| List of Contributors |
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xv | |
| Introduction |
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xvii | |
| 1 Diversity Of Microbes In Synthesis Of Metal Nanoparticles: Progress And Limitations |
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1 | (30) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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2 | (7) |
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1.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi |
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9 | (3) |
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1.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Algae |
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12 | (4) |
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1.5 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles |
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16 | (2) |
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1.5.1 Nanoparticles as Catalyst |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Nanoparticles as Bio-membranes |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5.5 Nanoparticles for Detection and Destruction of Pesticides |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5.6 Nanoparticles in Water Treatment |
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18 | (1) |
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1.6 Limitations of Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (11) |
| 2 Role Of Fungi Toward Synthesis Of Nano-Oxides |
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31 | (22) |
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31 | (3) |
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2.2 Fungus-mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials |
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34 | (12) |
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2.2.1 Biosynthesis of Binary Nano-oxides using Chemical Precursors |
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34 | (5) |
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2.2.2 Biosynthesis of Complex Mixed-metal Nano-oxides using Chemical Precursors |
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39 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nano-oxides using Natural Precursors Employing Bioleaching Approach |
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42 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nano-oxides Employing Bio-milling Approach |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (6) |
| 3 Microbial Molecular Mechanisms In Biosynthesis Of Nanoparticles |
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53 | (30) |
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Marimuthu Thiripura Sundari |
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Perumal Elumalai Thirugnanam |
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53 | (1) |
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3.2 Chemical Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles |
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54 | (3) |
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3.2.1 BrustSchiffrin Synthesis |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles |
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58 | (3) |
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3.5 Mechanisms for Formation or Synthesis of Nanoparticles |
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61 | (8) |
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3.5.1 Biomineralization using Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Reduction of Tellurite using Phototroph Rhodobacter capsulatus |
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62 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Formation of AgNPs using Lactic Acid and Bacteria |
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62 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Microfluidic Cellular Bioreactor for the Generation of Nanoparticles |
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62 | (3) |
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3.5.5 Proteins and Peptides in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.6 NADH-dependent Reduction by Enzymes |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.7 Sulfate and Sulfite Reductase |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.5.9 Cysteine Desulfhydrase in Rhodopseudomonas palustris |
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68 | (1) |
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3.5.10 Nitrate and Nitrite reductase |
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68 | (1) |
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3.6 Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles |
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69 | (7) |
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3.6.1 Bacterial Excretions |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Yeast: Oxido-reductase Mechanism |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (5) |
| 4 Biofilms In Bio-Nanotechnology: Opportunities And Challenges |
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83 | (18) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.2 Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials |
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84 | (6) |
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84 | (5) |
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4.2.2 Significance of Biofilms in Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials |
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89 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials using Biofilms |
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90 | (1) |
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4.3 Interaction of Microbial Biofilms with Nanomaterials |
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90 | (3) |
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4.3.1 Nanomaterials as Anti-biofilm Agents |
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90 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Nanomaterials as a Tool in Biofilm Studies |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (7) |
| 5 Extremophiles And Biosynthesis Of Nanoparticles: Current And Future Perspectives |
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101 | (22) |
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101 | (3) |
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5.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles |
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104 | (4) |
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5.2.1 Microorganisms: An Asset in Nanoparticle Biosynthesis |
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104 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Extremophiles in Nanoparticle Biosynthesis |
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104 | (4) |
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5.3 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis |
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108 | (3) |
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5.4 Fermentative Production of Nanoparticles |
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111 | (3) |
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5.5 Nanoparticle Recovery |
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114 | (1) |
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5.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (7) |
| 6 Biosynthesis Of Size-Controlled Metal And Metal Oxide Nanoparticles By Bacteria |
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123 | (18) |
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123 | (1) |
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6.2 Intracellular Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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124 | (5) |
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6.3 Extracellular Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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129 | (2) |
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6.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxide and Sulfide Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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131 | (4) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (6) |
| 7 Methods Of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis For Medical And Commercial Applications |
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141 | (14) |
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141 | (3) |
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7.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Bacteria |
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144 | (2) |
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7.2.1 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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144 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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145 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Synthesis of other Metallic Nanoparticles by Bacteria |
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145 | (1) |
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7.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Actinomycete |
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146 | (1) |
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7.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Fungi |
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147 | (1) |
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7.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Plants |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (6) |
| 8 Microbial Synthesis Of Nanoparticles: An Overview |
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155 | (32) |
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Ambarish Sharan Vidyarthi |
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156 | (1) |
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8.2 Nanoparticles Synthesis Inspired by Microorganisms |
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157 | (17) |
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8.2.1 Bacteria in NPs Synthesis |
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162 | (5) |
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8.2.2 Fungi in NPs Synthesis |
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167 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Actinomycetes in NPs Synthesis |
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170 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Yeast in NPs Synthesis |
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171 | (2) |
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8.2.5 Virus in NPs Synthesis |
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173 | (1) |
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8.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Synthesis |
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174 | (2) |
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8.4 Purification and Characterization of Nanoparticles |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (8) |
| 9 Microbial Diversity Of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis |
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187 | (18) |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2 Microbial-mediated Nanoparticles |
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187 | (11) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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9.2.12 Microbial Quantum Dots |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.2.14 Iron Sulfide-greigite |
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198 | (1) |
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9.3 Native and Engineered Microbes for Nanoparticle Synthesis |
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198 | (1) |
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9.4 Commercial Aspects of Microbial Nanoparticle Synthesis |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
| 10 Sustainable Synthesis Of Palladium(0) Nanocatalysts And Their Potential For Organohalogen Compounds Detoxification |
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205 | (20) |
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205 | (1) |
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10.2 Chemically Generated Palladium Nanocatalysts for Hydrodechlorination: Current Methods and Materials |
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206 | (5) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Pd as Dehalogenation Catalyst |
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207 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Intrinsic Potential vs. Performance |
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208 | (2) |
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10.2.5 Concepts for Pd Protection |
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210 | (1) |
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10.3 Bio-supported Synthesis of Palladium Nanocatalysts |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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10.4 Current Approaches for Synthesis of Palladium Catalysts in the Presence of Microorganisms |
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212 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Pd(II)-Tolerant Microorganisms for Future Biotechnological Approaches |
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213 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Controlling Size and Morphology during Bio-Synthesis |
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214 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Putative and Documented Mechanisms of Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles |
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215 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Isolation of Nanocatalysts from the Cell Matrix and Stabilization |
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216 | (1) |
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10.5 Bio-Palladium(0)-nanocatalyst Mediated Transformation of Organohalogen Pollutants |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (6) |
| 11 Environmental Processing Of Zn Containing Wastes And Generation Of Nanosized Value-Added Products |
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225 | (30) |
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225 | (4) |
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11.1.1 World Status of Zinc Production |
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226 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Environmental Impact of the Process Wastes Generated |
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226 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Production Status in India |
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227 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Recent Attempts at Processing Low-Grade Ores and Tailings |
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228 | (1) |
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11.2 Physical/Chemical/Hydrothermal Processing |
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229 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Extraction of Pb-Zn from Tailings for Utilization and Production in China |
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229 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Vegetation Program on Pb-Zn Tailings |
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229 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Recovering Valuable Metals from Tailings and Residues |
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229 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Extraction of Vanadium, Lead and Zinc from Mining Dump in Zambia |
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230 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Recovery of Zinc from Blast Furnace and other Dust/Secondary Resources |
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230 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Treatment and Recycling of Goethite Waste |
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231 | (1) |
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11.2.7 Other Hydrometallurgical Treatments of Zinc-based Industrial Wastes and Residues |
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231 | (2) |
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11.3 Biohydrometallurgical Processing: International Scenario |
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233 | (5) |
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11.3.1 Bioleaching of Zn from Copper Mining Residues by Aspergillus niger |
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233 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Bioleaching of Zinc from Steel Plant Waste using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans |
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234 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Bacterial Leaching of Zinc from Chat (Chert) Pile Rock and Copper from Tailings Pond Sediment |
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234 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Dissolution of Zn from Zinc Mine Tailings |
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234 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Microbial Diversity in Zinc Mines |
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234 | (1) |
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11.3.6 Chromosomal Resistance Mechanisms of A. ferrooxidans on Zinc |
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235 | (1) |
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11.3.7 Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfides by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans |
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235 | (1) |
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11.3.8 Bioleaching of High-Sphalerite Material |
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235 | (1) |
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11.3.9 Bioleaching of Low-Grade ZnS Concentrate and Complex Sulfides (Pb-Zn) using Thermophilic Species |
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236 | (1) |
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11.3.10 Improvement of Stains for Bio-processing of Sphalerite |
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236 | (1) |
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11.3.11 Tank Bioleaching of ZnS and Zn Polymetallic Concentrates |
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237 | (1) |
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11.3.12 Large-Scale Development for Zinc Concentrate Bioleaching |
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237 | (1) |
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11.3.13 Scale-up Studies for Bioleaching of Low-Grade Sphalerite Ore |
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238 | (1) |
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11.3.14 Zinc Resistance Mechanism in Bacteria |
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238 | (1) |
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11.4 Biohydrometallurgical Processing: Indian Scenario |
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238 | (2) |
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11.4.1 Electro-Bioleaching of Sphalerite Flotation Concentrate |
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239 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfide Concentrate |
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239 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Bioleaching of Moore Cake and Sphalarite Tailings |
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239 | (1) |
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11.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles |
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240 | (4) |
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11.6 Applications of Zinc-based Value-added Products/Nanomaterials |
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244 | (3) |
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11.6.1 Hydro-Gel for Bio-applications |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Biomedical Applications |
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245 | (1) |
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11.6.4 Antibacterial Properties |
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245 | (1) |
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11.6.5 Zeolites in biomedical applications |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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11.6.7 Prospects of Zinc Recovery from Tailings and Biosynthesis of Zinc-based Nano-materials |
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246 | (1) |
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11.7 Conclusions and Future Directions |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (7) |
| 12 Interaction Between Nanoparticles And Plants: Increasing Evidence Of Phytotoxicity |
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255 | (18) |
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255 | (1) |
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12.2 PlantNanoparticle Interactions |
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256 | (1) |
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12.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plants |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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12.4 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-induced Phytotoxicity |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (5) |
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12.4.2 Transfer through Ion Channels Post-ionization |
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262 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Aquaporin Mediated |
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262 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Carrier Proteins Mediated |
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262 | (1) |
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12.4.5 Via Organic Matter |
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262 | (1) |
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12.4.6 Complex Formation with Root Exudates |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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12.5 Effect on Physiological Parameters |
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263 | (3) |
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12.5.1 Loss of Hydraulic Conductivity |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Absorption and Accumulation |
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263 | (1) |
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12.5.4 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) |
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264 | (1) |
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12.5.5 Biotransformation of NPs |
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264 | (2) |
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12.6 Genectic and Molecular Basis of NP Phytotoxicity |
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266 | (1) |
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12.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (6) |
| 13 Cytotoxicology Of Nanocomposites |
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273 | (30) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (7) |
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13.2.1 Mechanisms of Cellular Toxicity |
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274 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Effect of Glutathione (GSH) in Oxidative Stress |
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276 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Damage to Cellular Biomolecules |
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277 | (4) |
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13.3 Nanoparticle Fabrication |
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281 | (8) |
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13.3.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of NPs |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (3) |
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13.3.3 Factors Affecting the Internalization of NPs |
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287 | (2) |
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13.4 Immunological Response |
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289 | (3) |
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13.4.1 Cytokine Production |
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289 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Cytotoxicity, Necrosis, Apoptosis, and Cell Death |
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290 | (2) |
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13.5 Factors to Consider to Reduce the Cytotoxic Effects of NP |
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292 | (1) |
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13.6 Conclusions and Future Directions |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (9) |
| 14 Nanotechnology: Overview Of Regulations And Implementations |
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303 | (28) |
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303 | (2) |
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14.2 Scope of Nanotechnology |
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305 | (5) |
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14.3 Safety Concerns Related to Nanotechnology |
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310 | (1) |
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14.4 Barriers to the Desired Regulatory Framework |
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311 | (6) |
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14.4.1 Regulatory Framework in the United States |
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312 | (3) |
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14.4.2 Global Efforts toward Regulation of Nanotechnology |
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315 | (2) |
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14.5 Biosynthesis of Microbial Bio-nanoparticles: An Alternative Production Method |
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317 | (8) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (5) |
| Name index |
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331 | (2) |
| Subject index |
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333 | |
