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E-grāmata: Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(University of Southampton, UK), (Transportation Research Group, Faculty of Engineering & Environment, University of Southampton)
  • Formāts: 160 pages, 50 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Transportation Human Factors
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781315295657
  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Cena: 293,49 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Standarta cena: 419,27 €
  • Ietaupiet 30%
  • Formāts: 160 pages, 50 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Transportation Human Factors
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781315295657

Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver's new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Authors xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
List of Figures xxi
List of Tables xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Automobile Automation 1(8)
Introduction
1(3)
Outline of Book
4(5)
Introduction to This Book
4(1)
On the Road to Full Vehicle Automation
4(1)
Adopting a Systems Engineering View
4(1)
Exploring the Use of Verbal Protocol Analysis as a Tool to Analyse Driver Behaviour
5(1)
Using Retrospective Verbal Protocols to Explore Driver Behaviour in Emergencies
5(1)
The Effect of Systems Design on Driver Behaviour
6(1)
What Is Next for Vehicle Automation? From Design Concept through to Prototype
6(1)
Discovering Driver-Vehicle Coordination Problems in Early-Stage System Development
6(1)
Driver-Initiated Design: An Approach to Keeping the Driver in Control?
7(1)
Distributed Cognition in the Road Transportation Network: A Comparison of 'Current' and 'Future' Networks
7(1)
Summary of Findings and Research Approach
7(2)
Chapter 2 On the Road to Full Vehicle Automation 9(12)
Introduction
9(5)
Levels of Automation
9(2)
The Changing Role of the Driver
11(3)
Human Factors Considerations in Using Automation
14(3)
Reduced Situation Awareness
14(2)
Erratic Changes to Driver Mental Workload
16(1)
Trust, Over-Reliance and Complacency
17(1)
Skill Degradation
17(1)
Conclusions
18(3)
Future Directions
18(3)
Chapter 3 Adopting a Systems View in the Design of Automated Driving Features 21(20)
Introduction
21(1)
Distributed Cognition on the Road
21(10)
Systems Design Framework
23(8)
Phase 1 (Modelling)
23(6)
Phase 2 (Validation)
29(2)
Phase 1: An Evaluation
31(7)
Step 1: Identification of Design Concept
31(2)
Step 2: Allocation of Function
33(1)
Step 3: OSDs for Pedestrian Detection
33(5)
Discussion
38(1)
Future Directions
39(2)
Chapter 4 Exploring the Use of Verbal Protocol Analysis as a Tool to Analyse Driver Behaviour 41(14)
Introduction
41(2)
Analysing Verbal Protocols from Drivers
41(2)
Systems Design Framework Phase 2 - An Evaluation
43(10)
Method
43(5)
Participants
43(1)
Experimental Design and Procedure
44(1)
Data Reduction and Analysis
45(3)
Results
48(5)
Frequency of Observations
48(2)
Extending Performance Data with Verbalisations
50(3)
Discussion
53(1)
Practical Recommendations for Future Research
53(1)
Future Directions
54(1)
Chapter 5 Using Retrospective Verbal Protocols to Explore Driver Behaviour in Emergencies 55(14)
Introduction
55(1)
Modelling Decision Pathways Using VPA
55(11)
Method
57(3)
Participants
57(1)
Experimental Design and Procedure
57(2)
Data Reduction and Analysis
59(1)
Results
60(10)
Frequency of Links between Processing Nodes
60(1)
Network Analysis
61(5)
Discussion
66(1)
Future Directions
67(2)
Chapter 6 The Effect of Systems Design on Driver Behaviour: The Case of AEB 69(8)
Introduction
69(1)
Empirical Testing of AEB
70(4)
Method
71(1)
Results
71(8)
Accident Involvement
71(1)
Driver-Vehicle Interaction
71(3)
Discussion
74(1)
Future Directions
75(2)
Chapter 7 What Is Next for Vehicle Automation? From Design Concept through to Prototype Development 77(14)
Introduction
77(2)
Application of Systems Design Framework: Phase 1
79(9)
Step 1: Identification of Design Concept
79(2)
Step 2: Allocation of Function
81(2)
Step 3: Sequence Diagram and Quantitative Analysis
83(5)
Discussion
88(2)
Future Directions
90(1)
Chapter 8 Discovering Driver-Vehicle Coordination Problems in Early-Stage System Development 91(10)
Introduction
91(5)
Method
91(2)
Participants
91(1)
Experimental Design and Procedure
92(1)
Data Reduction and Analysis
93(1)
Results
93(3)
Thematic Analysis
93(1)
Evidence of Driver-Vehicle Coordination Problems
94(1)
Subjective Stress and Workload
95(1)
Discussion
96(3)
Practical Recommendations for Future Research
98(1)
Future Directions
99(2)
Chapter 9 Driver-Initiated Design: An Approach to Keeping the Driver in Control? 101(14)
Introduction
101(1)
Usability of Driver-Initiated Automation
101(12)
Method
102(2)
Participants
102(1)
Experimental Design and Procedure
102(2)
Data Reduction and Analysis of Observational Data
104(1)
Results
104(7)
Thematic Analysis
104(4)
Driver Trust
108(1)
Driver Workload
109(2)
Design Recommendations for Future User Needs
111(2)
Summary and Conclusions
113(2)
Chapter 10 Distributed Cognition in the Road Transportation Network: A Comparison of 'Current' and 'Future' Networks 115(14)
Introduction
115(1)
Distributed Cognition in the Transportation Network
116(4)
Identification of System Agents
116(1)
Task Network
116(3)
Social Network
119(1)
Information Network
119(1)
A Comparison of Conventional and CAV Transportation Networks
120(7)
Discussion
127(1)
Conclusions
128(1)
Chapter 11 Summary of Findings and Research Approach 129(10)
Introduction
129(1)
Novel Contributions of This Book
129(3)
Application of Distributed Cognition to Driving
129(1)
Development of a Framework to Explore Distributed Cognition
129(3)
Operator Sequence Diagrams
130(1)
Collection of Driver Verbalisations
130(1)
Network Analysis
131(1)
Driver Simulator Studies
131(1)
On-Road Trials
132(1)
Summary of Research Findings
132(2)
Objective 1: Increase the Awareness of Human Factors in the Design of Automated Aids
132(1)
Objective 2: Assess the Appropriateness of Automation Deployment and Context of Use
133(1)
Objective 3: Provide Design Guidance on Automated Features Based upon Experimental Evidence
133(1)
Future Avenues of Research
134(5)
Driver Monitoring
134(1)
Trust and Acceptance
134(2)
Travel Sickness
136(2)
Standardisation
138(1)
Closing Remarks
138(1)
References 139(18)
Index 157
Dr. Victoria A Banks is Research Fellow in Human Factors Engineering at the University of Southampton. She was recently awarded her Engineering Doctorate by the University of Southampton in 2016 and also holds a BSc Psychology (Hons) award. Her research interests include modelling, analysing and evaluating the Human Factors implications of increasing levels of autonomy on driver behaviour. She has published over 10 articles related to the field of automobile automation and, in 2014, Dr Banks was invited to speak at the Transport Select Committee Event at Southampton University, from which, she was invited to write an article for ITS International. Dr Banks has previously worked with one of the largest vehicle manufacturers in the UK and was involved with the design and development of future automated technologies.

Professor Neville Stanton, PhD, DSc, is a Chartered Psychologist, Chartered Ergonomist and Chartered Engineer. He holds the Chair in Human Factors Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton in the UK. He has degrees in Occupational Psychology, Applied Psychology and Human Factors Engineering and has worked at the Universities of Aston, Brunel, Cornell and MIT. His research interests include modelling, predicting, analysing and evaluating human performance in systems as well as designing the interfaces and interaction between humans and technology. Professor Stanton has worked on design of automobiles, aircraft, ships and control rooms over the past 30 years, on a variety of automation projects. He has published 35 books and over 270 journal papers on Ergonomics and Human Factors. In 1998 he was presented with the Institution of Electrical Engineers Divisional Premium Award for research into System Safety. The Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors in the UK awarded him The Otto Edholm Medal in 2001, The President¹s Medal in 2008 and The Sir Frederic Bartlett Medal in 2012 for his contributions to basic and applied ergonomics research. The Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him and his colleagues the Hodgson Prize in 2006 for research on design-induced, flight-deck, error published in The Aeronautical Journal.

The University of Southampton awarded him a Doctor of Science in 2014 for his sustained contribution to the development and validation of Human Factors methods.