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xi | |
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PART I BIOCHAR PRODUCTION |
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1 Production and Formation of Biochar |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 Raw Materials of Biochar |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Processes for Biochar Production |
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6 | (5) |
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1.4 Mechanism of the Formation of Biochar |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (8) |
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PART II BIOCHAR CHARACTERIZATION |
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2 Physical Characteristics of Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Physical Properties |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2 Biochar Structure and Microstructure |
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22 | (4) |
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2.3 Soil Physical Properties of Biochar-Amended Soils |
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26 | (6) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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3 Elemental and Spectroscopic Characterization of Low-Temperature (350° C) Lignocellulosic- and Manure-Based Designer Biochars and Their Use as Soil Amendments |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.5 General Characteristics of Biochars |
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40 | (1) |
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3.6 Low-Temperature Pyrolyzed Designer Biochars |
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41 | (13) |
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3.7 Comparison of Low versus High Temperature-Produced Biochars as a Soil Amendment |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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4 Modeling the Surface Chemistry of Biochars |
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59 | (1) |
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4.2 Surface Complexation Modeling |
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60 | (3) |
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4.3 Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Approaches |
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63 | (2) |
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4.4 State of Biochar Surface Chemistry Modeling |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (7) |
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5 Biochar for Mine-land Reclamation |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (12) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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6 Potential of Biochar for Managing Metal Contaminated Areas, in Synergy With Phytomanagement or Other Management Options |
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91 | (2) |
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6.2 Metals and Metalloids in Soil |
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93 | (1) |
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6.3 Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Risk-Based Land Management |
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94 | (3) |
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6.4 Properties of Biochar in Relation to Trace Element Sorption |
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97 | (1) |
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6.5 Effects of Adding Biochar to Soil |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (3) |
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6.7 Field Experience to Date |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (8) |
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7 Biochar and Its Composites for Metal(loid) Removal From Aqueous Solutions |
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7.1 Metal Sorption on Various Biochars |
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113 | (9) |
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7.2 Biochar Modifications |
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122 | (13) |
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7.3 Engineering Implications of Biochar and Its Modifications |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (5) |
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141 | (2) |
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8 Biochar for Anionic Contaminants Removal From Water |
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8.1 Anionic Contaminants in Watcr/Wastewater |
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143 | (2) |
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8.2 Sorption Properties of Biochar |
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145 | (7) |
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8.3 Biochar Sorption of Anionic Contaminants |
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152 | (3) |
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8.4 Factors Influencing the Sorption of Anionic Contaminants |
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155 | (2) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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9 Biochar for Soil Water Conservation and Salinization Control in Arid Desert Regions |
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9.1 Arid Desert Ecosystem |
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161 | (1) |
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9.2 Methods for Water Conservation and Salinization Control in Arid Desert Regions |
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162 | (1) |
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9.3 Application of Biochar to Soils |
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163 | (4) |
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9.4 Other Advantages of Biochar Application in Arid Desert Regions |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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10 Biochars and Biochar Composites: Low-Cost Adsorbents for Environmental Remediation |
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169 | (1) |
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10.2 Common Adsorbent Materials |
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170 | (2) |
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10.3 Biochar as Adsorbent |
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172 | (3) |
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10.4 Biochar for Adsorption of Organic Molecules |
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175 | (7) |
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10.5 Biochar for Adsorption of Inorganic Species |
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182 | (7) |
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10.6 Modified Biochar as Adsorbent |
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189 | (9) |
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10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (11) |
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11 Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture: Nutrient Dynamics, Soil Enzymes, and Crop Growth |
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211 | (1) |
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11.2 Evolution of Sustainahle Agriculture |
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212 | (1) |
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11.3 Influence of Biochar on Soil Nutrient Dynamics |
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213 | (4) |
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11.4 Influence of Biochar on Soil Enzymes |
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217 | (3) |
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11.5 Effect of Biochar on Crop Growth |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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12 Biochar Is a Potential Source of Silicon Fertilizer: An Overview |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (4) |
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12.4 Biochar Is a Potential Source of Bioavailable Si |
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233 | (1) |
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12.5 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (5) |
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13 Sludge-Derived Biochar and Its Application in Soil Fixation |
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13.1 Sewage Sludge Production and Disposal in China |
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239 | (1) |
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13.2 Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge and the Environmental Safety of Heavy Metals in Sludge-Derived Biochars |
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240 | (5) |
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13.3 Adsorption of Contaminants in Sludge-Derived Biochars |
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245 | (3) |
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13.4 Metal Stabilization in Soils by Sludge-Derived Biochars |
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248 | (1) |
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13.5 Ageing of Sludge-Derived Biochars in the Environment |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (3) |
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14 Biochar as an (Im)mobilizing Agent for the Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils |
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256 | (1) |
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14.2 Biochar as an Immobilizing Agent for Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils |
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257 | (10) |
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14.3 Biochar as a Mobilizing Agent for Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils: Mobilization Mechanisms |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (4) |
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15 Hydrothermal Carbonization for Hydrochar Production and Its Application |
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275 | (1) |
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15.2 Production of Hydrochar |
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275 | (5) |
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15.3 Properties of Hydrochar |
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280 | (1) |
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15.4 Environmental Impact of Hydrochar |
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281 | (3) |
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15.5 Modification and Application of Hydrochar |
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284 | (5) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (6) |
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16 Waste-Derived Biochar for CO2 Sequestration |
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295 | (1) |
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16.2 Technologies for CO2 Capture |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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16.4 Waste-Derived Biochars for CO2 Adsorbents |
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298 | (4) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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17 The Use of Biochar-Coated Lime Plaster Pellets for Indoor Carbon Dioxide Sequestration |
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305 | (1) |
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17.2 Materials and Methods |
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306 | (5) |
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17.3 Experimental Results |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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18 Novel Application of Biochar in Storm water Harvesting |
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319 | (1) |
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18.2 Stormwater Harvesting |
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320 | (4) |
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18.3 Biochar as a Novel Stormwater Remediation Agent |
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324 | (3) |
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18.4 Removal Efficiencies in Biochar-Based Systems |
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327 | (7) |
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18.5 Surface Modification for Improving Removal |
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334 | (1) |
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18.6 Roles of Biochar Aging |
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335 | (1) |
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18.7 Case Study---Hong Kong |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (5) |
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346 | (3) |
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19 Potential Toxic Compounds in Biochar: Knowledge Gaps Between Biochar Research and Safety |
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349 | (2) |
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19.2 Organic Pollutants in Biochar |
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351 | (19) |
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19.3 Heavy Metals in Biochar |
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370 | (4) |
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19.4 Persistent Free Radicals in Biochar |
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374 | (2) |
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19.5 Possible Ways to Mitigate the Contamination of Biochar |
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376 | (1) |
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19.6 Conclusion and Recommendation |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (7) |
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20 On the Carbon Abatement Potential and Economic Viability of Biochar Production Systems: Cost-Benefit and Life Cycle Assessment |
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385 | (2) |
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20.2 Methods of Environmental and Economic Analysis |
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387 | (6) |
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20.3 Thermochemical Processes |
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393 | (4) |
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20.4 Carbon Abatement---Life Cycle Assessment |
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397 | (2) |
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20.5 Economic Feasibility---Cost-Benefit Analysis |
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399 | (4) |
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20.6 Uncertainties and Directions |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (5) |
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21 Redox-Mediated Biochar-Contaminant Interactions in Soil |
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21.1 Redox Characteristics of Biochar |
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409 | (2) |
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21.2 Redox-Mediated Biochar-Contaminant Interactions in Soil |
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411 | (1) |
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21.3 Heavy Metal(loid) Contaminants |
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411 | (2) |
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21.4 Nutrient Contaminants |
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413 | (1) |
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21.5 Organic Contaminants |
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414 | (2) |
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21.6 Redox Reactions in Relation to Mobility and Bioavailability |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (6) |
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22 Future Biochar Research Directions |
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423 | (1) |
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22.2 Intensification of Farming and Projected Soil Degradation |
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424 | (1) |
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22.3 Pyrolysis and Biochar Properties |
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424 | (1) |
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22.4 Biochar Usage in Saline Soils and Sand Dune Restoration |
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425 | (2) |
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22.5 Electrical Properties of Charcoal/Biochar |
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427 | (4) |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (5) |
Index |
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