age even when the audiogram remains normal. This provides a new dimension to the changes in hearing associated with aging, a topic that is currently of great interest in view of the increasing proportion of older people in the population.The study of the role of TFS in auditory processing has been a hot topic in recent years. While there have been many research papers on this topic in specialized journals, there has been no overall review that pulls together the different research findings and presents and interprets them within a coherent framework. This monograph fills this gap.
Preface xi
List of Abbreviations
xiii
Chapter 1 Processing of Sound in the Auditory System and Neural Representation of Temporal Fine Structure
1(30)
1.1 Introduction and Overview
1(1)
1.2 The Representation of Signals in Terms of ENV and TFS
2(2)
1.3 Analysis of Sound in The Cochlea
4(6)
1.3.1 Basic structure of the cochlea
4(1)
1.3.2 The travelling wave and tuning
4(4)
1.3.3 Nonlinearity of input--output functions
8(1)
1.3.4 Suppression on the BM
9(1)
1.3.5 Responses of the BM to complex sounds
10(1)
1.4 The Hair Cells and Transduction in the Cochlea
10(3)
1.5 Responses of Single Neurons in the Auditory Nerve
13(5)
1.5.1 Spontaneous activity
13(1)
1.5.2 Tuning curves and iso-rate contours
14(1)
1.5.3 Rate versus level functions
15(1)
1.5.4 Phase locking
16(2)
1.6 Effects of Hearing Loss on the Processing of Sounds
18(6)
1.6.1 Effects of cochlear hearing loss on the active mechanism
19(1)
1.6.2 Effects of cochlear hearing loss on phase locking to narrowband sounds
20(2)
1.6.3 Effects of cochlear hearing loss on phase locking to broadband sounds
22(2)
1.7 Possible Ways in Which Hearing Loss and Ageing Might Affect the Neural Coding of TFS
24(7)
1.7.1 Changes in the relative phase of responses at different points along the basilar membrane
25(1)
1.7.2 Mismatch between place and temporal information
26(1)
1.7.3 Complexity of TFS information
27(1)
1.7.4 Loss of central inhibition
28(1)
1.7.5 Relative strength of ENV and TFS coding
28(1)
1.7.6 Reduced number of synapses or neurons
28(1)
1.7.7 Increased temporal jitter in the transmission to higher neural levels
29(2)
Chapter 2 The Role of TFS in Masking
31(16)
2.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.2 Detection Cues in Masking
32(1)
2.3 The Detection of Signals in Fluctuating Maskers
33(7)
2.3.1 The concept of dip listening
33(2)
2.3.2 Masking release for a narrowband fluctuating masker
35(2)
2.3.3 The role of TFS in comodulation masking release
37(3)
2.4 The Role of TFS in the Ability to Hear Out Partials in Complex Sounds
40(3)
2.5 The Role of TFS in Masking for Hearing-Impaired Listeners
43(1)
2.6 Conclusions
44(3)
Chapter 3 The Role of TFS in Pitch Perception
47(34)
3.1 Introduction
47(1)
3.2 The Perception of Pitch for Sinusoids
48(18)
3.2.1 Mechanisms of pitch perception
48(1)
3.2.2 The perception of musical intervals by subjects with normal hearing
49(1)
3.2.3 The perception of musical intervals by subjects with impaired hearing
50(1)
3.2.4 The perception of pitch and musical intervals by hearing-impaired subjects with dead regions
50(3)
3.2.5 The frequency discrimination of sinusoids by normal-hearing people
53(3)
3.2.6 The frequency discrimination of sinusoids by hearing-impaired people
56(2)
3.2.7 The effect of age on frequency discrimination
58(3)
3.2.8 The detection of frequency modulation by subjects with normal hearing
61(2)
3.2.9 The detection of frequency modulation by subjects with impaired hearing
63(2)
3.2.10 The effect of age on frequency modulation detection
65(1)
3.3 The Role of TFS for Perception of Pitch for Complex Sounds
66(11)
3.3.1 TFS and pitch perception for normal-hearing listeners
66(9)
3.3.2 TFS and pitch perception for hearing-impaired listeners
75(2)
3.4 Conclusions
77(4)
Chapter 4 The Role of TFS in Speech Perception
81(22)
4.1 Introduction
81(2)
4.2 Types of Vocoder Processing and their Pitfalls
83(6)
4.2.1 The importance of the number of channels
83(1)
4.2.2 The effect of the method of envelope extraction
84(1)
4.2.3 Processing to disrupt TFS cues while preserving ENV cues
85(1)
4.2.4 Processing to disrupt ENV cues while preserving TFS cues
86(3)
4.3 The Role of ENV and TFS for Speech Perception
89(13)
4.3.1 Studies using ENV speech
89(5)
4.3.2 Studies using TFS speech
94(4)
4.3.3 Studies examining the correlation between speech perception and the ability to use TFS
98(4)
4.4 Conclusions
102(1)
Chapter 5 The Influence of Hearing Loss and Age on the Binaural Processing of TFS
103(36)
5.1 Introduction: Binaural Cues for Localisation and Signal Detection
103(3)
5.2 Effects of Hearing Loss and Age on Localisation and Lateralisation
106(10)
5.2.1 Effects of hearing loss
106(3)
5.2.2 Effects of age
109(7)
5.3 The Effects of Hearing Loss and Age on the Perception of Binaural Pitches
116(2)
5.4 The Effects of Hearing Loss and Age on MLDs
118(5)
5.4.1 Effects of hearing loss
118(3)
5.4.2 Effects of age
121(2)
5.5 Impact of Impaired Binaural TFS Processing on Spatial Hearing for Speech
123(14)
5.6 Conclusions
137(2)
Chapter 6 Overview, Conclusions and Practical Implications
139(12)
6.1 Overview of
Chapters 1--5
139(3)
6.2 Relevance of Impaired TFS Processing for Hearing Aids
142(5)
6.2.1 Compensating for the effects of impaired TFS processing
142(1)
6.2.2 Exploiting reduced TFS sensitivity to increase battery life
142(1)
6.2.3 Exploiting reduced TFS sensitivity in the design of systems to reduce acoustic feedback
143(1)
6.2.4 Choosing compression speed based on sensitivity to TFS
144(3)
6.3 Acoustical Requirements of Places Where Hearing-Impaired and Older People Meet and Dine
147(1)
6.4 The Use of Background Sounds in Broadcasting and Films
148(1)
6.5 Conclusions
149(2)
References 151(28)
Index 179
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