Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
About the Authors |
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xix | |
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Chapter 1 Overview of Scientific Research |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (4) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Participant (Subject) Sampling |
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3 | (1) |
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Experimental and Control Groups |
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4 | (1) |
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Independent and Dependent Variables |
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5 | (1) |
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Describing Collected Data |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Goals, Principles, and Assumptions of Science |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Five Basic Approaches to Scientific Research |
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9 | (9) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Using Multiple Predictors |
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10 | (1) |
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Establishing Test Reliability |
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11 | (1) |
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Developing Homogeneous Subgroups |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Solving Personal Problems |
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12 | (1) |
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Predicting and Subgrouping |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Advantages of Experimental Approach |
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14 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of Experimental Approach |
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14 | (1) |
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Purposes of Experimentation |
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15 | (1) |
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Experimentation Versus Demonstration |
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16 | (1) |
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Manipulation Versus Selection of Independent Values |
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16 | (1) |
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Quasi-Experimental Approach |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Nonequivalent Control Group Design |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Methods of Describing Data |
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23 | (30) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Consideration of Numbers in Statistics |
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24 | (3) |
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Continuous Versus Discrete Data |
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25 | (1) |
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Four General Scales of Measurement |
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25 | (1) |
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Scaling Behavioral Dimensions |
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26 | (1) |
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Graphical Methods of Description |
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27 | (5) |
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Univariate Frequency Distribution |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Determine Number and Size |
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27 | (1) |
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Set Up Frequency Distribution |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Cumulative Frequency Distribution |
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30 | (2) |
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Univariate Descriptive Statistics |
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32 | (12) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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When to Use Different Measures of Central Tendency |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Measures of Dispersion, Variability, or Spread |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (3) |
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Interpretation of Standard Deviation |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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Measures of Distribution Skewness |
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43 | (1) |
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Measures of Distribution Kurtosis |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (4) |
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52 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Bivariate Descriptive Statistics |
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53 | (32) |
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53 | (1) |
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Bivariate Frequency Distributions |
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53 | (4) |
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Graphing Relationship Between Two Variables |
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54 | (2) |
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Shapes of Bivariate Frequency Distributions |
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56 | (1) |
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Correlation: The Pearson r |
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57 | (5) |
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Nature of Correlation Coefficients |
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57 | (1) |
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Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (r) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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Effect of Range on Value or Coefficient |
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60 | (1) |
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Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients |
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60 | (2) |
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Interpretation of r2 (Coefficient of Determination) |
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62 | (1) |
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Other Correlation Coefficients |
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62 | (8) |
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62 | (1) |
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Computation of Point Biserial |
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62 | (1) |
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Assumptions Underlying Point Biserial |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Computation of Biserial rb |
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64 | (1) |
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Assumptions Underlying Biserial r |
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65 | (1) |
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Interpretation of Biserial r |
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65 | (1) |
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Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (Rho) |
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65 | (1) |
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Calculation of Spearman Rho |
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65 | (1) |
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Assumption Underlying Spearman Rho |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Assumptions Underlying Phi |
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68 | (1) |
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Special Uses of Phi Coefficient |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Calculation of Correlation Ratio |
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69 | (1) |
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Prediction and Concept of Regression |
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70 | (4) |
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70 | (1) |
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Computation of Regression Lines |
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70 | (1) |
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Equation for Straight Line |
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71 | (1) |
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Computation of Linear Regression Line |
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71 | (2) |
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Relation of byx and bxy to r |
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73 | (1) |
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Standard Error of Estimate |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Simple Experimental Designs |
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85 | (36) |
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85 | (1) |
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Introduction to Inferential Statistics |
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86 | (2) |
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Sampling Distribution of Means |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Relationship of Sample Size to σx |
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86 | (1) |
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Computing Standard Error of Mean σx |
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87 | (1) |
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Sampling Distribution of Difference Between Two Means σDx |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Statistical Hypothesis Testing |
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88 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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One-Tailed Versus Two-Tailed Hypotheses |
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89 | (2) |
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Type I and Type II Errors |
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91 | (1) |
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Power of Statistical Testing |
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91 | (1) |
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Two Randomized Groups Designs: t-Test for Independent Samples |
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91 | (2) |
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Two Randomized Groups (Between Groups) Design |
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91 | (1) |
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t-Test for Independent Data |
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92 | (1) |
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Concept of Degrees of Freedom |
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92 | (1) |
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Use of t-Test in Statistical Hypothesis Testing |
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92 | (1) |
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Limitations of Randomized Groups Design |
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93 | (1) |
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Two Matched Groups and Repeated Measures Designs: t-Test for Correlated Data |
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93 | (7) |
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Two Matched Groups Design |
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94 | (1) |
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t-Test for Correlated Data |
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94 | (1) |
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Computation of t for Correlated Data |
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94 | (3) |
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Repeated Measures (Within Subjects) Design |
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97 | (1) |
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Advantages and Uses of Repeated Measures Designs |
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97 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of Repeated Measures Designs |
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98 | (1) |
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Counterbalancing in Repeated Measures Designs |
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98 | (1) |
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Using r-Test With Repeated Measures Design |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (8) |
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100 | (1) |
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Assumptions of Mann-Whitney U-Test |
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100 | (1) |
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Computation of Mann-Whitney U-Test |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test (T) |
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102 | (1) |
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Assumptions of Wilcoxon Test |
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102 | (1) |
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Computation of Wilcoxon Test |
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102 | (1) |
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Explanation of Wilcoxon Test |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Chi-Square Tests of Independence |
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104 | (1) |
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Computation of Degrees of Freedom for Chi-Square Tests |
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105 | (1) |
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Chi-Square Tests of Goodness of Fit |
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105 | (1) |
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Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit to Normal |
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106 | (1) |
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Computation of Chi-Square With Small Expected Frequencies |
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107 | (1) |
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Testing for Significance of Correlation |
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108 | (1) |
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Test for Significance of Phi (O) |
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108 | (1) |
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Testing for Significance of Pearson r and Spearman Rho |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Simple Analysis of Variance |
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121 | (26) |
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121 | (1) |
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More Than Two Treatments Designs |
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121 | (3) |
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Reasons for Using More Than Two Treatments |
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121 | (1) |
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Using More Than Two Treatments May Yield a Different Answer |
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121 | (1) |
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To Obtain Fairly Precise Knowledge of the IV-DM Relationship |
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122 | (1) |
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To Study More Than Two Treatment Conditions |
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122 | (1) |
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Types of More Than Two Treatment Designs |
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123 | (1) |
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Single-Factor (Simple) Analysis of Variance |
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124 | (3) |
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Concept of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Why Multiple t-Tests Should Not Be Used |
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127 | (1) |
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ANOVA for More Than Two Randomized Groups Design |
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127 | (4) |
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Computation of Sums of Squares |
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128 | (1) |
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Degrees of Freedom, Mean Squares, and F-Ratio |
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128 | (1) |
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Generalized ANOVA Summary Table |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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ANOVA for Repeated Measures Design |
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131 | (4) |
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Computation of Sums of Squares |
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131 | (1) |
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Degrees of Freedom, Mean Squares, and F-Ratio |
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132 | (1) |
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Generalized ANOVA Summary Table |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Post Hoc Analyses: Multiple Comparisons Among Means |
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135 | (4) |
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Tukey's WSD (Wholly Significant Difference) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Scheffe Test for All Possible Comparisons |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Multifactor Analysis of Variance |
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147 | (34) |
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147 | (1) |
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Rationale for Factorial Designs |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Limitation of Nested Designs |
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152 | (1) |
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Types of Analysis of Variance Designs |
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152 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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Completely Within-Subjects (Repeated Measures) Designs |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Between-Groups (Random Blocks) Two-Factor ANOVA Designs |
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154 | (4) |
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Rationale for Between-Groups ANOVA Designs |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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Within-Subjects (Repeated Measures) Two-Factor ANOVA Designs |
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158 | (3) |
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Rationale for Within-Subjects ANOVA Designs |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Mixed Two-Factor ANOVA Designs |
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161 | (3) |
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Rationale for Mixed ANOVA Designs |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (11) |
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179 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Planning, Conducting, and Reporting Research |
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181 | (22) |
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181 | (1) |
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Planning and Conducting Study |
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181 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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Stating Problem and Hypothesis |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Developing Experimental Procedure |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Techniques for Controlling Extraneous Variables |
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184 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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Holding Conditions Constant |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Counterbalancing Conditions |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (4) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (4) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Technical Report References |
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195 | (1) |
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Motion Picture References |
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195 | (1) |
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Newspaper and Magazine References |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Additional Comments About Writing Scientific Reports |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
Appendix A Statistical Tables |
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203 | (24) |
Appendix B Glossary of Statistical Terms, Equations, and Symbols |
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227 | (36) |
Appendix C Statistical Equations |
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263 | (10) |
Index |
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273 | |