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Part I General Description of a Laser and an Example |
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3 | (14) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Spectral Ranges of Lasers and List of a Few Lasers |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Sizes of Lasers, Cost of Lasers, and Laser Market |
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6 | (2) |
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1.5 Questions About the Laser |
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8 | (1) |
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1.6 Different Types of Lasers in the Same Spectral Range |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.9 A Remark about the History of the Laser |
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11 | (6) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (26) |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2 Coherent Electromagnetic Wave |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (5) |
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2.5 Laser = Laser Oscillator |
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31 | (1) |
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2.6 Radiation Feedback and Threshold Condition |
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32 | (2) |
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2.7 Frequency of Laser Oscillation |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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2.9 Oscillation Onset Time |
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38 | (5) |
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39 | (4) |
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43 | (12) |
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3.1 Laser Resonators and Laser Mirrors |
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43 | (2) |
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3.2 V Factor and Related Quantities |
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45 | (1) |
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3.3 Number of Photons in a Resonator Mode |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.5 Fabry-Perot Interferometer |
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48 | (2) |
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3.6 Resonance Curve of a Fabry-Perot Resonator |
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50 | (2) |
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3.7 Fabry-Perot Resonator Containing a Gain Medium |
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52 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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4 The Active Medium: Energy Levels and Lineshape Functions |
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55 | (20) |
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4.1 Two-Level Based and Energy-Ladder Based Lasers |
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56 | (1) |
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4.2 Four-Level, Three-Level, and Two-Level Lasers |
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57 | (2) |
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4.3 Two-Band Laser and Quasiband Laser |
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59 | (2) |
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4.4 Energy-Ladder Based Laser |
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61 | (1) |
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4.5 Lineshape: Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Line Broadening |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (3) |
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4.7 Gaussian Lineshape Function |
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66 | (1) |
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4.8 Experimental Linewidths |
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67 | (1) |
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4.9 Classical Oscillator Model of an Atom |
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68 | (2) |
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4.10 Natural Line Broadening |
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70 | (1) |
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4.11 Energy and Phase Relaxation |
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70 | (1) |
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4.12 Three-Dimensional and Low-Dimensional Active Media |
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71 | (4) |
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72 | (3) |
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5 Titanium-Sapphire Laser |
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75 | (8) |
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5.1 Principle of the Titanium-Sapphire Laser |
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75 | (2) |
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5.2 Design of a Titanium-Sapphire Laser |
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77 | (1) |
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5.3 Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Titanium-Sapphire |
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78 | (1) |
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5.4 Population of the Upper Laser Level |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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80 | (3) |
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Part II Theoretical Basis of the Laser |
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6 Basis of the Theory of the Laser: The Einstein Coefficients |
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83 | (12) |
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6.1 Light and Atoms in a Cavity |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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6.5 The Einstein Relations |
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86 | (3) |
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6.6 Einstein Coefficients on the Energy Scale |
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89 | (1) |
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6.7 Stimulated Versus Spontaneous Emission |
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90 | (2) |
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6.8 Determination of Einstein Coefficients from Wave Functions |
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92 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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7 Amplification of Coherent Radiation |
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95 | (22) |
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7.1 Interaction of Monochromatic Radiation with an Ensemble of Two-Level Systems |
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96 | (2) |
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7.2 Growth and Gain Coefficient |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (2) |
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7.4 An Effective Gain Cross Section |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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7.6 Gain Coefficient of Titanium-Sapphire |
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107 | (2) |
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7.7 Gain Coefficient of a Medium with an Inhomogeneously Broadened Line |
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109 | (1) |
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7.8 Gain Characteristic of a Two-Dimensional Medium |
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109 | (2) |
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7.9 Gain of Light Crossing a Two-Dimensional Medium |
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111 | (6) |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (18) |
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117 | (2) |
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8.2 Steady State Oscillation of a Laser |
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119 | (2) |
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8.3 Balance Between Production and Loss of Photons |
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121 | (1) |
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8.4 Onset of Laser Oscillation |
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122 | (2) |
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8.5 Clamping of the Population Difference |
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124 | (1) |
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8.6 Optimum Output Coupling |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (2) |
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8.8 Relaxation Oscillation |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (4) |
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133 | (2) |
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9 Driving a Laser Oscillation |
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135 | (38) |
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136 | (4) |
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9.2 Possibilities of Driving a Laser Oscillation |
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140 | (1) |
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9.3 Polarization of an Atomic Medium |
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140 | (3) |
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9.4 Quantum Mechanical Expression for the Susceptibility of an Atomic Medium |
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143 | (4) |
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9.5 Polarization of an Active Medium |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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9.7 Laser Oscillation Driven by a Polarization |
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151 | (9) |
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160 | (4) |
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9.9 Kramers-Kronig Relations |
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164 | (1) |
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9.10 Another Remark about the History of the Laser |
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165 | (8) |
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168 | (5) |
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Part III Operation of a Laser |
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173 | (14) |
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10.1 Cavity Resonators in Various Areas |
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173 | (1) |
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10.2 Modes of a Cavity Resonator |
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174 | (3) |
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10.3 Modes of a Long Cavity Resonator |
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177 | (2) |
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10.4 Density of Modes of a Cavity Resonator |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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10.6 TE Waves and TM Waves |
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182 | (1) |
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10.7 Quasioptical Arrangement |
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183 | (4) |
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183 | (4) |
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11 Gaussian Waves and Open Resonators |
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187 | (38) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (7) |
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199 | (3) |
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11.5 Stability of a Field in a Resonator |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (5) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (8) |
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222 | (3) |
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12 Different Ways of Operating a Laser |
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225 | (10) |
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12.1 Possibilities of Operating a Laser |
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225 | (1) |
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12.2 Operation of a Laser on Longitudinal Modes |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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12.5 Spectral Hole Burning in Lasers Using Inhomogeneously Broadened Transitions |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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12.7 Longitudinal and Transverse Pumping |
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231 | (1) |
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12.8 An Application of CW Lasers: The Optical Tweezers |
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231 | (2) |
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12.9 Another Application: Gravitational Wave Detector |
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233 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (24) |
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236 | (5) |
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13.2 Active and Passive Mode Locking |
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241 | (2) |
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13.3 Optical Frequency Comb |
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243 | (5) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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13.6 Femtosecond Pulses in Chemistry |
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250 | (1) |
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13.7 Optical Frequency Analyzer |
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251 | (1) |
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13.8 Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (5) |
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254 | (5) |
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Part IV Types of Lasers (Except Semiconductor Lasers) |
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259 | (20) |
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14.1 Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines |
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259 | (2) |
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14.2 Collision Broadening |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (3) |
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14.9 Other Gas Discharge Lasers and Optically Pumped Far Infrared Lasers |
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272 | (7) |
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274 | (5) |
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279 | (18) |
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279 | (1) |
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15.2 More about the Titanium-Sapphire Laser |
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280 | (3) |
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15.3 Other Broadband Solid State Lasers |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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15.5 Different Neodymium Lasers |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (3) |
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15.8 A Short Survey of Solid State Lasers and Impurity Ions in Solids |
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290 | (4) |
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15.9 Broadening of Transitions in Impurity Ions in Solids |
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294 | (3) |
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295 | (2) |
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16 Some Other Lasers and Laser Amplifiers |
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297 | (8) |
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297 | (2) |
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16.2 Solid State and Thin-Film Dye Laser |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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16.6 Optically Pumped Organic Lasers |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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16.8 High-Power Laser Amplifier |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (8) |
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17.1 Model of a Vibronic System |
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305 | (2) |
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17.2 Gain Coefficient of a Vibronic Medium |
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307 | (2) |
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17.3 Frequency Modulation of a Two-Level System |
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309 | (2) |
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17.4 Vibronic Sideband as a Homogeneously Broadened Line |
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311 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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18 Amplification of Radiation in a Doped Glass Fiber |
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313 | (20) |
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18.1 Survey of the Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier |
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314 | (1) |
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18.2 Energy Levels of Erbium Ions in Glass and Quasiband Model |
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315 | (4) |
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18.3 Quasi-Fermi Energy of a Gas of Excited-Impurity Quasiparticles |
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319 | (2) |
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18.4 Condition of Gain of Light Propagating in a Fiber |
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321 | (1) |
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18.5 Energy Level Broadening |
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322 | (2) |
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18.6 Calculation of the Gain Coefficient of a Doped Fiber |
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324 | (3) |
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18.7 Different Effective Gain Cross Sections |
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327 | (1) |
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18.8 Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of an Erbium-Doped Fiber |
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328 | (2) |
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18.9 Experimental Studies and Models of Doped Fiber Media |
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330 | (3) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (38) |
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19.1 Principle of the Free-Electron Laser |
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334 | (3) |
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19.2 Free-Electron Laser Arrangements |
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337 | (2) |
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19.3 Frequency of Free-Electron Oscillations |
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339 | (4) |
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19.4 Free-Electron Laser Theory |
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343 | (2) |
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19.5 Data of a Free-Electron Laser |
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345 | (2) |
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19.6 High Frequency Transverse Polarization and Current |
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347 | (2) |
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19.7 Free-Electron Oscillations |
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349 | (4) |
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19.8 Saturation Field of a Free-Electron Laser |
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353 | (3) |
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19.9 Optical Constants of a Free-Electron Laser Medium |
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356 | (1) |
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19.10 Bunching of Electrons in a Free-Electron Laser |
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357 | (3) |
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19.11 Energy-Level Description of a Free-Electron Laser Medium |
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360 | (5) |
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19.12 Comparison of a Free-Electron Laser with a Conventional Laser |
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365 | (1) |
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19.13 A Remark about the History of the Free-Electron Laser |
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366 | (5) |
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366 | (5) |
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Part V Semiconductor Lasers |
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20 An Introduction to Semiconductor Lasers |
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371 | (12) |
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20.1 Energy Bands of Semiconductors |
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372 | (2) |
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20.2 Low-Dimensional Semiconductors |
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374 | (1) |
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20.3 An Estimate of the Transparency Density |
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375 | (1) |
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20.4 Bipolar and Unipolar Semiconductor Lasers |
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376 | (1) |
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20.5 Edge-Emitting Bipolar Semiconductor Laser |
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377 | (1) |
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20.6 Survey of Topics Concerning Semiconductor Lasers |
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378 | (2) |
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20.7 Frequency Ranges of Semiconductor Lasers |
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380 | (1) |
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20.8 Energy Band Engineering |
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381 | (1) |
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20.9 Differences Between Semiconductor Lasers and Other Lasers |
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381 | (2) |
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382 | (1) |
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21 Basis of a Bipolar Semiconductor Laser |
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383 | (28) |
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21.1 Principle of a Bipolar Semiconductor Laser |
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384 | (1) |
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21.2 Condition of Gain of Radiation in a Bipolar Semiconductor |
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385 | (4) |
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21.3 Energy Level Broadening |
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389 | (1) |
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21.4 Reduced Density of States |
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390 | (2) |
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21.5 Growth Coefficient and Gain Coefficient of a Bipolar Medium |
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392 | (3) |
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21.6 Spontaneous Emission |
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395 | (1) |
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21.7 Laser Equations of a Bipolar Semiconductor Laser |
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396 | (3) |
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21.8 Gain Mediated by a Quantum Well |
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399 | (5) |
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21.9 Laser Equations of a Quantum Well Laser |
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404 | (2) |
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21.10 What is Meant by "Bipolar"? |
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406 | (5) |
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408 | (3) |
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22 GaAs Quantum Well Laser |
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411 | (18) |
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412 | (1) |
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22.2 An Active Quantum Well |
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413 | (7) |
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22.3 GaAs Quantum Well Laser |
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420 | (2) |
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22.4 Threshold Current of a GaAs Quantum Well Laser |
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422 | (2) |
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22.5 Multi-Quantum Well Laser |
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424 | (1) |
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22.6 High-Power Semiconductor Laser |
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424 | (1) |
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22.7 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser |
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425 | (2) |
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22.8 Polarization of Radiation of a Quantum Well Laser |
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427 | (1) |
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22.9 Luminescence Radiation from a Quantum Well |
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427 | (2) |
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428 | (1) |
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23 Semiconductor Materials and Heterostructures |
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429 | (10) |
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23.1 Group III-V and Group II-VI Semiconductors |
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429 | (2) |
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23.2 GaAlAs Mixed Crystal |
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431 | (1) |
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23.3 GaAs Crystal and Monolayer |
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431 | (1) |
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23.4 GaAs/GaAlAs Heterostructure |
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432 | (1) |
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23.5 Preparation of Heterostructures |
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433 | (1) |
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23.6 Preparation of Laser Diodes |
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434 | (1) |
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23.7 Material Limitations |
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434 | (1) |
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23.8 Energy Bands and Absorption Coefficients of GaAs and AlAs |
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434 | (5) |
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436 | (3) |
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24 Quantum Well Lasers from the UV to the Infrared |
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439 | (6) |
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439 | (1) |
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24.2 Red and Infrared Laser Diodes |
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439 | (2) |
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24.3 Blue and UV Laser Diodes |
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441 | (1) |
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24.4 Group II-VI Materials of Green Lasers |
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442 | (1) |
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24.5 Applications of Semiconductor Lasers |
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443 | (2) |
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444 | (1) |
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25 Reflectors of Quantum Well Lasers and of Other Lasers |
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445 | (18) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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25.4 Distributed Feedback Reflector |
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447 | (1) |
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25.5 Distributed Bragg Reflector |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (2) |
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25.9 Photonic Crystal Fiber |
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450 | (1) |
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25.10 Remark About Photonic Crystals |
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451 | (1) |
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25.11 Plane-Wave Transfer Matrix Method Characterizing an Optical Interface |
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451 | (1) |
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25.12 Thin Film Between Two Media |
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452 | (1) |
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25.13 Dielectric Multilayer |
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453 | (1) |
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25.14 One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal |
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454 | (5) |
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25.15 Bragg Reflection as Origin of Energy Gaps |
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459 | (4) |
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460 | (3) |
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26 More About the Quantum Well Laser |
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463 | (8) |
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463 | (3) |
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466 | (2) |
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26.3 Modification of the Gain Characteristic by Light Holes |
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468 | (1) |
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26.4 Gap Energy of a Quantum Well |
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468 | (1) |
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26.5 Temperature Dependence of the Threshold Current Density of a GaAs Quantum Well Laser |
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469 | (1) |
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26.6 Gain Mediated by a Quantum Well of Inhomogeneous Well Thickness |
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469 | (1) |
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26.7 Tunability of a Quantum Well Laser |
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470 | (1) |
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26.8 Anisotropy of a Quantum Well |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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27 Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot Laser |
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471 | (12) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (3) |
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27.3 Gain Mediated by a Quantum Wire |
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475 | (1) |
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27.4 Multi-Quantum Wire Laser |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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27.7 One-Quantum Dot Laser |
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480 | (3) |
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482 | (1) |
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28 A Comparison of Semiconductor Lasers |
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483 | (12) |
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28.1 Gain of Radiation in a Bulk Semiconductor |
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484 | (2) |
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28.2 Double-Heterostructure Laser |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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28.4 Junction Lasers in the Infrared |
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488 | (1) |
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28.5 Bipolar Semiconductor Lasers: A Comparison |
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488 | (2) |
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28.6 Development of Semiconductor Lasers |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (3) |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (6) |
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29.1 Principle of the Quantum Cascade Laser |
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496 | (1) |
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29.2 Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser |
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497 | (1) |
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29.3 Semiconductor Superlattice and Minibands |
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498 | (1) |
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29.4 Transport in a Superlattice |
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499 | (1) |
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29.5 Far Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser |
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499 | (2) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
30 Electron Waves in Semiconductor Heterostructures |
|
|
501 | (14) |
|
30.1 Electron in a One-Dimensional Square Well Potential |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
30.2 Energy Bands of Electrons in a Periodic Square Well Potential |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
30.3 Plane-Wave Transfer Matrix Method Characterizing a Semiconductor Interface |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
|
|
509 | (3) |
|
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
31 A Comparison of Laser Oscillators and Quasiclassical Solid State Oscillators |
|
|
515 | (24) |
|
31.1 Interaction of Radiation with an Active Medium of a Laser or a Quasiclassical Oscillator |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
31.2 Solid State Oscillators |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
31.3 Semiconductor Superlattice Oscillator |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
31.4 Model of a Solid State Oscillator |
|
|
520 | (4) |
|
31.5 Dynamics of Gain Mediated by a Semiconductor Superlattice |
|
|
524 | (5) |
|
31.6 Balance of Energy in a Superlattice Oscillator |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
31.7 Resonant-Tunneling Diode Oscillator |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
31.8 Van der Pol Oscillator |
|
|
532 | (7) |
|
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
32 Superlattice Bloch Laser: A Challenge |
|
|
539 | (28) |
|
32.1 Principle of a Superlattice Bloch Laser |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
|
|
542 | (4) |
|
32.3 Esaki-Tsu Characteristic |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
|
|
548 | (5) |
|
32.5 Saturation Field of a Bloch Laser |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
32.6 Synchronization of Bloch Oscillations to a High Frequency Field |
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
32.7 Energy-Level Description of the Superlattice Bloch Laser |
|
|
556 | (4) |
|
32.8 Possible Arrangements of a Bloch Laser |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
32.9 References to the Bloch Laser and Discussion |
|
|
560 | (7) |
|
|
|
562 | (5) |
|
Part VI Laser Related Topics |
|
|
|
33 Optical Communications |
|
|
567 | (6) |
|
33.1 Principle of Optical Communications |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
33.3 Pulse Distortion due to Dispersion |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
33.4 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
34 Light Emitting Diode and Organic Laser |
|
|
573 | (6) |
|
34.1 LED Preparation and Market |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
34.4 Organic and Polymer Lasers |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
579 | (10) |
|
35.1 Optics and Nonlinear Optics |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
35.2 Origin of Nonlinear Polarization |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
35.3 Optical Frequency Doubler |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
35.4 Difference Frequency Generator |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
35.5 Optical Parametric Oscillator |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
35.6 Third-Order Polarization |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
35.7 Four-Wave Mixing and Optical Frequency Analyzer |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
35.8 Stimulated Raman Scattering |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
|
|
587 | (2) |
| Solutions to Selected Problems |
|
589 | (12) |
| References |
|
601 | (10) |
| Index |
|
611 | |
