| Introduction |
|
1 | (4) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
PART 1 SETTING THE STAGE: BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY CONCEPTS |
|
|
5 | (42) |
|
Chapter 1 Biochemistry: What You Need to Know and Why |
|
|
7 | (8) |
|
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
What Is Biochemistry and Where Does It Take Place? |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Animal Cells and How They Work |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
A Brief Look at Plant Cells |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
Chapter 2 Seems So Basic: Water Chemistry and pH |
|
|
15 | (16) |
|
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Let's get wet! The physical properties of water |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Water's most important biochemical role: The solvent |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Acids and Bases |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Understanding the pH scale |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Applying the Brønsted-Lowry theory |
|
|
23 | (4) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Identifying common physiological buffers |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Calculating a buffer's pH |
|
|
28 | (3) |
|
Chapter 3 Fun with Carbon: Organic Chemistry |
|
|
31 | (16) |
|
The Role of Carbon in the Study of Life |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
It's All in the Numbers: Carbon Bonds |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
When Forces Attract: Bond Strengths |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Everybody has 'em: Intermolecular forces |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Water-related interactions: Both the lovers and the haters |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
How bond strengths affect physical properties of substances |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
Getting a Reaction out of a Molecule: Functional Groups |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Functional groups with oxygen and sulfur |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Functional groups containing nitrogen |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
Functional groups containing phosphorus |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Reactions of functional groups |
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Same Content, Different Structure: Isomerism |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
PART 2 THE MEAT OF BIOCHEMISTRY: PROTEINS |
|
|
47 | (60) |
|
Chapter 4 Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Protein |
|
|
49 | (16) |
|
General Properties of Amino Acids |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Amino acids are positive and negative: The zwitterion formation |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Protonated? pH and the isoelectric point |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Asymmetry: Chiral amino acids |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Nonpolar (hydrophobic) and uncharged amino acids |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
Polar (hydrophilic) and uncharged amino acids |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Lest We Forget: Rarer Amino Acids |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Rudiments of Amino Acid Interactions |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Intermolecular forces: How an amino acid interacts with other molecules |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
Altering interactions by changing the pH |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Combining Amino Acids: How It Works |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
The peptide bond and the dipeptide |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Tripeptide: Adding an amino acid to a dipeptide |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Chapter 5 Protein Structure and Function |
|
|
65 | (18) |
|
Proteins: Not Just for Dinner |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
Primary Structure: The Structure Level All Proteins Have |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Building a protein: Outlining the process |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Organizing the amino acids |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Example: The primary structure of insulin |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Secondary Structure: A Structure Level Most Proteins Have |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Tertiary Structure: A Structure Level Many Proteins Have |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Quaternary Structure: A Structure Level Some Proteins Have |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Dissecting a Protein for Study |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Separating proteins within a cell and purifying them |
|
|
75 | (3) |
|
Digging into the details: Uncovering a protein's amino acid sequence |
|
|
78 | (5) |
|
Chapter 6 Enzyme Kinetics: Getting There Faster |
|
|
83 | (24) |
|
Enzyme Classification: The Best Catalyst for the Job |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Up one, down one: Oxidoreductases |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
You don't belong here: Transferases |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Water does it again: Hydrolases |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Shuffling the deck: Isomerases |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Putting it together: Ligases |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Enzymes as Catalysts: When Fast Is Not Fast Enough |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Enzyme assays: Fixed time and kinetics |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Rate determination: How fast is fast? |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
Measuring Enzyme Behavior: The Michaelis-Menten Equation |
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Here we go again: Lineweaver-Burk plots |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
Enzyme Inhibition: Slowing It Down |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
Noncompetitive inhibition |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
PART 3 CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND MORE, OH MY! |
|
|
107 | (76) |
|
Chapter 7 What We Crave: Carbohydrates |
|
|
109 | (20) |
|
Properties of Carbohydrates |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
They contain one or more chiral carbons |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
They have multiple chiral centers |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
A Sweet Topic: Monosaccharides |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
The most stable monosaccharide structures: Pyranose and furanose forms |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
Chemical properties of monosaccharides |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
Derivatives of monosaccharides |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
The most common monosaccharides |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
The beginning of life: Ribose and deoxyribose |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Sugars Joining Hands: Oligosaccharides |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Keeping it simple: Disaccharides |
|
|
121 | (3) |
|
Starch and cellulose: Polysaccharides |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
The Aldose Family of Sugars |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
Chapter 8 Lipids and Membranes |
|
|
129 | (16) |
|
Lovely Lipids: An Overview |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
A Fatty Subject: Triglycerides |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
Properties and structures of fats |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
Cleaning up: Breaking down a triglyceride |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
No Simpletons Here: Complex Lipids |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Membranes: The Bipolar and the Bilayer |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Crossing the wall: Membrane transport |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes: Mopping Up |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Chapter 9 Nucleic Acids and the Code of Life |
|
|
145 | (10) |
|
Nucleotides: The Guts of DNA and RNA |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Reservoir of genetic info: Nitrogen bases |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
The sweet side of life: The sugars |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
The sour side of life: Phosphoric acid |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Tracing the Process: From Nucleoside to Nucleotide to Nucleic Acid |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
First reaction: Nitrogen base + 5-carbon sugar = nucleoside |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Second reaction: Phosphoric acid + nucleoside = nucleotide |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Third reaction: Nucleotide becomes nucleic acid |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
A Primer on Nucleic Acids |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
DNA and RNA in the grand scheme of life |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
|
152 | (3) |
|
Chapter 10 Vitamins: Both Simple and Complex |
|
|
155 | (16) |
|
More than One-a-Day: Basics of Vitamins |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
To B or Not to B: B Complex Vitamins |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
The wonders of vitamin B12 |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
Chapter 11 Hormones: The Body's Messengers |
|
|
171 | (12) |
|
Structures of Some Key Hormones |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
Now and Later: Prohormones |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Fight or Flight: Hormone Function |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Opening the letter: Hormonal action |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Models of hormonal action |
|
|
179 | (4) |
|
PART 4 BIOENERGETICS AND PATHWAYS |
|
|
183 | (76) |
|
Chapter 12 Life and Energy |
|
|
185 | (12) |
|
ATP: The Energy Pony Express |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
ATP as an energy transporter |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
Its Relative: Molecules Related to ATP |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
The nucleoside triphosphate family |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
As easy as 1, 2, 3: AMP, ADP, and ATP |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
|
193 | (4) |
|
Chapter 13 ATP: The Body's Monetary System |
|
|
197 | (40) |
|
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Releasing the power: Energy efficiency |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Going in reverse: Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Alcoholic fermentation: We'll drink to that |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Metabolism II: Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle |
|
|
204 | (4) |
|
Let's get started: Synthesis of acetyl-CoA |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Three's a crowd: Tricarboxylic acids |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Oxidative decarboxylation |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Production of succinate and GTP |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Oxaloacetate regeneration |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Amino acids as energy sources |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
The electron transport system |
|
|
213 | (5) |
|
Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
218 | (3) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Involving the fats: β-oxidation cycle |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
Not so heavenly bodies: Ketone bodies |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
Investing in the Future: Biosynthesis |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
|
|
231 | (6) |
|
Chapter 14 Smelly Biochemistry: Nitrogen in Biological Systems |
|
|
237 | (22) |
|
Ring in the Nitrogen: Purine |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (8) |
|
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
First step: Carbamoyl phosphate |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Back to the Beginning: Catabolism |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Process of Elimination: The Urea Cycle |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
PART 5 GENETICS: WHY WE ARE WHAT WE ARE |
|
|
259 | (62) |
|
Chapter 15 Photocopying DNA |
|
|
261 | (22) |
|
Let's Do It Again: Replication |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
The current model of DNA replication |
|
|
265 | (3) |
|
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
Mutation: The good, the bad, and the ugly |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Mendel Rolling Over: Recombinant DNA |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Patterns: Determining DNA Sequences |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Getting charged up about gel electrophoresis |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Determining the base sequence |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
The butler did it: Forensic applications |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
Genetic Diseases and Other DNA Testing Applications |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Chapter 16 Transcribe This! RNA Transcription |
|
|
283 | (22) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
RNA Polymerase Requirements |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Promoting transcription of RNA |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
Not a Secret Any Longer: The Genetic Code |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Models of Gene Regulation |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
The Jacob-Monod (operon) model |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Regulation of eukaryotic genes |
|
|
300 | (5) |
|
Chapter 17 Translation: Protein Synthesis |
|
|
305 | (16) |
|
Hopefully Not Lost in Translation |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Who needs translation, anyway? |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Home, home in the ribosome |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Charging up the middle: Amino acid activation |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
Hooking Up: Protein Synthesis |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Variation in Eukaryotic Cells |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Elongation and termination |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
|
|
321 | (10) |
|
Chapter 18 Ten Great Applications of Biochemistry |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Genetically Modified Foods |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Chapter 19 Ten Biochemistry Careers |
|
|
327 | (4) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Clinical Research Associate |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Biochemical Development Engineer |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Pharmaceutical Sales Representative |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
| Index |
|
331 | |
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām