"A runaway trolley is speeding down a track" So begins what is perhaps the most fecund thought experiment of the past several decades since its invention by Philippa Foot. Since then, moral philosophers have applied the "trolley problem" as a thought experiment to study many different ethical
conflicts - and chief among them is the programming of autonomous vehicles. Nowadays, however, very few philosophers accept that the trolley problem is a perfect analogy for driverless cars or that the situations autonomous vehicles face will resemble the forced choice of the unlucky bystander in
the original thought experiment.
This book represents a substantial and purposeful effort to move the academic discussion beyond the trolley problem to the broader ethical, legal, and social implications that autonomous vehicles present. There are still urgent questions waiting to be addressed, for example: how AVs might interact
with human drivers in mixed or "hybrid" traffic environments; how AVs might reshape our urban landscapes; what unique security or privacy concerns are raised by AVs as connected devices in the "Internet of Things"; how the benefits and burdens of this new technology, including mobility, traffic
congestion, and pollution, will be distributed throughout society; and more.
An attempt to map the landscape of these next-generation questions and to suggest preliminary answers, this volume draws on the disciplines of philosophy, sociology, economics, urban planning and transportation engineering, business ethics and more, and represents a global range of perspectives.
| Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
| Contributors |
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xiii | |
| Introduction |
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xix | |
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PART I AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND TROLLEY PROBLEMS |
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1 Ethics and Risk Distribution for Autonomous Vehicles |
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7 | (13) |
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2 Autonomous Vehicles, the Badness of Death, and Discrimination |
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20 | (21) |
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3 Automated Vehicles and the Ethics of Classification |
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41 | (17) |
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4 Trolleys and Autonomous Vehicles: New Foundations for the Ethics of Machine Learning |
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58 | (22) |
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5 The Trolley Problem and the Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles in the Eyes of the Public: Experimental Evidence |
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80 | (19) |
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6 Autonomous Vehicles in Drivers' School: A Non-Western Perspective |
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99 | (15) |
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7 Autonomous Vehicles and Normative Pluralism |
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114 | (16) |
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8 Discrimination in Algorithmic Trolley Problems |
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130 | (17) |
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PART II ETHICAL ISSUES BEYOND THE TROLLEY PROBLEM |
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9 Unintended Externalities of Highly Automated Vehicles |
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147 | (12) |
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10 The Politics of Self-Driving Cars: Soft Ethics, Hard Law, Big Business, Social Norms |
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159 | (17) |
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11 Autonomous Vehicles and Ethical Settings: Who Should Decide? |
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176 | (15) |
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12 Algorithms of Life and Death: A Utilitarian Approach to the Ethics of Self-Driving Cars |
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191 | (19) |
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13 Autonomous Vehicles, Business Ethics, and Risk Distribution in Hybrid Traffic |
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210 | (19) |
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14 An Epistemic Approach to Cultivating Appropriate Trust in Autonomous Vehicles |
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229 | (14) |
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15 How Soon Is Now?: On the Timing and Conditions for Adopting Widespread Use of Autonomous Vehicles |
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243 | (14) |
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16 The Ethics of Abuse and Unintended Consequences for Autonomous Vehicles |
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257 | (22) |
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PART III PERSPECTIVES FROM POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY |
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17 Distributive Justice, Institutionalism, and Autonomous Vehicles |
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279 | (16) |
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18 Autonomous Vehicles and the Basic Structure of Society |
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295 | (21) |
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19 Supply Chains, Work Alternatives, and Autonomous Vehicles |
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316 | (21) |
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20 Can Autonomous Cars Deliver Equity? |
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337 | (13) |
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21 Making Autonomous Vehicle Technologies Matter: Ensuring Equitable Access and Opportunity |
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350 | (25) |
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PART IV AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY IN THE CITY |
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22 Fixing Congestion for Whom? The Distribution of Autonomous Vehicles' Effects on Congestion |
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375 | (15) |
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23 Fulfilling the Promise of Autonomous Vehicles with a New Ethics of Transportation |
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390 | (25) |
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24 Ethics, Autonomous Vehicles, and the Future City |
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415 | (17) |
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25 The Autonomous Vehicle in Asian Cities: Opportunities for Gender Equity, Convivial Urban Relations, and Public Safety in Seoul and Singapore |
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432 | (19) |
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26 Autonomous Vehicles, the Driverless City, and the Pedestrian City |
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451 | (24) |
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| Appendix: Varieties of Trolley Pessimism |
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475 | (8) |
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| Index |
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483 | |
Dr. Ryan Jenkins is an Associate Professor of Philosophy, a Senior Fellow at the Ethics + Emerging Sciences Group at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, and a former Co-Chair of the Robot Ethics Technical Committee of the IEEE. He studies the ethics of emerging technologies, especially artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons, and driverless cars. He has served on two NSF grants to study the ethical, legal, and social implications of autonomous vehicles. He has published extensively in academic journals and his work has appeared in public fora including the Washington Post, Slate, and Forbes.
Dr. David Cernż is a research fellow at the Institute of State and Law of the Czech Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences. He is a founding member of the Karel Capek Center for Values in Science and Technology. His research interests range from normative to applied ethics, primarily focusing on artificial intelligence, robotics, and medical ethics. He has served on two Technology Agency of the Czech Republic grants to investigate the ethical implications of autonomous vehicles and end-of-life decisions. He also served as an expert at the European Commission. Czech media often interview him on issues related to applied ethics, and his work has appeared in public fora.
Dr. Tomįs Hrķbek is a research fellow at the Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Together with David Cernż, he is the founder of the Karel Capek Center for Values in Science and Technology. He has published on topics ranging from philosophy of mind and science, to ethics (particularly bioethics, and more recently the ethics of emerging technologies) and aesthetics. He also teaches at several colleges, including Charles University and Anglo-American University, in his hometown of Prague.
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