| Acknowledgments |
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ix | |
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Towards a communicative model of lexicography |
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1 | (16) |
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The nature of the dictionary |
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1 | (10) |
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The traditional approach: the dictionary as reference |
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1 | (2) |
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The textual approach: the dictionary as text |
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3 | (3) |
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The communicative approach: the dictionary as communication |
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6 | (5) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (4) |
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Previous studies in bilingual lexicography: a brief survey |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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Scope, method and objective |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Bilingual lexicography: A comparative approach |
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17 | (24) |
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Compiler aspect: choices of perspectives and purposes |
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18 | (5) |
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Choices of dictionary designs |
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18 | (2) |
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Choices of lexicographic perspectives |
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20 | (2) |
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Choices of lexicographic purposes |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (6) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Source language speakers, target language speakers or both |
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28 | (1) |
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Reference-oriented users or active-learning users |
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29 | (1) |
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User aspect: language needs and reference skills |
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29 | (12) |
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Ownership of dictionaries |
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30 | (1) |
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Reasons for dictionary use |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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Frequency of dictionary use |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Selection of lexical and information items |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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General image of the dictionary |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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Modern linguistics and bilingual lexicography |
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41 | (20) |
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Grammar and bilingual lexicography |
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41 | (5) |
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Semantics and bilingual lexicography |
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46 | (8) |
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Pragmatics and bilingual lexicography |
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54 | (3) |
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Sociolinguistics and bilingual lexicography |
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57 | (4) |
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Bilingual dictionaries: A communicative typology |
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61 | (22) |
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Previous dictionary typologies: a quick survey |
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61 | (6) |
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67 | (16) |
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Compiler and user aspects |
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69 | (1) |
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Lexicographic perspectives |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (5) |
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Bilingual dictionaries: A structural description |
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83 | (28) |
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84 | (8) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Preface, foreword and introduction |
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86 | (1) |
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Guide to the use of the dictionary |
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87 | (1) |
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Explanations of abbreviations and symbols |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Outside matter: a comparative survey |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (10) |
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Hierarchies of lemma units |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (4) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Structural organization of examples |
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104 | (1) |
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Structural organization of variants |
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105 | (1) |
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Bidirectionality and reversibility |
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106 | (5) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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Bilingual dictionaries: Fundamental principles |
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111 | (24) |
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112 | (16) |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (7) |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (4) |
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Bilingual dictionaries: Problems and reflections |
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135 | (40) |
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135 | (5) |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (4) |
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147 | (4) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (4) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (8) |
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Bilingual dictionaries: Ways of handling idioms |
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175 | (20) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (5) |
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Idioms: their translation |
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186 | (4) |
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Idioms: their grammar and usage |
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190 | (5) |
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Bilingual dictionaries: Recommendations and samples |
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195 | (20) |
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Recommendation one: lexicographic purposes and choices |
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196 | (1) |
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Recommendation two: active and passive dictionary designs |
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197 | (2) |
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Recommendation three: macrostructural organization |
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199 | (1) |
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Recommendation four: lexical classes discriminated |
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200 | (2) |
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Recommendation five: equivalence presentation |
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202 | (2) |
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Recommendation six: meaning discrimination |
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204 | (2) |
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Recommendation seven: grammatical description |
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206 | (1) |
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Recommendation eight: lexical combination |
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207 | (2) |
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Recommendation nine: labels and glosses |
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209 | (1) |
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Recommendation ten: exemplification |
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210 | (2) |
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Recommendation eleven: idiom treatment |
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212 | (2) |
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Recommendation twelve: word histories |
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214 | (1) |
| Bibliography |
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215 | (8) |
| List of major dictionaries cited |
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223 | (4) |
| Index |
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227 | |
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām