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E-grāmata: Basics of Oncology

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Dec-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319233680
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Basics of OncologyPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Dec-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319233680
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This book provides an easily understood and general overview of the basic medical, scientific, and clinical aspects of cancer. Causes, pathology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations, treatments, and outcomes are all carefully explained and discussed. This second edition includes a number of updates, especially concerning personalized medicine and regional chemotherapy. The reader will acquire a clear understanding of how and why people develop cancer, how the body reacts to cancer, what can be done to prevent the disease, and how the various cancers are best diagnosed and treated. Basics of Oncology will serve as a sound platform for the more detailed or specific studies that may be needed in different areas of practice. It will be invaluable for students of medicine, nurse oncologists, students of medical sciences, and other health professionals in all parts of the world.

Part I: THE CANCER PROBLEM: What is Malignancy .- Epidemiology.- Summary of Practical Measures to Prevent Cancer.-Part II: GENERAL FEATURES OF CANCER - PRESENTATION AND MANAGEMENT: Symptoms of Cancer: Local and General.- Signs of Cancer: Local and General.- Clinico-Pathology of Cancers.- Investigations That May Be Useful in Detecting Cancer.- Treating Cancer.- Relationship Between Patients, Their Doctors and the Healthcare Team.Part III: MOST COMMON CANCERS.- Skin Cancers.- Lung Cancer (Bronchogenic Carcinoma).- Breast Cancer.- Cancers of the Digestive System (Alimentary Tract).- Head and Neck Cancers.- Cancers of Female Genital Organs.- Cancers of the Male Genital Organs.- Cancers of Bladder and Kidneys.- Cancers of the Brain and Nervous System.- The Leukaemias and Lymphomas.- Soft-Tissue Sarcomas.- Malignant Tumours of Bone and Cartilage.- Metastatic (Secondary) Cancer.Part IV: MAKING PROGRESS: Techniques and Evidence of Progress.- Future Directions.

Recenzijas

The book describes oncology at a basic level, discussing clinical aspects of cancer, how and why people develop cancer, how the body reacts to cancer, and how cancer presents in adult patients. This is a great book to get a broad overview of the field of adult oncology. It is a good book for a student or someone new to the field of oncology. (Melissa Mason, Doodys Book Reviews, March, 2016)

Part I The Cancer Problem
1 What Is Malignancy?
3(14)
1.1 Nature of a Malignancy
5(1)
1.2 What Is the Prevalence of Cancer?
6(1)
1.3 Tumours: Benign and Malignant?
7(1)
1.4 Dangers of Malignant Tumours
8(1)
1.5 What Causes Cancer
9(8)
1.5.1 Is There a Single Cause or a Single Common Pathway?
9(1)
1.5.2 Apoptosis
10(1)
1.5.3 Carcinogens
10(1)
1.5.4 Tobacco Smoking
10(1)
1.5.5 Alcohol
10(1)
1.5.6 Betel Nut
11(1)
1.5.7 Sunshine
12(1)
1.5.8 Other Forms of Irradiation: X-Rays and Atomic Irradiation
12(1)
1.5.9 Industrial Irritants and Carcinogens
13(1)
1.5.10 Chemical Carcinogens
13(1)
1.5.11 Hormones
13(1)
1.5.12 Viruses
14(1)
1.5.13 Bacteria
15(1)
1.5.14 Pre-existing Abnormalities
15(1)
1.5.15 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Habits
15(1)
1.5.16 Estimate of Known Risk Factors and Associations with Cancer
15(2)
2 Epidemiology
17(22)
2.1 Comparative Cancer Incidence
17(1)
2.2 People Most at Risk
18(1)
2.3 Viral and Other Infection Associations
18(1)
2.4 Heredity and Genetic Factors
19(3)
2.4.1 Tumour Suppressors, Proto-Oncogenes and Cancer Oncogenes
19(2)
2.4.2 Tumour Suppressor Genes
21(1)
2.4.3 Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes
21(1)
2.5 Molecular Biological Changes in Controlling Cell Division
22(2)
2.5.1 Inherited Cancer Genes: Inherited and Familial Cancers
23(1)
2.6 Age
24(2)
2.6.1 Infants
24(1)
2.6.2 Children, Adolescents and Young Adults
24(1)
2.6.3 Increasing Age
25(1)
2.7 Predisposing and Pre-malignant Risk Factors
26(3)
2.7.1 Skin
26(1)
2.7.2 Oesophagus
26(1)
2.7.3 Stomach
26(1)
2.7.4 Bowel
27(1)
2.7.5 Mouth and Throat
27(1)
2.7.6 Stones: Gallstones and Kidney and Bladder Stones
27(1)
2.7.7 Chronic Inflammation
27(1)
2.7.8 Acute Injury
27(1)
2.7.9 Pre-existing Lumps and Benign Tumours
28(1)
2.7.10 Congenitally Abnormal Tissues
28(1)
2.7.11 Gender
28(1)
2.8 Diet and Cancer: Special Dietary Preventive Ingredients
29(2)
2.9 Stomach Cancer
31(1)
2.10 Bowel Cancer: Cancers of the Colon and Rectum
31(1)
2.11 Other Cancers
32(1)
2.12 Vegetarian Diets
32(1)
2.13 Special Dietary Ingredients: Phytoestrogens and Lycopene
32(1)
2.14 Vitamins, Anti-oxidants and Trace Elements
33(1)
2.15 Race
33(1)
2.16 Geographic Associations
33(1)
2.17 Environment
34(1)
2.17.1 Sunshine
34(1)
2.17.2 Air Pollution
34(1)
2.17.3 Ionising Irradiation
34(1)
2.17.4 Goitre Belts
35(1)
2.18 Occupation
35(1)
2.19 Habits and Lifestyle
35(2)
2.19.1 Smoking
35(1)
2.19.2 Alcohol
36(1)
2.19.3 Sun Exposure
36(1)
2.19.4 Betel Nut
36(1)
2.19.5 Pregnancies and Breast Cancer
36(1)
2.19.6 Cultural and Social Customs
37(1)
2.20 Psychological Factors: The Possible Role of Stress or Emotion in Cancer Development
37(1)
2.21 Cancer Registries
38(1)
3 Summary of Practical Measures to Prevent Cancer
39(8)
3.1 Smoking
39(1)
3.2 Viral and Bacterial Protection
40(1)
3.3 Genetic Protection
40(1)
3.4 Skin Cancers
41(1)
3.5 Diets: Stomach and Bowel Cancer, Breast Cancer
41(1)
3.5.1 Prostate Cancer
41(1)
3.5.2 Thyroid Cancer
41(1)
3.5.3 Dioxins
41(1)
3.5.4 Breast Cancer
42(1)
3.6 Industrial Cancers
42(1)
3.7 Ionising Irradiation
43(1)
3.8 Treatment of Pre-malignant and Potentially
43(4)
3.8.1 Pre-malignant Conditions
43(4)
Part II General Features of Cancer-Presentation and Management
4 Symptoms of Cancer: Local and General
47(6)
4.1 Lump
48(1)
4.2 Ulcer
48(1)
4.3 Pain
48(1)
4.4 Bleeding
48(1)
4.5 Weight Loss
49(1)
4.6 Interference with Tissue or Organ Function
50(1)
4.7 Symptoms of Metastatic Spread
50(3)
4.7.1 Lymph Nodes
50(1)
4.7.2 Liver
50(1)
4.7.3 Lungs
51(1)
4.7.4 Bones
51(1)
4.7.5 Fat and Muscles
51(1)
4.7.6 Bowel
51(1)
4.7.7 The Brain
51(1)
4.7.8 The Unknown Primary Syndrome
51(2)
5 Signs of Cancer: Local and General
53(4)
5.1 Lump
53(1)
5.2 Ulcer
54(1)
5.3 Bleeding and Evidence of Blood Loss
54(1)
5.4 Lymph Node Enlargement
54(1)
5.5 Other Swellings
55(1)
5.6 Findings of a General Examination Including the Mouth, Throat, Abdomen, Rectum and Anus
55(1)
5.7 Rare and Seemingly Unrelated Indications of Cancer
56(1)
6 Clinico-Pathology of Cancers
57(4)
6.1 Typing, Grading and Staging of Cancer
58(1)
6.2 Cancer Typing
58(1)
6.3 Cancer Grading
58(1)
6.4 Clinico-Pathological Staging of Cancer
59(1)
6.5 Clinical Decisions Based on Pathology Information
60(1)
7 Investigations That May Be Useful in Detecting Cancer
61(22)
7.1 Screening Programmes
61(1)
7.2 Screening Tests
62(3)
7.2.1 The Cervical Smear or "Pap" (Papanicolaou) Test
62(1)
7.2.2 Occult Blood Tests
62(1)
7.2.3 Gastro-Oesophageal Screening
62(1)
7.2.4 Breast Screenings: Mammography
63(1)
7.2.5 Skin Cancer Screening: Especially the "Mole Check"
63(1)
7.2.6 PSA Screening Test
63(1)
7.2.7 Genetic Testing
63(2)
7.3 Organ Imaging
65(9)
7.3.1 X-Rays
65(1)
7.3.2 Barium (Baryum) and Iodine Contrast X-Rays
66(1)
7.3.3 Radiographic Screening
67(1)
7.3.4 Mammography
68(1)
7.3.5 Chest X-Ray
68(1)
7.3.6 Skeletal X-Rays
69(1)
7.3.7 Angiography
69(1)
7.3.8 Isotope Scans (Nuclear Scintigraphy)
69(2)
7.3.9 CT Scan or CAT Scan (Computerised Axial Tomography)
71(1)
7.3.10 Ultrasound Scans
72(1)
7.3.11 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
73(1)
7.3.12 PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
73(1)
7.4 Endoscopic Examinations: Rigid and Flexible Scopes
74(3)
7.4.1 Rigid Scopes
74(1)
7.4.2 Sigmoidoscopy
74(1)
7.4.3 Proctoscopy
75(1)
7.4.4 Vaginal Speculum
75(1)
7.4.5 Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy
75(1)
7.4.6 Oesophagoscopy
75(1)
7.4.7 Cystoscopy
75(1)
7.4.8 Echo-Endoscopy
76(1)
7.4.9 Flexible Scopes
76(1)
7.4.10 Gastroscopy or Endoscopy
76(1)
7.4.11 Colonoscopy
76(1)
7.4.12 Laparoscopy (Peritoneoscopy) and Thoracoscopy
76(1)
7.4.13 Culdoscopy
77(1)
7.5 Indirect Evidence of Cancer
77(2)
7.5.1 Blood and Serum Tests
77(1)
7.5.2 White Cell Count (WCC)
77(1)
7.5.3 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
77(1)
7.5.4 Serum Biochemistry
78(1)
7.5.5 Tumour Markers
78(1)
7.5.6 The Future
78(1)
7.6 Direct Evidence of Cancer
79(4)
7.6.1 Biopsy
79(1)
7.6.2 Needle Aspiration or "Punch-Out" Biopsy
79(1)
7.6.3 Aspiration Cytology
79(1)
7.6.4 Bone Marrow Biopsy
80(1)
7.6.5 Standard Paraffin Section Biopsy and Frozen Section Biopsy
81(2)
8 Treating Cancer
83(36)
8.1 Can Cancer Be Cured? An Outline of Prognosis
83(1)
8.2 In Western Societies More Cancers Are Cured than Not Cured
84(1)
8.3 Methods of Treatment
85(18)
8.3.1 Principles of Treatment of Potentially Curable Regional Cancers
85(1)
8.3.2 Surgery
86(2)
8.3.3 Radiotherapy
88(2)
8.3.4 Chemotherapy (Cytotoxic Drug Treatment)
90(13)
8.4 Other Important Treatments
103(6)
8.4.1 Hormone Therapy
103(3)
8.4.2 Immunotherapy
106(3)
8.5 Some Further Treatments Under Study
109(3)
8.5.1 Heat Therapy
109(2)
8.5.2 Gene Therapy
111(1)
8.6 General Care
112(7)
8.6.1 Care of General Health
112(1)
8.6.2 Treatment of Complications
112(1)
8.6.3 Supportive Care and Supportive Care Teams
113(1)
8.6.4 Pain Relief
114(1)
8.6.5 Psychological and Spiritual Help
114(1)
8.6.6 Follow-Up Care
115(1)
8.6.7 The Specialty of Palliative Care
116(1)
8.6.8 Alternative Medicine
117(2)
9 Relationship Between Patients, Their Doctors and the Healthcare Team
119(4)
Part III Most Common Cancers
10 Skin Cancers
123(18)
10.1 Skin Cancer Prevention
123(1)
10.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
124(3)
10.2.1 Treatment
125(2)
10.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
127(4)
10.3.1 Treatment
127(4)
10.4 Melanoma
131(10)
10.4.1 Pathology
131(1)
10.4.2 Causes and Incidence
131(2)
10.4.3 Early Features of Melanoma
133(1)
10.4.4 Treatments of Melanoma
133(1)
10.4.5 Investigations to Guide Surgical Treatment
134(2)
10.4.6 Other Treatments
136(1)
10.4.7 Vaccine Studies
137(4)
11 Lung Cancer (Bronchogenic Carcinoma)
141(6)
11.1 Symptoms
142(1)
11.2 Investigations
143(1)
11.3 Significance of Histological Findings
144(1)
11.4 Treatments
144(1)
11.5 Mesothelioma
145(1)
11.6 Metastatic Cancer in the Lung
145(2)
12 Cancer of the Breast: An Overview
147(64)
12.1 Introduction
147(8)
12.1.1 Epidemiology
147(1)
12.1.2 Workup
148(1)
12.1.3 Breast Biopsy
149(1)
12.1.4 Histological Types and Molecular Subtypes
149(4)
12.1.5 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
153(1)
12.1.6 Staging
154(1)
12.2 Breast Cancer Treatment: Concepts
155(37)
12.2.1 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
155(1)
12.2.2 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
156(2)
12.2.3 Invasive Breast Cancer: Stages I, IIA and IIB or T3, N1, M0
158(2)
12.2.4 Pre-operative (Induction or Neoadjuvant) Chemotherapy for Large Clinical Stage IIA and IIB Tumours and T3, N1, M0 Tumours
160(6)
12.2.5 Radiation Therapy
166(1)
12.2.6 Breast Reconstruction
167(1)
12.2.7 Systemic Adjuvant Therapy
168(9)
12.2.8 Stage III, Locally Advanced, Inflammatory Breast Cancer
177(1)
12.2.9 Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC)
178(3)
12.2.10 Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC): Recurrent or Metastatic
181(7)
12.2.11 First-Line Regimens for HER2-Positive Tumours
188(1)
12.2.12 Tumours Previously Exposed to Trastuzumab
189(1)
12.2.13 Endocrine Therapy
190(2)
12.3 Breast Cancer and Bone-Modifying Drugs
192(19)
References
194(17)
13 Cancers of the Digestive System (Alimentary Tract)
211(24)
13.1 Cancer of the Oesophagus
211(3)
13.1.1 Pathology
212(1)
13.1.2 Symptoms
212(1)
13.1.3 Signs
212(1)
13.1.4 Investigations
212(1)
13.1.5 Treatment
213(1)
13.2 Cancer of the Stomach
214(4)
13.2.1 Pathology
215(1)
13.2.2 Symptoms
215(1)
13.2.3 Signs
216(1)
13.2.4 Investigations
216(1)
13.2.5 Treatment
217(1)
13.3 Cancers of the Liver
218(6)
13.3.1 Primary Liver Cancer (Hepatoma or Hepatocellular Carcinoma)
218(2)
13.3.2 Secondary (Metastatic) Liver Cancer
220(4)
13.4 Cancer of the Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts
224(1)
13.4.1 Symptoms
224(1)
13.4.2 Signs
225(1)
13.4.3 Pathology and Treatment
225(1)
13.5 Cancer of the Pancreas
225(3)
13.5.1 Presentation
225(1)
13.5.2 Investigations
226(1)
13.5.3 Treatment
226(2)
13.6 Cancers of the Small Intestine
228(1)
13.6.1 Carcinoid Tumour
228(1)
13.7 Cancer of the Large Bowel (Colon and Rectum)
228(5)
13.7.1 Clinical Features
231(1)
13.7.2 Investigations
231(1)
13.7.3 Treatment
232(1)
13.7.4 Follow-Up Care
232(1)
13.8 Cancer of the Anus
233(2)
13.8.1 Presentation and Pathology
233(1)
13.8.2 Treatment
234(1)
14 Head and Neck Cancers
235(18)
14.1 Cancers of the Lips
236(1)
14.2 Cancers of the Floor of the Mouth (Under the Tongue), Anterior Two-Thirds of the Tongue and Buccal Mucosa (Inside the Cheek)
236(5)
14.3 Cancer in the Posterior Third of Tongue, Tonsillar Region and Pharynx
241(1)
14.4 Cancers of the Post-nasal Space (the Air Passage at the Back of the Nose)
242(1)
14.4.1 Presentation
243(1)
14.4.2 Treatment
243(1)
14.5 Cancer of the Larynx
243(2)
14.5.1 The Lost Chord Club
244(1)
14.6 Salivary Gland Cancers
245(1)
14.7 Cancers of the Thyroid Gland
246(7)
14.7.1 Causes and Presentation
246(2)
14.7.2 Accidental Irradiation
248(1)
14.7.3 Investigations
249(1)
14.7.4 Types of Thyroid Cancer
249(1)
14.7.5 Papillary Cancer
249(1)
14.7.6 Follicular Cancer
249(1)
14.7.7 Medullary Cancer
250(1)
14.7.8 Anaplastic Cancer
250(1)
14.7.9 Other Types
250(3)
15 Cancers of Female Genital Organs
253(12)
15.1 Cancers of the Uterus
253(1)
15.2 Cancer of the Cervix
253(3)
15.2.1 Presentation and Risk Factors
253(1)
15.2.2 Investigations
254(1)
15.2.3 Treatment
254(1)
15.2.4 Prevention
255(1)
15.3 Cancer of the Body of the Uterus (Endometrial Cancer)
256(2)
15.3.1 Presentation
256(1)
15.3.2 Investigations
256(1)
15.3.3 Treatment
257(1)
15.4 Choriocarcinoma
258(1)
15.5 Cancer of the Ovary
258(5)
15.5.1 Presentation
259(1)
15.5.2 Investigations
259(1)
15.5.3 Treatment
260(1)
15.5.4 Prevention
260(1)
15.5.5 Metastatic Cancer of the Ovary
261(2)
15.6 Cancer of the Vagina
263(1)
15.7 Cancer of the Vulva
263(2)
16 Cancers of the Male Genital Organs
265(14)
16.1 Cancer of the Penis
265(1)
16.2 Cancer of the Testis
266(2)
16.2.1 Presentation
266(1)
16.2.2 Investigations
267(1)
16.2.3 Pathology
267(1)
16.2.4 Treatment
267(1)
16.3 Cancer of the Prostate Gland
268(11)
16.3.1 Presentation
269(1)
16.3.2 Investigations
270(1)
16.3.3 Screening Tests: The PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigens) and the DRE (Digital Rectal Examination)
271(1)
16.3.4 Controversies in Management of Men with Prostate Cancer
271(2)
16.3.5 Treatments
273(2)
16.3.6 Treatment of Bone Metastases
275(4)
17 Cancers of Bladder and Kidneys
279(6)
17.1 Bladder Cancer
279(2)
17.1.1 Investigations
280(1)
17.1.2 Types of Bladder Cancer (Pathology)
280(1)
17.1.3 Treatment
280(1)
17.2 Kidney Cancers
281(4)
17.2.1 Wilm's Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
281(1)
17.2.2 Adenocarcinoma (Hypernephroma or Grawitz Tumour)
281(1)
17.2.3 Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis or Ureter (Transitional Cell Carcinoma)
282(1)
17.2.4 Investigations
282(1)
17.2.5 Treatment
282(3)
18 Cancers of the Brain and Nervous System
285(8)
18.1 Brain Cancers
285(5)
18.1.1 Clinical Features (Symptoms and Signs)
286(1)
18.1.2 Pathology Types
287(1)
18.1.3 Investigations
287(1)
18.1.4 Treatment
287(3)
18.2 Secondary Cancers in the Brain
290(1)
18.3 Nerve Cell Cancers
291(1)
18.3.1 Neuroblastoma
291(1)
18.3.2 Presentation
291(1)
18.4 Retinoblastoma
291(2)
18.4.1 Presentation
291(2)
19 The Leukaemias and Lymphomas
293(20)
19.1 The Leukaemias
293(2)
19.1.1 Incidence and Prevalence of Leukaemias
294(1)
19.2 The Acute Leukaemias
295(3)
19.2.1 Clinical Presentation
295(1)
19.2.2 Investigations
296(1)
19.2.3 Treatment
296(2)
19.3 Chronic Lymphocytic (Lymphatic) Leukaemia
298(2)
19.3.1 Clinical Presentation
298(1)
19.3.2 Investigations
299(1)
19.3.3 Treatment
299(1)
19.4 Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
300(3)
19.4.1 Clinical Presentation
300(1)
19.4.2 Investigations
300(1)
19.4.3 Treatment
300(1)
19.4.4 Hairy Cell Leukaemia
301(2)
19.5 The Lymphomas
303(2)
19.5.1 Causes of Lymphoma
304(1)
19.6 Hodgkin Lymphoma
305(3)
19.6.1 Presentation
305(1)
19.6.2 Investigations
306(1)
19.6.3 Staging and the Staging Laparotomy
306(1)
19.6.4 Treatment
306(2)
19.7 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
308(3)
19.7.1 Presentation
308(1)
19.7.2 Investigations
309(1)
19.7.3 Treatment
309(2)
19.8 Multiple Myeloma
311(2)
19.8.1 Investigations
311(1)
19.8.2 Treatment
311(2)
20 Soft Tissue Sarcomas
313(10)
20.1 Classification: Pathological Types
315(8)
20.1.1 Fibrosarcoma
315(1)
20.1.2 Liposarcoma
315(1)
20.1.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma
316(1)
20.1.4 Leiomyosarcoma
316(1)
20.1.5 Neurosarcoma
316(1)
20.1.6 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH)
317(1)
20.1.7 Angiosarcoma
317(1)
20.1.8 Synovial Sarcoma (Synoviosarcoma or Malignant Synovioma)
317(1)
20.1.9 Presentation
318(1)
20.1.10 Investigations
318(1)
20.1.11 Treatment
318(5)
21 Malignant Tumours of Bone and Cartilage
323(8)
21.1 Osteosarcoma
323(4)
21.1.1 Presentation
323(1)
21.1.2 Investigations
324(1)
21.1.3 Treatment
324(2)
21.1.4 Intra-operative Irradiation
326(1)
21.2 Osteoclastoma (Central Giant Cell Tumour of Bone)
327(1)
21.2.1 Presentation
327(1)
21.2.2 Investigations
327(1)
21.2.3 Treatment
327(1)
21.3 Ewing's Tumour
327(1)
21.3.1 Presentation
327(1)
21.3.2 Investigations
328(1)
21.3.3 Treatment
328(1)
21.4 Chondrosarcoma
328(3)
21.4.1 Presentation
328(1)
21.4.2 Investigations
328(1)
21.4.3 Treatment
329(2)
22 Metastatic (Secondary) Cancer
331(6)
Part IV Making Progress
23 Techniques and Evidence of Progress
337(8)
23.1 Evidence-Based Medicine
337(5)
23.1.1 Randomised Trials
338(1)
23.1.2 Other Historic Methods of Gathering Evidence
338(4)
23.2 Clinical Trials
342(3)
23.2.1 Ethics Approval
343(2)
24 Future Directions
345(18)
24.1 Prevention
346(1)
24.2 Improved Cancer Screening and Diagnostic Techniques
347(1)
24.2.1 MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)
348(1)
24.2.2 Combined Imaging Using PET and CT or PET and MRI
348(1)
24.2.3 Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery
348(1)
24.3 Vaccines
348(1)
24.4 Improved Treatment Agents
349(1)
24.5 Self-Rescuing Concept (SRC)
349(1)
24.6 New Agents
350(1)
24.7 Therapeutic Viruses
350(1)
24.8 Targeted Therapies
350(1)
24.9 Improvements in Radiotherapy
351(1)
24.9.1 Improvements in Focusing Radiotherapy
352(1)
24.10 More Effective Use of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Integrated with Surgery
352(1)
24.11 Prevention of Metastases
352(1)
24.12 Heat Therapy
353(1)
24.13 Other Physical Treatments
353(1)
24.14 Immunotherapy
353(1)
24.15 Stem Cell Research
354(1)
24.16 Studies in Cell-Mediated Anti-cancer Activity
354(1)
24.17 Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy
354(1)
24.18 Developments in Antibody Treatment
355(1)
24.19 Molecular Characterisation in Future Cancer Treatment
355(1)
24.20 Gene Expression Profiling for Prediction of Response to Chemotherapy
356(1)
24.21 Molecular Heterogeneity
356(1)
24.22 Learning from Alternative and Naturopathic Practices
356(1)
24.23 Improved Palliative Care and Supportive Care
356(1)
24.24 Personalised Medicine
357(4)
24.24.1 Background: The Variety of Tumours
357(1)
24.24.2 Rapid Improvement of Diagnostic Methods
358(1)
24.24.3 Biomarker
358(1)
24.24.4 Heterogeneity: The Evolution of Cancer
358(1)
24.24.5 Immune Therapy
359(1)
24.24.6 Immune Therapy: Checkpoints and Their Inhibitors
359(1)
24.24.7 Immune Therapy: Adoptive Therapies
360(1)
24.24.8 Immune Therapy: Tumour-Specific Antibodies
360(1)
24.24.9 Outlook
360(1)
24.25 Hope for the Future
361(2)
Appendix A Further Reading 363(4)
Appendix B Appendix 367(12)
Glossary 379
Prof. Dr. med. Aigner is one of the worlds pioneers in the field of regional chemotherapy. He has been involved with regional chemotherapy for over 30 years and today he is considered as one of the worlds most experienced experts in this treatment method. Numerous lectures and guest operations in the USA, Japan, China, Israel, Egypt, Australia and a number of other countries, as well as over 200 professional publications, lectures and guest operations both in Germany and abroad attest to his medical commitment to RCT regional chemotherapy.





Prof. Aigner completed his medical studies and his basic surgical training in cardiovascular surgery at the University of Erlangen. He obtained his habilitation doctorate in surgical oncology at the University of Giessen, with a research focus in techniques of regional chemotherapy. In 1981, Prof Aigner developed a technique for performing the first isolated liver perfusion in humans using a heart-lung machine, and over subsequentyears a variety of additional surgical procedures and specialized catheters for isolated therapy of organs and parts of the body, including the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma.





From 1986 until 1991, Prof. Aigner was Chief Physician for Surgery at the Kreiskrankenhaus Trostberg am Chiemsee, and until 2001, he was the Chief Physician in the Department of Oncological Surgery at the Asklepios Paulinen Clinic in Wiesbaden. From 2002 until 2005 he led the Department of oncological surgery at the Medias Klinik GmbH in Ransbach-Baumbach. Since 2006 Prof. Aigner has been the Medical Director of the Medias Klinikum GmbH & Co KG, a private clinic for oncological surgery in Burghausen (Salzach).
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