| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Preface to the second edition |
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xxii | |
| Preface to the third edition |
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xxii | |
| Text organization |
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xxiii | |
| Specific features of this text designed to aid instructors and students in pursuing topics in greater depth |
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xxvi | |
| Depth of coverage |
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xxvi | |
| Sources for further study |
|
xxvi | |
| The Internet |
|
xxvii | |
| Chapter outlines |
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xxvii | |
| Case studies |
|
xxvii | |
| Review material |
|
xxvii | |
| Glossary |
|
xxvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxix | |
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PART I VIROLOGY AND VIRAL DISEASE |
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1 | (62) |
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Introduction - The Impact of Viruses on Our View of Life |
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3 | (12) |
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3 | (11) |
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The effect of virus infections on the host organism and populations - viral pathogenesis, virulence, and epidemiology |
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4 | (2) |
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The interaction between viruses and their hosts |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Examples of the impact of viral disease on human history |
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8 | (1) |
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Examples of the evolutionary impact of the virus-host interaction |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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Viruses have a constructive as well as destructive impact on society |
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12 | (1) |
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Viruses are not the smallest self-replicating pathogens |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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An Outline of Virus Replication and Viral Pathogenesis |
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15 | (12) |
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15 | (4) |
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Stages of virus replication in the cell |
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17 | (2) |
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Pathogenesis of viral infection |
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19 | (6) |
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Stages of virus-induced pathology |
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19 | (1) |
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Initial stages of infection - entry of the virus into the host |
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20 | (1) |
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The incubation period and spread of virus through the host |
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21 | (2) |
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Multiplication of virus to high levels - occurrence of disease symptoms |
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23 | (1) |
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The later stages of infection - the immune response |
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24 | (1) |
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The later stages of infection - virus spread to the next individual |
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24 | (1) |
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The later stages of infection - fate of the host |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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Virus Disease in Populations and Individual Animals |
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27 | (14) |
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The nature of virus reservoirs |
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27 | (3) |
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Some viruses with human reservoirs |
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28 | (2) |
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Some viruses with vertebrate reservoirs |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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Viral epidemiology in small and large populations |
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30 | (3) |
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Factors affecting the control of viral disease in populations |
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33 | (1) |
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Animal models to study viral pathogenesis |
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34 | (6) |
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A mouse model for studying poxvirus infection and spread |
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35 | (2) |
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Rabies: where is the virus during its long incubation period? |
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37 | (1) |
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Herpes simplex virus latency |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Patterns of Some Viral Diseases of Humans |
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41 | (22) |
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The dynamics of human-virus interactions |
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42 | (7) |
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The stable association of viruses with their natural host places specific constraints on the nature of viral disease and mode of persistence |
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42 | (2) |
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Classification of human disease-causing viruses according to virus-host dynamics |
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44 | (1) |
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Viral diseases leading to persistence of the virus in the host are generally associated with viruses having long associations with human populations |
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44 | (4) |
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Viral diseases associated with acute, severe infection are suggestive of zoonoses |
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48 | (1) |
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Patterns of specific viral diseases of humans |
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49 | (5) |
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Acute infections followed by virus clearing |
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49 | (1) |
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Colds and respiratory infections |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Infection of an ``accidental'' target tissue leading to permanent damage despite efficient clearing |
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50 | (1) |
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Persistent viral infections |
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50 | (1) |
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Papilloma and polyomavirus infections |
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50 | (2) |
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Herpesvirus infections and latency |
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52 | (1) |
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Other complications arising from persistent infections |
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52 | (1) |
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Viral and subviral diseases with long incubation periods |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Some viral infections targeting specific organ systems |
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54 | (4) |
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Viral infections of nerve tissue |
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54 | (1) |
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Examples of viral encephalitis with grave prognosis |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Viral encephalitis with favorable prognosis for recovery |
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56 | (1) |
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Viral infections of the liver (viral hepatitis) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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Additional Reading for Part I |
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61 | (2) |
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PART II BASIC PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES AND VIRUS-CELL INTERACTION |
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63 | (82) |
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Virus Structure and Classification |
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65 | (14) |
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65 | (7) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (5) |
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The Baltimore scheme of virus classification |
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75 | (1) |
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Disease-based classification schemes for viruses |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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The Beginning and End of the Virus Replication Cycle |
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79 | (18) |
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Outline of the virus replication cycle |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (9) |
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Animal virus entry into cells - the role of the cellular receptor |
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80 | (3) |
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Mechanisms of entry of nonenveloped viruses |
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83 | (1) |
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Entry of enveloped viruses |
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84 | (1) |
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Entry of virus into plant cells |
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85 | (2) |
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Injection of bacteriophage DNA into Escherichia coli |
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87 | (2) |
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Nonspecific methods of introducing viral genomes into cells |
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89 | (1) |
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Late events in viral infection: capsid assembly and virion release |
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89 | (7) |
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Assembly of helical capsids |
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89 | (3) |
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Assembly of icosahedral capsids |
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92 | (1) |
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Generation of the virion envelope and egress of the enveloped virion |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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Host Immune Response to Viral Infection - The Nature of the Vertebrate Immune Response |
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97 | (22) |
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The innate immune response - early defense against pathogens |
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98 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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The adaptive immune response and the lymphatic system |
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100 | (8) |
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Two pathways of helper T response - the fork in the road |
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101 | (1) |
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The immunological structure of a protein |
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102 | (2) |
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Role of the antigen-presenting cell in initiation of the immune response |
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104 | (3) |
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Clonal selection of immune reactive lymphocytes |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Complement-mediated cell lysis |
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108 | (1) |
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Control and dysfunction of immunity |
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108 | (4) |
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Specific viral responses to host immunity |
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109 | (1) |
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Passive evasion of immunity - antigenic drift |
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110 | (1) |
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Passive evasion of immunity - internal sanctuaries for infectious virus |
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110 | (1) |
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Passive evasion of immunity - immune tolerance |
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110 | (1) |
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Active evasion of immunity - immunosuppression |
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111 | (1) |
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Active evasion of immunity - blockage of MHC antigen presentation |
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111 | (1) |
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Consequences of immune suppression to virus infections |
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112 | (1) |
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Measurement of the immune reaction |
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112 | (5) |
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Measurement of cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity |
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112 | (1) |
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Measurement of antiviral antibody |
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112 | (1) |
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Inhibition of hemagglutination |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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Strategies to Protect Against and Combat Viral Infection |
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119 | (26) |
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Vaccination - induction of immunity to prevent virus infection |
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120 | (6) |
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120 | (1) |
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Smallpox and the history of vaccination |
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120 | (2) |
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How a vaccine is produced |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Recombinant virus vaccines |
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124 | (1) |
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Capsid and subunit vaccines |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Problems with vaccine production and use |
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125 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic cell-based defenses against virus replication |
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126 | (5) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Measurement of interferon activity |
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128 | (2) |
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Other cellular defenses against viral infection |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Enzymatic modification of viral genomes |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Targeting antiviral drugs to specific features of the virus replication cycle |
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131 | (4) |
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Acyclovir and the herpesviruses |
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132 | (1) |
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Blocking influenza virus entry and virus maturation |
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132 | (2) |
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Chemotherapeutic approaches for HIV |
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134 | (1) |
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Multiple drug therapies to reduce or eliminate mutation to drug resistance |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Bacterial antiviral systems - restriction endonucleases |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (4) |
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Additional Reading for Part II |
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143 | (2) |
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PART III WORKING WITH VIRUS |
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145 | (98) |
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Visualization and Enumeration of Virus Particles |
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147 | (8) |
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Using the electron microscope to study and count viruses |
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147 | (2) |
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Counting (enumeration) of virions with the electron microscope |
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149 | (2) |
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Atomic force microscopy - a rapid and sensitive method for visualization of viruses and infected cells, potentially in real time |
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151 | (1) |
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Indirect methods for ``counting'' virus particles |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Replicating and Measuring Biological Activity of Viruses |
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155 | (18) |
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156 | (1) |
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Maintenance of bacterial cells |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Culture of animal and human cells |
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157 | (1) |
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Maintenance of cells in culture |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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Loss of contact inhibition of growth and immortalization of primary cells |
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159 | (1) |
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The outcome of virus infection in cells |
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160 | (4) |
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160 | (2) |
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Fate of the cell following virus infection |
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162 | (1) |
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Cell-mediated maintenance of the intra- and intercellular environment |
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162 | (1) |
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Virus-mediated cytopathology - changes in the physical appearance of cells |
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163 | (1) |
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Virus-mediated cytopathology - changes in the biochemical properties of cells |
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163 | (1) |
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Measurement of the biological activity of viruses |
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164 | (6) |
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Quantitative measure of infectious centers |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Generation of transformed cell foci |
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165 | (1) |
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Use of virus titers to quantitatively control infection conditions |
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166 | (1) |
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Examples of plaque assays |
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167 | (1) |
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Statistical analysis of infection |
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168 | (1) |
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Dilution endpoint methods |
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169 | (1) |
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The relation between dilution endpoint and infectious units of virus |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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Physical and Chemical Manipulation of the Structural Components of Viruses |
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173 | (20) |
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Viral structural proteins |
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173 | (6) |
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Isolation of structural proteins of the virus |
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174 | (2) |
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Size fractionation of viral structural proteins |
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176 | (1) |
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Determining the stoichiometry of capsid proteins |
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177 | (1) |
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The poliovirus capsid - a virion with equimolar capsid proteins |
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178 | (1) |
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Analysis of viral capsids chat do not contain equimolar numbers of proteins |
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179 | (1) |
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Characterizing viral genomes |
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179 | (12) |
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Sequence analysis of viral genomes |
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180 | (4) |
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Measuring the size of viral genomes |
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184 | (1) |
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Direct measure of DNA genome lengths in the electron microscope |
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185 | (1) |
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Rate zonal sedimentation and gel electrophoresis for measuring viral genome size |
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185 | (2) |
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The polymerase chain reaction - detection and characterization of extremely small quantities of viral genomes or transcripts |
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187 | (2) |
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Real time PCR for precise quantitative measures of viral DNA |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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PCR as an epidemiological tool |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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Characterization of Viral Products Expressed in the Infected Cell |
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193 | (20) |
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Characterization of viral proteins in the infected cell |
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193 | (12) |
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Pulse labeling of viral proteins at different times following infection |
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194 | (1) |
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Use of immune reagents for study of viral proteins |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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Detection of viral proteins using immunofluorescence |
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198 | (3) |
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Related methods for detecting antibodies bound to antigens |
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201 | (4) |
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Detecting and characterizing viral nucleic acids in infected cells |
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205 | (5) |
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Detecting the synthesis of viral genomes |
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205 | (1) |
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Characterization of viral mRNA expressed during infection |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (2) |
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Further characterization of specific viral mRNA molecules |
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209 | (1) |
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Use of microarray technology for getting a complete picture of the events occurring in the infected cell |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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Viruses Use Cellular Processes to Express Their Genetic Information |
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213 | (30) |
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Prokaryotic DNA replication is an accurate enzymatic model for the process generally |
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215 | (1) |
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The replication of eukaryotic DNA |
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216 | (1) |
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The replication of viral DNA |
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217 | (1) |
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The effect of virus infection on host DNA replication |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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Prokaryotic transcription |
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219 | (1) |
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Prokaryotic RNA polymerase |
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219 | (1) |
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The prokaryotic promoter and initiation of transcription |
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220 | (1) |
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Control of prokaryotic initiation of transcription |
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220 | (1) |
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Termination of prokaryotic transcription |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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The promoter and initiation of transcription |
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221 | (2) |
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Control of initiation of eukaryotic transcription |
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223 | (1) |
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Processing of precursor mRNA |
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224 | (2) |
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Visualization and location of splices in eukaryotic transcripts |
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226 | (5) |
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Posttranscriptional regulation of eukaryotic mRNA function |
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231 | (1) |
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Virus-induced changes in transcription and posttranscriptional processing |
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232 | (1) |
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The mechanism of protein synthesis |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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Virus-induced changes in translation |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (2) |
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Additional Reading for Part III |
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241 | (2) |
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PART IV REPLICATION PATTERNS OF SPECIFIC VIRUSES |
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243 | (190) |
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Replication of Positive-sense RNA Viruses |
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245 | (28) |
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RNA viruses - general considerations |
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246 | (2) |
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A general picture of RNA-directed RNA replication |
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246 | (2) |
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Replication of positive-sense RNA viruses whose genomes are translated as the first step in gene expression |
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248 | (1) |
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Positive-sense RNA viruses encoding a single large open reading frame |
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249 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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The poliovirus genetic map and expression of poliovirus proteins |
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249 | (3) |
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The poliovirus replication cycle |
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252 | (2) |
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Picornavirus cytopathology and disease |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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Positive-sense RNA viruses encoding more than one translational reading frame |
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257 | (10) |
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Two viral mRNAs are produced in different amounts during togavirus infections |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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The virus replication cycle |
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258 | (4) |
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Togavirus cytopathology and disease |
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262 | (1) |
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A somewhat more complex scenario of multiple translational reading frames and subgenomic mRNA expression: coronavirus replication |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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Cytopathology and disease caused by coronaviruses |
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266 | (1) |
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Replication of plant viruses with RNA genomes |
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267 | (2) |
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Viruses with one genome segment |
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268 | (1) |
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Viruses with two genome segments |
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268 | (1) |
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Viruses with three genome segments |
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269 | (1) |
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Replication of bacteriophage with RNA genomes |
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269 | (3) |
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Regulated translation of bacteriophage mRNA |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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Replication Strategies of RNA Viruses Requiring RNA-directed mRNA Transcription as the First Step in Viral Gene Expression |
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273 | (30) |
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Replication of negative-sense RNA viruses with a monopartite genome |
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275 | (8) |
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Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus - a model for Mononegavirales |
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275 | (1) |
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Vesicular stomatitis virus virion and genome |
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275 | (1) |
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Generation, capping, and polyadenylation of mRNA |
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276 | (2) |
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Generation of new negative-sense virion RNA |
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278 | (1) |
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Mechanism of host shutoff by vesicular stomatitis virus |
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279 | (1) |
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Cytopathology and diseases caused by rhabdoviruses |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Pathogenesis of paramyxoviruses |
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280 | (2) |
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Filoviruses and their pathogenesis |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Influenza viruses - negative-sense RNA viruses with a multipartite genome |
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283 | (5) |
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Involvement of the nucleus in flu virus replication |
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284 | (1) |
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Generation of new flu nucleocapsids and maturation of the virus |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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Other negative-sense RNA viruses with multipartite genomes |
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288 | (4) |
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288 | (1) |
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Virus structure and replication |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Viruses with double-stranded RNA genomes |
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292 | (3) |
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292 | (2) |
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Reovirus replication cycle |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (6) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (2) |
|
Replication Strategies of Small and Medium-Sized DNA Viruses |
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303 | (28) |
|
DNA viruses express genetic information and replicate their genomes in similar, yet distinct, ways |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (14) |
|
Replication of SV40 virus - the model polyomavirus |
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305 | (4) |
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The SV40 genome and genetic map |
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309 | (1) |
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Productive infection by SV40 |
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310 | (2) |
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Abortive infection of cells nonpermissive for SV40 replication |
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312 | (2) |
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Replication of papillomaviruses |
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314 | (2) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Virus replication and cytopathology |
|
|
316 | (3) |
|
Replication of adenoviruses |
|
|
319 | (4) |
|
Physical properties of adenovirus |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
The adenovirus replication cycle |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
Adenovirus DNA replication |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
VA transcription and cytopathology |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Transformation of nonpermissive cells by adenovirus |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Replication of some single-stranded DNA viruses |
|
|
323 | (5) |
|
Replication of parvoviruses |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Dependovirus DNA integrates in a specific site in the host cell genome |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Parvoviruses have potentially exploitable therapeutic applications |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
DNA viruses infecting vascular plants |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
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325 | (1) |
|
Single-stranded DNA bacteriophage ΦX174 packages its genes very compactly |
|
|
326 | (2) |
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|
|
328 | (3) |
|
Replication of Some Nuclear-Replicating Eukaryotic DNA Viruses with Large Genomes |
|
|
331 | (28) |
|
Herpesvirus replication and latency |
|
|
332 | (23) |
|
The herpesviruses as a group |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Genetic complexity of herpesviruses |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Common features of herpesvirus replication in the host |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
The replication of the prototypical alpha-herpesvirus -- HSV |
|
|
334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
|
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334 | (4) |
|
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338 | (9) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
HSV transcription during latency and reactivation |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
How do LAT and other specific HSV genes function -- may be to accommodate reactivation? |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
EBV latent infection of lymphocytes, a different set of problems and answers |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
Pathology of herpesvirus infections |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Herpesviruses as infectious co-carcinogens |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Baculovirus, an insect virus with important practical uses in molecular biology |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Viral gene expression and genome replication |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Importance of baculoviruses in biotechnology |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
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357 | (2) |
|
Replication of Cytoplasmic DNA Viruses and ``Large'' Bacteriophages |
|
|
359 | (22) |
|
Poxviruses -- DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
|
|
360 | (5) |
|
The pox virion is complex and contains virus-coded transcription enzymes |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
The poxvirus replication cycle |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Intermediate and late stages of replication |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis and history of poxvirus infections |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Is smallpox virus a potential biological terror weapon? |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Replication of ``large'' DNA-containing bacteriophages |
|
|
365 | (11) |
|
Components of large DNA-containing phage virions |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Phage-controlled transcription |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
The practical value of T7 |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
T4 bacteriophage: the basic model for all DNA viruses |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Regulated gene expression during T4 replication |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Capsid maturation and release |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Replication of phage λ: a ``simple'' model for latency and reactivation |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Phage λ gene expression immediately after infection |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
Biochemistry of the decision between lytic and lysogenic infection in E. coli |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
A group of algal viruses shares features of its genome structure with poxviruses and bacteriophages |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
Retroviruses: Converting RNA to DNA |
|
|
381 | (18) |
|
Retrovirus families and their strategies of replication |
|
|
382 | (10) |
|
The molecular biology of retrovirus |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Retrovirus structural proteins |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
Genetic maps of representative retroviruses |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Replication of retroviruses: an outline of the replication process |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
Capsid assembly and maturation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Action of reverse transcriptase and RNase-H in synthesis of cDNA |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Virus gene expression, assembly, and maturation |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Transcription and translation of viral mRNA |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Capsid assembly and morphogenesis |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of retrovirus transformation |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
Transformation through the action of a viral oncogene -- a subverted cellular growth control gene |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Oncornavirus alteration of normal cellular transcriptional control of growth regulation |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
Oncornavirus transformation by growth stimulation of neighboring cells |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Cellular genetic elements related to retroviruses |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
The relationship between transposable elements and viruses |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and Related Lentiviruses |
|
|
399 | (14) |
|
HIV-1 and related lentiviruses |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
The origin of HIV-1 and AIDS |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
HIV-1 and lentiviral replication |
|
|
400 | (6) |
|
Destruction of the immune system by HIV-1 |
|
|
406 | (5) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme |
|
|
413 | (20) |
|
The virion and the viral genome |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
The viral replication cycle |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
A plant ``hepadnavirus'': cauliflower mosaic virus |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Viral gene expression and genome replication |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
The evolutionary origin of hepadnaviruses |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
|
|
421 | (8) |
|
Additional Reading for Part IV |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
PART V VIRUSES: NEW APPROACHES AND NEW PROBLEMS |
|
|
433 | (68) |
|
The Molecular Genetics of Viruses |
|
|
435 | (28) |
|
Mutations in genes and resulting changes to proteins |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
HSV thymidine kinase -- a portable selectable marker |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
A tool kit for molecular virologists |
|
|
441 | (20) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Locating sites of restriction endonuclease cleavage on the viral genome -- restriction mapping |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Cloning of fragments of viral genomes using bacterial plasmids |
|
|
444 | (5) |
|
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Cloning single-stranded DNA with bacteriophage M13 |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
RNA virus expression systems |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Defective virus particles |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Directed mutagenesis of viral genes |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Site-directed mutagenesis |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Generation of recombinant viruses |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Bacterial artificial chromosomes |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (10) |
|
An introduction to the study of viral pathogenesis |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Choosing a model: natural host vs. surrogate models |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Development of new models: transgenic animals |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Hybrid models: the SCID-hu mouse |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Considerations regarding the humane use of animals |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Methods for the study of pathogenesis |
|
|
466 | (4) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Analysis of viral spread within the host |
|
|
467 | (3) |
|
Resolving the infection to the level of single cells |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Characterization of the host response |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Use of transgenic mice to dissect critical components of the host immune response that modulate the viral infection |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Viral Bioinformatics and Beyond |
|
|
473 | (12) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Bioinformatics and virology |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
Similarity searching tools |
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
Protein functional analysis |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Systems biology and viruses |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Viruses and the Future -- Problems and Promises |
|
|
485 | (16) |
|
Clouds on the horizon -- emerging disease |
|
|
485 | (3) |
|
Sources and causes of emergent virus disease |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
The threat of bioterrorism |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
What are the prospects of using medical technology to eliminate specific viral and other infectious diseases? |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Silver linings -- viruses as therapeutic agents |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Viruses for gene delivery |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
Using viruses to destroy other viruses |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Viruses and nanotechnology |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
The place of viruses in the biosphere |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
Additional Reading for Part V |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
|
|
501 | (6) |
|
Books of historical and basic value |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
Molecular biology and biochemistry texts |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Sources for experimental protocols |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Important websites for organizations and facilities of interest |
|
|
505 | (2) |
| Technical Glossary |
|
507 | (26) |
| Index |
|
533 | |
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām