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E-grāmata: Bench Grafter's Handbook: Principles & Practice

  • Formāts: 680 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Jun-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351694933
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  • Formāts: 680 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Jun-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351694933
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Containing 500 full color photographs and illustrations, The Bench Grafter’s Handbook: Principles and Practice presents exhaustive information on all aspects of bench grafting. It details requirements of more than 200 temperate woody plant genera, covering over 2,000 species and cultivars including important ornamental, temperate fruit, and nut crops. The book explains the principles and practices of bench grafting, new procedures to enhance grafting success, and recommendations for further scientific investigation.

Practical issues to aid professionals and the beginner, include detailed accounts, supported by pictures and diagrams, of the main grafting methods, knifesmanship techniques, and methods of training. Provision and design, now and for the future, of suitable structures, grafting facilities, and equipment, to provide ideal controlled environments for grafts, are described.

The book describes major grafting systems, sub-cold, cold, warm, supported warm, hot-pipe, and other grafting strategies. It provides details of health and safety issues; work stations, seat design, lighting levels; recorded output figures for various types of graft; grafting knives and tools; and methods of sharpening by hand and machine.

Features:

  • Comprehensive description, pictures, and diagrams of how to learn and utilize important grafting methods.
  • Detailed information and scientific principles behind the selection, specification, and choice of the main graft components – the rootstock and scion.
  • Scientific principles and practicalities of providing optimal plant material, equipment, facilities and environmental conditions for graft union development including addressing the problems of graft incompatibility.
  • Discussion of the actual and potential role of bench grafting in woody plant conservation with suggestions for new initiatives.

This book is intended for use by nurserymen; those involved in the upkeep of extensive plant collections; conservationists; plant scientists; lecturers in horticulture; horticultural students; and amateurs with an interest in grafting.

Recenzijas

"It seems to be the British sense of humour to refer to this book as the Grafter`s Handbook. Better to call it the Grafter`s Bible. It is quite impossible in a short review to do justice to, or touch on, the wealth of information, thoughts and hints given about grafting in this wonderfully comprehensive and entertaining book.) ( Everything you need to know but have never been told about bench grafting could be just another title) ( Some chapters are extraordinary. In part three Achieving the Union the author discusses the problems of incompatibility.) - (Incompatibility is examined in detail; understanding and recognising its causes and strategies to overcome it are discussed.) (Part seven is the largest section of the book, dealing with all the different genera and species with a wealth of useful information about the right (and useless) rootstocks, time and technique of grafting etc.) (it contains 500 full-colour photographs and illustrations, which of course makes reading more vivid. A plant index, a subject index and an extensive bibliography of the cited works shows the effort the author has put into his work over many years. This work will certainly be a long term standard reference book on bench grafting."

Review from Eike Jablonski - Senior Professor and Head of Arboretum, Dendrology and Nursery section at Luxemburg College of Horticulture. Review in the International Dendrology Society Yearbook

"This is a book for study as well as a great reference for all who want to learn about grafting or gain deeper knowledge of the craft. The book is divided into eight parts covering different aspects of grafting, from background knowledge (Why Grafting?) to a most usable checklist with details of more than 200 genera, encompassing over 2,000 species, varieties, and cultivars. [ ] this book will certainly be a long-term standard reference book for all who are propagating by grafting and for all who show an interest in grafting and want to know more [ ] Throughout the whole book, photographs and line drawings accompany the text. The book ends with a plant index, a subject index, and an extensive bibliography of works cited " Gert Fortgens, Director of the Trompenburg Arboretum Rotterdam, The International Oak Society Newsletter

"Combining practice and science is at the core of Brian Humphreys immensely valuable book. [ ] he draws in this book on an immense fund of science-based practice. In so doing he achieves something which is almost unique, here is an author who distils decades of practical skills, knowledge and competence and produces a volume which will stand as the major reference tome for future generations. [ ] The book stands on the shoulders of past experts such as Robert Garner, Mike Dirr and Bruce MacDonald and surpasses their achievements since it comes as a direct result of highly-placed employment in the profit-making modern nursery industry. [ ] Every page of this weighty tome is packed solidly, but very readably, with practical knowledge and information. Brian Humphrey divides his work broadly into two parts - general principles and genera specific requirements. [ ] The Specific Requirements contains 35 intricate chapters dealing A to Z with those genera that are propagated by bench grafting. Rounding this off is an extensive summary table which offers an immediate aide memoire for skilled propagators. [ ...] Each of these parts is well illustrated with coloured pictures adding interest and readability throughout the work. [ ...] Brian Humphrey has written a work of true scholarship derived from personal industrial experience integrated with scientific and technical knowledge, that is a very unusual achievement. This volume should be used throughout the nursery industry as a reference source, in colleges and universities as a teaching aid and bought as a cherished life-time purchase by students." Professor Geoff R. Dickson, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Institute of Horticulture Journal

"This book is extraordinarily comprehensive packed with informed detail throughout its 628 pages [ ...] the amount of information is awe-inspiring, but it is presented in an accessible way, broken down into discrete chapters and sections, well signposted and with two comprehensive indices one on genera the other on subjects. Chapters are also illustrated with multiple photographs [ ...] the Bench grafter`s Handbook is the last word on the subject. It is a big step up on what has gone before and likely to remain the definitive work on the subject for years to come." Maurice Foster, Honary member of the RHS Woody Plant Committee, The Plant Review

"To distil a review of this book into a few short paragraphs is not easy. If the intention is to give the reader a flavour of what is contained within it, I would simply say this. It quite simply supersedes and excels what has gone before it. If you wish to understand what it takes to propagate some of our most treasured plants this will give you that information. [ ...] Whilst the experience, scholarship and technical information contained within the book are exceptional, what we should particularly celebrate and acknowledge is the desire, scholarly ability and dedication on the part of the author it has taken to produce this manuscript for us and future generations to enjoy and benefit from." Roderick White, Royal Horticultural Society`s Woody Plant Committee, Rhododendron Camellia and Magnolia Group (a Royal Horticultural Society Group) Bulletin

"Looking in detail at the information I could not find any flaws at all [ ...] The information in Brian Humphrey`s book however is not only clear but it also seems very complete. [ ...] I can do nothing else but conclude this is a very thorough and practical piece of work. As a Dutchman I was also impressed by his extremely complete literature list, including even very many Dutch sources. These are often overlooked as they are written in our obscure language, which, apart from some Belgians and South Africans, nobody seems to understand. [ ...] it also is a handbook that helps the amateur as well as the professional [ ...] from the very basic principles of grafting, to pointers on how to put up a proper working station, or even how to sharpen a knife. I couldn`t think of anything regarding grafting that isn`t mentioned in detail in this handbook. I can recommend this book without any hesitation to anyone involved in grafting, wanting to understand more about the principles of grafting, or just requiring proper information about which plant to use as a rootstock." Cor van Gelderen Proprietor of the Esveld Nursery, Boskoop, The Maple Society Newsletter

'This richly illustrated volume provides nearly encyclopedic coverage of every aspect of bench grafting and may well become the standard reference on the subject for the foreseeable future. In synthesizing decades of scientific literature and professional experience, British nurseryman Humphrey (awarded the O.B.E. in 1987) here outlines the anatomical and physiological principles underlying successful graft unions, and thoroughly describes the types of grafts that can be made and the materials, methods, systems, and facilities necessary to achieve them. Detailed literature reviews for 35 important plant genera, and general recommendations for grafting members of over 200 genera, provide essential information for practicing professionals. Additionally, the author raises significant questions (requiring continued scientific discovery) about the potential role grafting could play in future plant conservation efforts. This work will be of great value to professional and amateur horticulturalists alike, as well as horticulture educators and students.'

--R. M. Warner, Michigan State University, CHOICE (May 2020) Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.

Preface xxix
Acknowledgements xxxiii
Author xxxvii
Introduction xxxix
Part One Bench Grafting in Practice
Chapter 1 Grafting in Nature and in the Hands of the Grafter
3(4)
Vascular Continuity
3(4)
Chapter 2 Grafting Strategies: Categorisation of Grafting Methods
7(12)
Grafting Strategies
7(1)
Apical Grafting
7(1)
Side Grafting
7(1)
Apical and Side Grafting Strategies Compared
8(3)
Speed
8(1)
Space Requirements
8(1)
Growth and Survival
8(1)
Convenience
8(1)
Heading-Back: A Specific Requirement of Side Grafts
9(2)
Grafting: The Five Basic Methods
11(3)
Splice Grafts
11(1)
Veneer Grafts
12(1)
Wedge Grafts
12(1)
Inlay Grafts
13(1)
Rind Grafts
13(1)
The Three Categories of Importance to Bench Grafters
14(1)
Apical Veneer, Splice and Wedge Grafts Compared
15(1)
Machine and Tool-Made Grafts
16(3)
Chapter 3 Making the Graft
19(24)
The Basics
19(2)
Understanding Stem and Root Cambia
19(1)
Importance of Good Knifesmanship
19(2)
Preparation of Components Prior to Grafting
19(1)
Holding the Knife - Support and Control
19(2)
Splice Grafts
21(7)
Splice Grafting Methods
21(6)
Alternative Splice Grafting Method
24(3)
Whip and Tongue Graft
27(1)
Whip and Tongue Grafting Methods
27(1)
Veneer Grafts
28(12)
Apical Veneer Grafts
29(1)
Short Tongue Apical Veneer (Apical Veneer)
29(1)
Long Tongue Apical Veneer (Modified Apical Veneer)
29(1)
Side Veneer Grafts
30(3)
Short Tongue Side Veneer (Side Veneer)
31(1)
Long Tongue Side Veneer (Modified Side Veneer)
31(1)
Side Sloping Veneer
31(2)
Veneer Grafting Methods
33(7)
Sequence of Cuts for Veneer Grafts
33(5)
Cambial Alignment for Veneer Grafts
38(2)
Wedge Grafts
40(3)
Apical Wedge Graft
40(2)
Rootstock Cuts for Wedge Grafts
41(1)
Scion Cuts for Wedge Grafts
41(1)
Cambial Alignment for Wedge Grafts
42(1)
Side Wedge Graft
42(1)
Chapter 4 Fine Tuning Grafting: Positioning; Sequences; Training; Rates of Work
43(8)
Positioning Grafts
43(2)
Height above Root Collar or Soil Level
43(1)
Rootstock and Scion Placement - Stimulant Bud - Grafting Methods
43(2)
Priority - Scion or Rootstock?
45(2)
Sequence of Actions for Performing the Graft
47(1)
Training and Practice
47(2)
Rates of Work
49(2)
Chapter 5 Grafting Knives: Grafting Machines and Tools
51(14)
Knife Selection
51(4)
Folding Blade Knives
51(1)
Design and Construction
51(1)
Folding Blade Models
52(2)
Fixed Blade Knives
54(1)
Disposable Blade Knives
54(1)
Knife Sharpening
55(6)
Hand Sharpening - Equipment and Materials
55(3)
Choice of Cutting Edge Angle
56(1)
Stone Choice and Maintenance of Sharpening Stones
56(1)
Procedures
56(1)
Techniques for Curved (Hooked) Blades
57(1)
Stages in Sharpening - Burr Removal - Honing
58(1)
Honing
58(1)
Stropping
58(1)
Cutting Edge Retention
59(1)
Key Points for Effective Hand Sharpening
59(1)
Machine and Machine-Aided Knife Sharpening
60(1)
Sharpening Aids
60(1)
Sharpening Machines
60(1)
Testing for Sharpness
60(1)
Knife Maintenance
60(1)
Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools
61(4)
Grafting Machines
61(2)
Grafting Tools
63(2)
Chapter 6 Ties - Tying and Sealing
65(14)
Basic Principles
65(1)
Tying Materials
65(1)
Non-Enclosing and Enclosing Ties
66(7)
Non-Enclosing Ties
66(5)
Tying-In Procedures and Techniques for Non-Enclosing Ties
67(3)
Tying-Off
70(1)
Enclosing Ties
71(1)
Tying Procedures for Enclosing Ties
71(1)
Self-Adhesive Enclosing Ties
72(2)
Mechanised Tying-In
72(1)
Alternative Graft Fixing Methods
73(1)
Sealants and Waxes
74(5)
Hot Sealants
74(1)
Melting Hot Waxes
75(1)
Cold Sealants
75(1)
Application Methods
76(3)
Brush Application
76(1)
Dipping
76(3)
Chapter 7 Work Station: Equipment and Associated Ancillary and Safety Equipment
79(12)
Centralised, Integral or Mobile Workstations
79(1)
Work Station - Logistics of Handling Grafts and Rootstocks
79(1)
Work Station Equipment
80(1)
The Grafting Bench
80(2)
Height Adjustment Related to Seating and Method
81(1)
Layout and Handling
82(1)
Grafting Procedures and Bench Design
82(1)
Seating
82(1)
Seat and Bench Placement
82(1)
Lighting
83(1)
Ancillary Equipment and Activities - Safety Equipment
83(3)
Secateurs
84(1)
Bench and Plant Material Cleanliness
84(1)
Knife Blade Cleaning and Sterilisation
84(1)
Inspecting Grafts
85(1)
Labelling and Marking
85(1)
Protective Clothing
86(1)
Production Planning, Computers and Recording Data
86(1)
First Aid Equipment, Health and Safety and Risk Assessments
87(4)
Risk Assessments
88(3)
Part Two The Graft Components - Rootstock and Scion
Chapter 8 Rootstocks: Origin and Underlying Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
91(6)
Origin
91(3)
Seedlings
91(1)
Clonal
92(1)
Roots or Root Systems
92(1)
Unrooted Stems
93(1)
Size of Rootstock
94(1)
Root Pressure (Bleeding) and Root Activity
94(3)
Chapter 9 Rootstocks: Categories; Acquisition; Specifications; Culture
97(14)
Categories of Rootstocks
97(1)
Acquisition
97(1)
Bought-In Rootstocks
97(1)
In-House Production
98(1)
Rootstock Specifications - Terms Used
98(1)
Bare-Root Deciduous Rootstocks
99(1)
Specifications to Meet Requirements
99(1)
Transport - Reception and Handling
99(1)
Preparation for Immediate Use
99(1)
Storage (Short- or Long-Term)
100(1)
Bare-Root Evergreen Rootstocks
100(1)
Requirements - Specifications
100(1)
Transport - Reception and Handling
100(1)
Storage
101(1)
Root-Balled Rootstocks
101(1)
Rootstocks for Top-Working
101(1)
Rootstocks for Cuttings-Grafts
101(1)
Potted Rootstocks - Sourced from Other Producers
102(1)
Requirements - Specifications
102(1)
Transport and Handling
102(1)
Reception for Grafting Shortly after Arrival
102(1)
Reception for Use at a Later Date
102(1)
Potted Rootstocks - Produced In-House
102(2)
Specifications
103(1)
Pot Sizes and Types
103(1)
Plug Grown
104(1)
Specification and Types
104(1)
Requirements and Handling
104(1)
Rootstock Culture - Bare-Root
105(1)
Soil - Sowing - Seedling Density
105(1)
Herbicides for Rootstocks Growing in the Field
105(1)
Rootstock Culture - Pot Grown
105(3)
Establishment
105(1)
Potting Composts
106(1)
Growing Conditions
106(1)
Weed Control Strategies
107(1)
Pesticide Use
108(1)
Drying-Off Pot Grown Rootstocks
108(3)
Chapter 10 Scions - General Principles - Acquisition - Stock Mother Plants - Selection and Collection
111(24)
Scions and Cuttings Compared
111(1)
Principles for Selection of Scion Wood
111(2)
Differences between 'Ripe' and 'Unripe' Shoots
112(1)
Scion Acquisition - Non-Commercial Sources
113(1)
Plant Collections
113(1)
Scion Acquisition - Commercial Suppliers
114(2)
Other Nurserymen or Specialist Suppliers
114(1)
Overseas Sources
114(1)
High Health Status Material
115(1)
Scion Acquisition from Internal Sources
116(3)
Scions from Growing on Stock
116(1)
Scions from Dedicated Container Grown Mother Plants
116(1)
Scions from Stock Mother Plant Beds
117(1)
Strategic Advantages
117(1)
Technical Advantages
117(1)
Disadvantages
118(1)
Yield of Scion Material from Stock Mother Plant Beds
118(1)
Establishment and Maintenance of Stock Beds
119(2)
Site and Soil - Initial Assessments
119(1)
Soil Preparation
119(1)
Planting Procedures and Design
120(1)
Weed Control
120(1)
Pesticide and Fungicide Application
121(1)
Pruning and Training Stock Mother Plants
121(3)
Deciduous Trees
121(1)
Deciduous Shrubs
122(1)
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs
123(1)
Conifers
123(1)
Upright Formal Shaped Conifers
123(1)
Upright Informal Shaped Conifers
124(1)
Spreading and Dwarf Conifers
124(1)
Climbers
124(1)
Scions for Winter Grafts
124(3)
Deciduous Hardwoods
124(2)
Collection
124(1)
Storage
125(1)
Preparation
126(1)
Evergreen Hardwoods Scions
126(1)
Collection
126(1)
Storage - Preparation
127(1)
Scions for Summer Grafts
127(2)
Summer Dormant Deciduous and Evergreen
127(1)
Collection
127(1)
Storage
127(1)
Preparation
127(1)
Summer Active Deciduous and Evergreen
128(1)
Collection
128(1)
Storage
129(1)
Preparation
129(1)
Conifer Scions
129(1)
Handling/Preparation for Conifer Scions
129(6)
Storage
130(1)
Transport of Scion Material
130(1)
Post Grafting Scion Growth - Use of Bud Growth Stimulants
130(5)
Part Three Achieving the Union
Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Graft Union Formation and Development
135(24)
Basic Woody Plant Anatomy
135(3)
Woody Plant - Primary Stem Anatomy
135(1)
Woody Plant - Secondary Stem Anatomy
136(1)
Woody Plant Anatomy - Vascular System
137(1)
Graft Union Formation
138(6)
Union Formation - Response to Wounding
138(1)
Stages in the Formation of the Graft Union
139(3)
First Stage - Necrotic Plate
139(1)
Second Stage
140(1)
Third Stage
140(1)
Fourth Stage
141(1)
Diagrammatic Representation of Graft Union Formation
142(2)
Factors Influencing Callus Development
144(10)
Genetic Influence
144(1)
Rootstock - Scion - Grafting Method
144(1)
Temperature
144(2)
Rootstock Activity, Root Extension
146(1)
Moisture, Humidity, Oxygen - Effects of Sealing
146(1)
Timing/Seasonal Patterns/Pruning
147(1)
Polarity
148(1)
Stimulant Buds
148(1)
Root Pressure (Bleeding)
149(14)
Genetic Variability
152(2)
Stage of Growth - Timing
154(1)
Root Temperature
154(1)
Substrate Moisture
154(1)
Side Graft, Height of Graft
154(1)
Graft Hybrids
154(2)
Rootstock and Scion Interactions
156(3)
Chapter 12 Compatibility
159(12)
Recognising Incompatibility
159(1)
Causes of Incompatibility
159(3)
Predicting Compatibility
162(1)
Future Progress - Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility
163(8)
Double-Working
164(3)
Proven Inter-Stems
164(1)
Unproven Inter-Stems
165(2)
Other Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility
167(4)
Hybrid Seedlings
167(2)
Root Grafting
169(2)
Chapter 13 Graft Environment for Graft Union Development
171(18)
Water Exchange and Loss between the Plant and the Atmosphere
171(3)
Humidity - The Enclosed (Supportive) Environment
172(1)
Water - Practical Methods of Preventing Water Loss in Grafts
173(1)
Rootstocks
173(1)
Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Dormant Leafless Scions
173(1)
Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Leafy and De-Leaved Scions
174(1)
High Humidity Combined with Sealing
174(1)
Temperature - The Graft Environment
174(3)
Additional Heat
174(1)
Shading
175(1)
Shading in High Humidity (Enclosed) Environments
175(2)
Shade Level Calculations
177(1)
Ventilation - Temperature and Humidity Control
177(1)
Macro-Ventilation
177(1)
Micro-Ventilation
178(1)
Setting-Up and Management of the Enclosed Environment
178(6)
Bed Design
178(1)
Bed Layout - Condensation
179(1)
Moisture Level and Temperature of Standing Down Substrate
179(1)
Cover Materials
179(1)
Anti-Condensation Strategies
180(3)
Management of the Environment within Walk-In Structures
183(1)
Monitoring Grafts during Union Formation
184(1)
Graft Treatments
184(1)
Influencing Union Development
184(1)
Disease Suppression
185(1)
Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation
185(4)
Part Four Facilities: Structures and Equipment
Chapter 14 Protected Structures - High Humidity Enclosures - Shading Materials
189(8)
Glasshouses
189(1)
Walk-In Enclosed Structures within a Glasshouse or Polytunnel
190(1)
Polytunnels
190(1)
Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels
191(1)
Poly-Tent
192(1)
Holding Tent
192(2)
Shading - External
194(1)
Natural Shade
194(1)
Shade Hall
194(1)
Additional External Hoops
195(1)
Direct Application
195(1)
Shading - Internal/External
195(2)
Shading Screens
196(1)
Chapter 15 Ground Level Beds - Benches - Heating - Humidification
197(8)
Ground Level Beds within Greenhouses
197(4)
Ground Level Beds for Cold or Warm Callusing
197(1)
Warm Callusing - Provision of Heat for Ground Level Beds
197(4)
Electricity
197(1)
Hot Water
198(1)
Providing Bottom Heat and Space Heating
199(1)
Grafting Beds
199(1)
Bottom Heat throughout the Entire Floor
200(1)
Grafts Housed on Benches
201(1)
Bench Heating Systems
202(1)
Thermostats
202(1)
Thermostats - Electro-Mechanical
202(1)
Thermostats - Digital (Electronic)
202(1)
Humidification
202(3)
Chapter 16 Hot-Pipe Facilities: Design and Construction
205(12)
Hot-Pipe - Heat Source
205(1)
Electricity
205(1)
Hot Water
206(1)
The Heating Chamber
206(8)
Slotted Cover
206(2)
Layered Slotted Cover
208(1)
Solid Cover ('Sandwiched' Cover)
208(3)
Extruded Polystyrene Sheets Fabricated to Shape
208(1)
Half-Round Plastic Rainwater Gutters
209(2)
Square Section Rainwater Gutters
211(1)
Plywood or Insulating Boards Fabricated to Shape
211(1)
Hot-Pipe - Stacked Assemblies
211(11)
Separate Assembly Stacking
211(1)
Integrated Assembly Stacking
212(2)
Alternative Design for Aligned Chambers
214(1)
'Economy' Design
214(1)
Summer Storage
215(1)
Temperature Control for Hot-Pipe Systems
215(2)
Chapter 17 Growth Chambers for Grafts
217(4)
Part Five Grafting Systems
Chapter 18 Features and Management of Different Grafting Systems
221(34)
Sub-Cold Callusing (Hibernation Callusing)
221(1)
Cold Callusing - For Deciduous Species
222(2)
Bare-Root Rootstocks
222(1)
Potted Rootstocks
223(1)
Modified Cold Callusing
224(1)
Warm Callusing
224(4)
Dormant Hardwood Species
225(1)
Deciduous Hardwoods in Summer Dormancy
225(1)
Deciduous Hardwood Species in Active Growth (Early/Mid-Summer Grafting)
226(1)
Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods
226(1)
Summer Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods
226(1)
Summer Active Evergreen Hardwoods
227(1)
Supported Warm Callusing Systems
228(1)
Conifer Grafting
228(3)
Deciduous Conifers
229(1)
Evergreen Conifers
229(2)
Pinaceae and Sciadopityaceae
229(1)
Cupressaceae
230(1)
Aurucariaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae
231(1)
Summer Dormant Conifers
231(1)
Hot-Pipe (Hot Callusing) - Horticultural Management - Plant Material
231(5)
Output and Capacity
233(1)
Rootstocks
233(1)
Grafting Methods
234(1)
Temperature and Timing
235(1)
Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation
236(1)
Top-Working
236(3)
Frame-Working
239(1)
Enhanced Scion Production
240(1)
Double-Working
240(1)
Multi-Grafts
240(2)
Root Grafting
242(3)
Source, Specifications and Storage
242(2)
Grafting Methods and Tying-In
244(1)
Aftercare
245(1)
Nurse Grafting
245(1)
Nurse-Seed Grafting
246(1)
Grafting Method
246(1)
Aftercare
247(1)
Cuttings-Grafts
247(2)
Pre-Formed Roots
247(1)
Unrooted Stems
248(1)
"Long John" Grafts
249(1)
Approach Grafting; Grafting with Attached Scions
250(1)
Deciding upon the Best Grafting Strategy, Method and System
250(5)
Small Grafting Unit Concerned with Species Diversity
250(1)
Large, Specialised Grafting Unit Concerned with High Output
251(4)
Part Six Role of Grafting in Conservation
Chapter 19 Conservation
255(10)
Conservation of Plants in Cultivation (Ex Situ)
255(1)
Conservation of Plants in the Wild (In Situ)
255(1)
Propagation for Conservation
256(4)
Attributes of Grafting for Conservation
257(1)
Genetic Integrity; Diversity; Selection
257(1)
Transport - Plant Health
257(1)
Successful Outcomes - Rejuvenation
257(1)
Output
258(1)
Speed of Response
258(1)
Facility Requirements
258(1)
Technical Input - Artisan Involvement - Skills Transfer
258(1)
Practical Applications for Grafting in Conservation
258(24)
Recovery of Endangered Species from the Wild
258(1)
Recovery of Juvenility
259(1)
Retention of Genetic Integrity
259(1)
Speed and Quantity of Production
259(1)
Need for Rapid Response
259(1)
Rootstock Selection to Overcome Environmental Challenges
260(1)
Grafting Potential for Red List Species
260(1)
Setting Up a Grafting Facility
261(1)
The Future of Grafting in Conservation
261(4)
Part Seven Genera Specific Requirements
Introduction
265(2)
Chapter 20 Abies (Pinaceae) - Fir
267(6)
Introduction
267(1)
Compatibility
267(1)
Timing
267(1)
Grafting Methods
267(1)
Rootstocks
267(1)
Scion Wood
268(1)
Systems
268(2)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
270(1)
After Care
270(1)
Growing On
271(2)
Chapter 21 Acer (Sapindaceae) - Maple
273(18)
Introduction
273(1)
Compatibility
273(7)
Timing
280(1)
Grafting Methods
281(1)
Rootstocks
282(2)
Potted, Plug Grown and Bare-Root Rootstocks
283(1)
Scion Wood
284(1)
Systems
284(3)
Dormant Season Grafting
284(2)
Hot-Pipe System
286(1)
Summer Grafting
286(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
287(1)
Top-Worked Plants
288(1)
After Care
288(1)
Performance Comparisons
289(1)
Growing On
289(2)
Chapter 22 Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) - Kiwi Fruit
291(2)
Introduction
291(1)
Compatibility
291(1)
Timing
291(1)
Grafting Methods
291(1)
Rootstocks
291(1)
Scion Wood
292(1)
Systems
292(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
292(1)
Growing On
292(1)
Chapter 23 Aesculus (Sapindaceae) - Horse Chestnut & Buckeye
293(4)
Introduction
293(1)
Compatibility
293(1)
Timing
293(1)
Grafting Methods
294(1)
Rootstocks
294(1)
Scion Wood
294(1)
Systems
295(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
295(1)
Top-Worked Trees
295(1)
Growing On
295(2)
Chapter 24 Amelanchier (Rosaceae) - Snowy Mespilus
297(2)
Introduction
297(1)
Compatibility
297(1)
Timing
297(1)
Grafting Methods
297(1)
Rootstocks
297(1)
Scion Wood
297(1)
Systems
298(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
298(1)
Growing On
298(1)
Chapter 25 Aralia (Araliaceae)
299(6)
Introduction
299(1)
Compatibility
299(1)
Timing
299(1)
Grafting Methods
299(3)
Rootstocks
302(1)
Scion Wood
302(1)
Systems
303(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
303(1)
Growing On
303(2)
Chapter 26 Berberis & Mahonia (Berberidaceae)
305(2)
Introduction
305(1)
Compatibility
305(1)
Timing
305(1)
Grafting Methods
305(1)
Rootstocks
306(1)
Scion Wood
306(1)
Systems
306(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
306(1)
Growing On
306(1)
Chapter 27 Betula (Betulaceae) - Birch
307(10)
Introduction
307(1)
Compatibility
307(1)
Timing
308(1)
Grafting Methods
308(1)
Rootstocks
309(2)
Plug Grown Rootstocks
310(1)
Bare-Root Rootstocks
311(1)
Scion Wood
311(1)
Mother Trees/Storage
311(1)
Size/Quality
311(1)
Alternative Scion Wood/Scions for Multi-Stemmed Trees
312(1)
Systems
312(1)
Cold Callusing
313(1)
Warm Callusing
313(1)
Hot-Pipe
313(1)
Late Spring/Early Summer - Late Summer Grafting
313(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
313(2)
Root Pressure/Drying Off
313(1)
Temperature
314(1)
Graft Infection Treatments
314(1)
Care of Grafts before, during and after Union Formation
315(1)
Top-Worked and Multi-Stemmed Trees
315(1)
Performance Comparisons
316(1)
Growing On
316(1)
Chapter 28 Camellia (Theaceae)
317(8)
Introduction
317(1)
Compatibility
317(1)
Timing
317(1)
Grafting Methods
318(1)
Rootstocks
319(2)
Scion Wood
321(1)
Systems
321(1)
Warm Callusing
321(1)
Cuttings-Grafts
321(1)
Nurse Seed Grafting
322(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
322(1)
Top-Worked Patio Plants
323(1)
Performance Comparisons
323(1)
Growing on
323(2)
Chapter 29 Carpinus (Betulaceae) - Hornbeam
325(6)
Introduction
325(1)
Compatibility
325(1)
Timing
326(1)
Grafting Methods
326(1)
Rootstocks
327(1)
Scion Wood
327(1)
Systems
327(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
328(1)
Performance Comparisons
329(1)
Growing On
329(2)
Chapter 30 Cedrus (Pinaceae) - Cedar
331(4)
Introduction
331(1)
Compatibility
331(1)
Timing
331(1)
Grafting Methods
331(1)
Rootstocks
331(1)
Scion Wood
332(1)
Systems
332(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
332(1)
Top-Worked Patio Plants
332(1)
Growing on
333(2)
Chapter 31 Cercis (Caesalpiniaceae) - Redbud, Judas Tree
335(6)
Introduction
335(1)
Compatibility
335(1)
Timing
335(1)
Grafting Methods
336(1)
Rootstocks
337(1)
Scion Wood
337(1)
Systems
337(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
338(1)
Growing on
338(3)
Chapter 32 Chamaecyparis Including Xanthocyparis (Callitropsis) (Cupressaceae)
341(4)
Introduction
341(1)
Compatibility
341(1)
Timing
342(1)
Grafting Methods
342(1)
Rootstocks
342(2)
Scion Wood
344(1)
Systems
344(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
344(1)
Top-Worked Patio Plants
344(1)
Growing on
344(1)
Chapter 33 Cornus (Cornaceae) - Dogwoods, Cornels
345(6)
Introduction
345(1)
Compatibility
345(1)
Timing
346(1)
Grafting Methods
346(1)
Rootstocks
347(1)
Scion Wood
347(3)
Systems
350(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
350(1)
Performance Comparisons
350(1)
Growing on
350(1)
Chapter 34 Corylus (Betulaceae) - Hazel
351(4)
Introduction
351(1)
Compatibility
351(1)
Timing
352(1)
Grafting Methods
352(1)
Rootstocks
352(1)
Scion Wood
352(1)
Systems
352(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
353(1)
Growing on
353(2)
Chapter 35 Cupressus (Cupressaceae) - Cypress
355(2)
Introduction
355(1)
Compatibility
355(1)
Timing
355(1)
Grafting Methods
355(1)
Rootstocks
355(1)
Scion wood
356(1)
Systems
356(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
356(1)
Growing on
356(1)
Chapter 36 Daphne (Thymelaeaceae)
357(6)
Introduction
357(1)
Compatibility
357(1)
Timing
357(1)
Grafting Methods
357(1)
Rootstocks
358(2)
Scion Wood
360(1)
Systems
360(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
361(1)
Growing on
361(2)
Chapter 37 Fagus (Fagaceae) - Beech
363(4)
Introduction
363(1)
Compatibility
363(1)
Timing
363(1)
Grafting Methods
364(1)
Rootstocks
364(1)
Scion Wood
364(1)
Systems
365(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
365(1)
Top-Worked Trees
365(1)
Growing on
366(1)
Chapter 38 Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae) - Witch Hazel
367(6)
Introduction
367(1)
Compatibility
367(1)
Timing
368(1)
Grafting Methods
368(1)
Rootstocks
368(1)
Scion Wood
369(1)
Systems
370(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
371(1)
Growing on
371(2)
Chapter 39 Juglans (Juglandaceae) - Walnuts
373(12)
Introduction
373(1)
Compatibility
373(1)
Timing
374(1)
Grafting Methods
374(1)
Rootstocks
375(3)
Rootstock Propagation
376(2)
Blackline Disease
378(1)
Scion Wood
378(1)
Systems
379(2)
Warm Callusing
379(1)
Warm Callusing - Enclosed Conditions
379(1)
Warm Callusing - Callusing Boxes
379(1)
Root Grafting
380(1)
Hot-Pipe
381(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
381(2)
Growing on
383(2)
Chapter 40 Juniperus (Cupressaceae) - Juniper
385(6)
Introduction
385(1)
Compatibility
385(1)
Timing
386(1)
Grafting Methods
386(1)
Rootstocks
387(1)
Scion Wood
388(1)
Systems
388(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
389(1)
Performance Comparisons
390(1)
Growing on
390(1)
Chapter 41 Magnolia (Magnoliaceae)
391(16)
Introduction
391(1)
Compatibility
391(2)
Timing
393(1)
Grafting Methods
394(1)
Rootstocks
395(6)
Choice of Alternatives
395(1)
Seed-Raised Rootstocks
396(2)
Cuttings Raised Rootstocks
398(1)
Conclusions on Rootstocks
399(2)
Scion Wood
401(2)
Systems
403(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
404(1)
Growing on
404(1)
Performance Comparisons
405(2)
Chapter 42 Malus (Rosaceae) - Flowering Crabs and Orchard Apples
407(8)
Introduction
407(1)
Compatibility
407(1)
Flowering Crabs
407(1)
Timing
408(1)
Grafting Methods
408(1)
Rootstocks
409(1)
Ornamental Crabs
409(1)
Orchard Apples
409(36)
Double-Working
410(1)
Scion Wood
410(3)
Systems
413(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
413(1)
Top-Worked Trees
413(1)
Growing on
413(2)
Chapter 43 Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) - Tree Paeony
415(6)
Introduction
415(1)
Compatibility
415(1)
Timing
415(1)
Grafting Methods
415(1)
Rootstocks
416(1)
Scion Wood
417(1)
Systems
417(2)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
419(1)
Growing on
419(2)
Chapter 44 Picea (Pinaceae) - Spruce
421(10)
Introduction
421(1)
Compatibility
421(1)
Timing
421(1)
Grafting Methods
422(1)
Rootstocks
423(1)
Scion Wood
424(1)
Systems
425(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
426(2)
Top-Worked Plants
428(1)
Growing on
429(2)
Chapter 45 Pinus (Pinaceae) - Pines
431(8)
Introduction
431(1)
Compatibility
431(2)
Timing
433(1)
Grafting Methods
433(1)
Rootstocks
434(1)
Scion Wood
434(1)
Systems
435(2)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
437(1)
Performance Comparisons
437(1)
Top-Worked Plants
438(1)
Growing on
438(1)
Chapter 46 Prunus (Rosaceae) - Ornamental Prunus
439(6)
Introduction
439(1)
Compatibility
439(3)
Timing
442(1)
Grafting Methods
442(1)
Rootstocks
442(1)
Scion Wood
443(1)
Systems
443(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
444(1)
Top-Worked Plants
444(1)
Growing on
444(1)
Chapter 47 Prunus (Rosaceae) - Almonds and Stone Fruits
445(8)
Introduction
445(1)
Compatibility
445(1)
Timing
445(1)
Grafting Methods
445(1)
Rootstocks
445(7)
Almonds
446(1)
Apricots
446(1)
Peaches and Nectarines
446(4)
Plums
450(1)
Apriums and Pluots
450(1)
Sweet and Sour Cherries
450(2)
Scion Wood
452(1)
Systems
452(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
452(1)
Chapter 48 Pyrus (Rosaceae) - Ornamental and Fruiting Pears
453(6)
Introduction
453(1)
Compatibility
453(2)
Ornamental Pears
453(1)
Fruiting Pears
454(1)
Timing
455(1)
Grafting Methods
456(1)
Rootstocks for Fruiting Pears
456(1)
Scion Wood
457(1)
Systems
457(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
457(1)
Top-Worked Plants
457(1)
Growing on
457(2)
Chapter 49 Quercus (Fagaceae) - Oaks
459(12)
Introduction
459(1)
Compatibility
459(5)
Further Discussion on Compatibility
460(6)
Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis
460(2)
Subgenus Quercus: Section Cerris
462(1)
Subgenus Quercus: Sections Mesobalanus and Quercus
462(1)
Subgenus Quercus: Section Protobalanus
463(1)
Subgenus Quercus: Section Lobatae
463(1)
Inter-Sectional Combinations - Potential Inter-Stems
463(1)
Effects of Particular Combinations
464(1)
Timing
464(1)
Grafting Methods
464(2)
Rootstocks
466(1)
Pot and Plug Grown Rootstocks
466(1)
Bare-Root Rootstocks
467(1)
Root Grafts
467(1)
Scion Wood
467(1)
Systems
468(2)
Warm Callusing
468(1)
Hot-Pipe
469(1)
Root Grafting
469(1)
Nurse-Seed Grafting
469(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
470(1)
Performance Comparisons
470(1)
Growing on
470(1)
Chapter 50 Rhododendron (Ericaceae)
471(18)
Introduction
471(1)
Compatibility
471(2)
Timing
473(1)
Grafting Methods
473(2)
Rootstocks
475(4)
Rootstock Selection
475(1)
Rootstocks for Large Leaved Types
476(1)
Rootstock Stem
477(1)
Pot Grown versus Bare-root
478(1)
Raising Clonal Rootstocks
478(1)
Specifications
479(1)
Scion Wood
479(2)
Systems
481(5)
Management of Rootstock - Heading-back
482(1)
Summer Grafting
482(1)
Cuttings-Grafts
483(2)
Modified Cuttings-Grafts
485(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
486(2)
Top-Worked Plants
488(1)
Growing on
488(1)
Chapter 51 Sorbus (Rosaceae) - Mountain Ash, Whitebeam
489(4)
Introduction
489(1)
Compatibility
489(2)
Timing
491(1)
Grafting Methods
492(1)
Rootstocks
492(1)
Scion Wood
492(1)
Systems
492(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
492(1)
Growing On
492(1)
Chapter 52 Syringa (Oleaceae) - Lilac, French Lilac
493(6)
Introduction
493(1)
Compatibility
493(1)
Timing
494(1)
Grafting Methods
494(1)
Rootstocks
495(1)
Scion Wood
496(1)
Systems
496(2)
Field Planting
497(1)
Potting Up/On
497(1)
Summer Grafting
497(1)
Cuttings-Grafts
497(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
498(1)
Top-Worked Plants
498(1)
Growing On
498(1)
Chapter 53 Tilia (Malvaceae) - Lime-trees, Lindens, Basswoods
499(6)
Introduction
499(1)
Compatibility
499(1)
Timing
500(1)
Grafting Methods
500(2)
Rootstocks
502(1)
Scion Wood
503(1)
Systems
503(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
504(1)
Growing On
504(1)
Chapter 54 Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
505(6)
Introduction
505(1)
Compatibility
505(1)
Timing
506(1)
Grafting Methods
507(1)
Rootstocks
507(1)
Scion Wood
508(1)
Systems
508(1)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
508(1)
Top-Worked Plants
508(1)
Growing On
509(2)
Chapter 55 Vitis (Vitaceae) - Vines, Grapevines
511(8)
Introduction
511(1)
Compatibility
511(1)
Timing
511(1)
Grafting Methods
511(1)
Rootstocks
512(1)
Scion Wood
513(1)
Systems
513(2)
Physiological and Environmental Factors
515(1)
Growing On
516(3)
Part Eight Genera Grafting Guide Tables
Chapter 56 Grafting Table List
519(38)
Introduction
519
Appendices
Appendix A: List of Families and Genera Field Grafted
557(2)
Appendix B: List of Families Bench Grafted and with Potential to Graft
559(2)
Appendix C: Practice Holders
561(2)
Appendix D: Outputs for Bench Grafting
563(2)
Appendix E: Knife Types Other than Tina
565(2)
Appendix F: Knife Sharpening - Cutting Edge Grind Types
567(2)
Appendix G: Types of Sharpening Stones
569(2)
Appendix H: Honing - Strops and Honing Machines - Corrosion Prevention
571(2)
Appendix I: Sharpening Aids
573(2)
Appendix J: Knife Sharpening Machines
575(2)
Appendix K: Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools
577(4)
Appendix L: Workstations: Integral, Static and Mobile
581(2)
Appendix M: Grafting Bench Design and Construction
583(2)
Appendix N: Seat Design
585(2)
Appendix O: Lighting Levels for Grafting Benches
587(2)
Appendix P: Effect of Fungicides on Graft Success
589(2)
Appendix Q: Design and Construction of Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels
591(2)
Appendix R: Hot-Pipe Solid Cover Heating Chamber Dimensions
593(2)
Appendix S: 'Economy' Hot-Pipe Design
595(2)
Bibliography 597(14)
Plant Index 611(18)
Subject Index 629
Brian Humphrey commenced work in local nurseries in 1954 followed by two years National Service in the Royal Air Force before taking up a studentship at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A two-year studentship at Writtle Agricultural College (now Writtle University College) followed, and provided the opportunity to gain the Royal Horticultural Societys National Diploma (now Master of Horticulture) with Honours.

Joining Hillier Nurseries in 1963 as a propagator, he became a member of the Plant Propagators Society based in the US in 1964 and aided in the formation of the first overseas chapter of the Society, the GB and I Region, in 196869. He was the inaugural President of the region in 1969 and was awarded the International Award of Honour by that Society in 1993.

Promotion at Hilliers lead to the position of Production Director and the opportunity to develop various aspects of the nursery, which, at that time, grew commercially the widest range of temperate woody plants in the world. Joining Notcutts Nurseries in 1986 provided opportunities for further experience. Prior to retirement, over a decade was spent running his own wholesale nursery specialising in grafted plants.

Involvement and subsequent chairmanship of the UK ornamental nursery industry research and development initiatives with the UK Ministry of Agriculture led to the award of an O.B.E. (Order of the British Empire) in 1987. In 2013, his work in the nurserystock industry and in various

RHS projects was recognised by the award of the VMH (Victoria Medal of Honour) by the Royal Horticultural Society.

He now lives in retirement in coastal Suffolk, eastern England and together with his wife maintains their garden with nearly seven acres of woodland and meadows of woody plants.