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E-grāmata: Bioelectronics and Medical Devices: From Materials to Devices - Fabrication, Applications and Reliability

Edited by , Edited by (Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto
Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department ), Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India.)
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Bioelectronics and Medical Devices: From Materials to Devices-Fabrication, Applications and Reliability reviews the latest research on electronic devices used in the healthcare sector, from materials, to applications, including biosensors, rehabilitation devices, drug delivery devices, and devices based on wireless technology. This information is presented from the unique interdisciplinary perspective of the editors and contributors, all with materials science, biomedical engineering, physics, and chemistry backgrounds. Each applicable chapter includes a discussion of these devices, from materials and fabrication, to reliability and technology applications. Case studies, future research directions and recommendations for additional readings are also included.

The book addresses hot topics, such as the latest, state-of the-art biosensing devices that have the ability for early detection of life-threatening diseases, such as tuberculosis, HIV and cancer. It covers rehabilitation devices and advancements, such as the devices that could be utilized by advanced-stage ALS patients to improve their interactions with the environment. In addition, electronic controlled delivery systems are reviewed, including those that are based on artificial intelligences.

  • Presents the latest topics, including MEMS-based fabrication of biomedical sensors, Internet of Things, certification of medical and drug delivery devices, and electrical safety considerations
  • Presents the interdisciplinary perspective of materials scientists, biomedical engineers, physicists and chemists on biomedical electronic devices
  • Features systematic coverage in each chapter, including recent advancements in the field, case studies, future research directions, and recommendations for additional readings
List of contributors xxiii
1 Light-fidelity based biosignal transmission 1(14)
Pratyush K. Patnaik
Suraj K. Nayak
Ashirbad Pradhan
Amrutha V.
Champak Bhattacharya
Sirsendu S. Ray
Kunal Pal
Introduction
1(1)
Literature review
2(3)
Components and methodology
5(3)
Components
5(1)
Methodology
5(3)
Results and discussions
8(3)
Designing the device
8(1)
Testing of device
8(3)
Conclusion
11(1)
References
12(3)
2 Development of a low-cost color sensor for biomedical applications 15(16)
Pratyush K. Patnaik
Paresh Mahapatra
Dibyajyoti Biswal
Suraj K. Nayak
Sachin Kumar
Biswajeet Champaty
Kunal Pal
Introduction
15(1)
Literature review
16(1)
Color models
16(1)
Application of colorimeter in the medical industry
17(1)
Color measurement of dental prosthesis
18(1)
Blood glucose level measurement
19(1)
Materials
20(1)
Methods
21(4)
Designing the color sensor
21(1)
Designing the graphical user interface
22(1)
Color sensor calibration
22(3)
Results and discussion
25(2)
Development of the color sensor
25(1)
Testing of color sensor
26(1)
Conclusion
27(1)
References
27(4)
3 Development of a voice-controlled home automation system for the differently-abled 31(16)
Karan Pande
Ashirbad Pradhan
Suraj Kumar Nayak
Pratyush Kumar Patnaik
Biswajeet Champaty
Arfat Anis
Kunal Pal
Introduction
31(1)
Literature review
32(4)
Materials and methods
36(3)
Materials
36(1)
Development of Arduino program
36(2)
Development of Android app
38(1)
Design and development of printed circuit board
39(1)
Results and discussion
39(3)
Conclusion
42(1)
References
42(5)
4 Lab-on-a-chip sensing devices for biomedical applications 47(50)
Pavel Sengupta
Kalap Khanra
Amit Roy Chowdhury
Pallab Datta
Introduction
47(1)
Advantages and disadvantages of lab-on-a-chip devices
48(1)
Techno-commercial appraisal of lab-on-a-chips
48(3)
Materials and physical laws relevant for lab-on-a-chips
51(3)
Materials that can be used
51(1)
Physical laws
52(1)
Reynolds number and Stokes flow
52(1)
Navier-Stokes equation
53(1)
Poiseuille flow
53(1)
Peclet number
54(1)
Components of lab-on-a-chip devices
54(12)
Liquid pumping methods
54(6)
Fluid mixing
60(1)
Sample and reagent introduction
61(2)
Sample and reagent preconcentration
63(1)
Sample and reagent separation
64(2)
Fabrication methods
66(6)
Lithography and second cast processes
66(2)
Micromachining etching techniques
68(1)
Bonding methods
68(2)
Maskless patterning techniques
70(2)
Detection processes.
72(4)
Chemical sensing
72(2)
Optical detection methods
74(1)
Other detection techniques
75(1)
Some applications of lab-on-a-chip
76(6)
Conclusions
82(1)
Acknowledgment
82(1)
References
82(13)
Further reading
95(2)
5 Impedance-based biosensors 97(26)
Avishek Chakraborty
Dewaki Nandan Tibarewala
Ananya Barui
Introduction
97(1)
Overview of impedance biosensors
98(8)
Transducer architecture of impedance biosensor
98(1)
Theoretical principle of impedance biosensors
98(3)
Representation of impedance data
101(2)
Design and fabrication
103(2)
Measurement and instrumentation
105(1)
Types and application of impedance biosensor
106(9)
Biocatalytic impedance biosensor: enzyme as biorecognition molecules
106(1)
Bioaffinity impedance biosensors
106(7)
Cellular biosensing
113(2)
Recent trends in impedance biosensors
115(3)
Microfluidic s
115(1)
Magneto-impedimetric biosensors
116(1)
Surface plasmon resonance-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy imaging
116(2)
Conclusion
118(1)
References
118(5)
6 Acoustophoresis-based biomedical device applications 123(22)
Sharda Gupta
Arindam Bit
Introduction
123(1)
Acoustic phenomena
124(1)
Theory behind acoustophoresis
125(7)
Measuring physical properties of acoustophoresis
132(1)
Measuring motion of particles under acoustic field
132(1)
Acoustic control
133(3)
Fabrication of device
136(3)
Application of acoustophoresis in bioengineering
139(2)
Acknowledgment
141(1)
Declaration
141(1)
References
141(2)
Further reading
143(2)
7 Electroencephalography and near-infrared spectroscopy-based hybrid biomarker for brain imaging 145(38)
Raghavendra Prasad
N.P. Guhan Seshadri
R. Periyasamy
Stephanie Miller
Arindam Bit
Kunal Mitra
Introduction to brain imaging modalities
145(4)
Computed axial tomography
146(1)
Magnetic resonance imaging
146(1)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
147(1)
Positron emission tomography
147(1)
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
147(1)
Electroencephalogram
148(1)
Near-infrared spectroscopy system principle and architecture
149(2)
Propagation of light in tissue and modified Beer-Lambert law
150(1)
Near-infrared spectroscopy data acquisition system
151(4)
Near-infrared spectroscopy device
151(1)
Types of spectrometers
152(3)
Electroencephalography system architecture and principle
155(1)
History and working mechanism
155(1)
Electroencephalography data acquisition system
156(5)
Electrode placement procedure
159(1)
Montage selection/modes of Electroencephalography acquisition
160(1)
Application of near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography system for brain imaging
161(2)
Applications
161(1)
Application to the cognitive and psychological sciences
161(1)
Brain development
161(1)
Brain-computer interface
162(1)
Hyper scanning
162(1)
Biomarkers of brain physiological conditions
163(2)
Identifying disease-specific biomarkers
164(1)
Aspects of association and handy biomarkers
164(1)
The ideal surrogate biomarker
165(1)
Biomarkers: advantages and limitations
165(1)
Real-time imaging
165(4)
Recent advances
166(1)
Electroencephalography
166(1)
Magneto encephalography
167(1)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
168(1)
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
168(1)
Computed axial tomography
169(1)
Positron emission tomography
169(1)
Functional imaging
169(3)
Functional imaging properties
170(1)
Hemodynamic methods (fMRI)
170(1)
Electromagnetic methods (EEG)
171(1)
Tempero-spatial imaging
171(1)
Hybrid system for brain imaging
172(1)
Hybrid brain imaging
172(1)
Conclusion
173(1)
References
174(7)
Further reading
181(2)
8 Micro-electro-mechanical system-based drug delivery devices 183(28)
Ankur Gupta
Pramod Pal
Introduction
183(3)
Need for drug delivery technology
183(2)
Existing drug delivery devices
185(1)
About micro-electro-mechanical systems
186(1)
Various components in micro-electro-mechanical system-based drug delivery systems
187(15)
Micro pump
187(7)
Micro valves
194(2)
Microneedles
196(2)
Micro biosensors
198(2)
Microfluid channels
200(1)
Micro reservoirs
201(1)
Micro-electro-mechanical system-based drug delivery system
202(4)
Advantages of micro-electro-mechanical system devices in drug delivery system
206(1)
Limitations and challenges
207(1)
Conclusion and scope
207(1)
References
207(4)
9 Enzyme-based biosensors 211(30)
Jaspreet Kaur
Sandeep Choudhary
Rashmi Chaudhari
Rahul D. Jayant
Abhijeet Joshi
Introduction
211(5)
Background
212(1)
Characteristics of a biosensor
212(2)
Biological recognition and transducing mechanisms
214(2)
Enzyme immobilization
216(4)
Techniques for enzyme immobilization
216(2)
Immobilization techniques for developing micro-nano-sized particles
218(2)
Materials and carriers for fabrication of enzyme-based biosensors
220(2)
Natural polymers
220(1)
Synthetic polymers
221(1)
Inorganic materials as support
221(1)
Enzyme-based biosensors
222(9)
Electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors
222(4)
Optical biosensors
226(1)
Electrochemilumiescent biosensors
227(1)
In vivo biosensors
228(1)
Piezoelectric quartz crystal biosensors
229(1)
Thermistor/calorimetric biosensors
230(1)
Challenges in developing enzyme-based biosensors
231(1)
Applications of enzyme-based biosensors in various fields
232(3)
Health and biological applications
233(1)
Environment and agriculture applications
233(1)
Bioprocessing industry applications
234(1)
Food processing and drink analysis applications
234(1)
Security and bioterrorism
235(1)
Conclusions
235(1)
References
236(5)
10 Ultrasound-based drug delivery systems 241(20)
Bhavana Joshi
Abhijeet Joshi
Introduction
241(1)
Physics of ultrasound-based drug delivery system
241(11)
Factors affecting ultrasound-mediated drug delivery
242(1)
Implications of the ultrasound-mediated delivery
243(3)
Types of drug carriers
246(6)
Applications of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery systems
252(6)
Cancer
252(3)
Alzheimer's disease
255(1)
Transdermal drug delivery
255(1)
Pulmonary diseases -
256(1)
Cardiovascular disease
257(1)
Conclusions and future aspects
258(1)
References
259(2)
11 Electroencephalogram-controlled assistive devices 261(24)
Abdulhamit Subasi
Introduction
261(2)
Literature review
263(2)
Electroencephalogram
265(1)
Brain-computer interface
266(1)
Signal denoising methods
267(2)
Principal component analysis
268(1)
Independent component analysis
268(1)
Multiscale principal component analysis
268(1)
Feature extraction methods
269(2)
Wavelet packed decomposition
270(1)
Dual tree complex wavelet transform
271(1)
Dimension reduction methods
271(1)
Machine learning methods
272(3)
Artificial neural networks
272(1)
k-Nearest neighbor
273(1)
Support vector machine
273(1)
Classification and regression tree
273(1)
C4.5 decision tree
274(1)
REP tree
274(1)
ADTree
274(1)
Random tree classifiers
274(1)
Random forests
275(1)
Rotation forest
275(1)
Results
275(5)
Experimental results for ERP P300 brain-computer interface database
276(3)
Experimental results for motor imagery brain-computer interface data set
279(1)
Discussion and conclusion
280(1)
References
281(4)
12 Electromyogram-controlled assistive devices 285(28)
Abdulhamit Subasi
Introduction
285(3)
Literature review
288(2)
Electromyogram
290(1)
Man-machine interface
291(2)
Electromyography for prosthetic control
291(1)
Rehabilitation robotics
292(1)
Signal denoising with multiscale principal component analysis
293(1)
Feature extraction methods
294(2)
Discrete wavelet transform
295(1)
Tunable Q-factor wavelet transform
295(1)
Dimension reduction methods
296(1)
Machine learning methods
296(4)
Artificial neural networks
297(1)
k-Nearest neighbor
297(1)
Support vector machine
297(1)
Classification and regression tree
298(1)
Reduced-error pruning tree
298(1)
Logical analysis of data tree
298(1)
C4.5 decision tree
298(1)
Random tree classifiers
299(1)
Random forests
299(1)
Rotation forest
299(1)
Results and discussion
300(6)
Performance evaluation measures
300(1)
Experimental results
301(4)
Discussion
305(1)
Conclusion and future directions
306(1)
References
306(7)
13 Electrical safety 313(18)
Mana Sezdi
What is electrical safety?
313(1)
Why is it important in medical applications?
313(1)
Physiological effects of electricity
314(1)
Leakage current
314(1)
Electrical shock
315(2)
Macroshock
316(1)
Microshock
316(1)
Measurement of electrical leakage current
317(3)
International standards in electrical safety
320(6)
IEC 60601-1:2005 standard
320(5)
IEC 62353:2014 standard
325(1)
Electrical safety analyzer
326(3)
Conclusion
329(1)
References
329(1)
Further reading
330(1)
14 Biomedical metrology 331(24)
Mana Sezdi
What is biomedical metrology
331(1)
The difference between the biomedical metrology and calibration
331(1)
Application of biomedical metrology
332(1)
The devices used in biomedical metrology
333(3)
Simulators
333(1)
Analyzers
333(1)
Testing/Measuring instruments
334(1)
Phantoms
334(2)
Workflow in biomedical metrology
336(15)
Determination of the devices to be measured
338(2)
Performing of the measurements according to the international standards
340(1)
Interpretation of the measurement results
341(5)
Labeling of devices after the measurements
346(4)
Preparation of the certificates
350(1)
Supervision of biomedical metrology services
351(1)
Conclusion
352(1)
References
352(3)
15 Bone-implantable devices for drug delivery applications 355(38)
Priyanka Ray
Md Saquib Hasnain
Abir Koley
Amit Kumar Nayak
Introduction
355(1)
Morphology of bone
356(1)
Bone fracture healing process
357(1)
Polymer-based bone-implantable drug delivery devices
357(13)
Natural polymers
357(6)
Synthetic polymers
363(7)
Inorganic material-based bone-implantable drug delivery devices
370(6)
Ceramics
370(6)
Polymeric-inorganic bone-implantable drug delivery devices
376(3)
Conclusion
379(1)
References
379(14)
16 Iontophoretic drug delivery systems 393(28)
Amit Kumar Nayak
Sanjay Dey
Kunal Pal
Indranil Banerjee
Introduction
393(1)
Historical background
394(1)
Principles and mechanisms of iontophoretic drug delivery
395(2)
Advantages and disadvantages of iontophoresis systems
397(1)
Factors influencing the iontophoretic drug delivery
398(4)
Physicochemical characteristics of drugs
398(2)
Drug formulation characteristics
400(1)
Experimental factors
400(2)
Biological factors
402(1)
Applications of iontophoretic drug delivery
402(10)
Iontophoretic delivery of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
402(2)
Iontophoretic delivery of opioids
404(1)
Iontophoretic delivery of steroids
404(1)
Iontophoretic delivery of local anesthetics
405(1)
Iontophoretic delivery of drugs acting on the central nervous system
406(2)
Iontophoretic delivery of cardiovascular drugs
408(1)
Iontophoretic delivery of proteins and peptides
409(2)
Miscellaneous
411(1)
Conclusion
412(1)
References
413(7)
Further reading
420(1)
17 Microneedle platform for biomedical applications 421(22)
Sabahat Shaikh
Nishtha Bhan
Fiona C. Rodrigues
Eshwari Dathathri
Shounak De
Goutam Thakur
Introduction
421(4)
Microfabrication technology
425(1)
Overview
425(1)
Fabrication materials
425(1)
Fabrication techniques for microneedles
425(7)
Silicon microneedles fabrication
425(2)
Metal, glass, and ceramic microneedles fabrication
427(2)
Polymeric microneedles fabrication
429(1)
Sugar glass microneedles fabrication
430(1)
3D printed microneedles
431(1)
Characterization techniques for microneedles
432(4)
Fluorescent microscopy
432(2)
Scanning electron microscopy
434(1)
Mechanical testing
434(2)
Applications
436(1)
Conclusion
437(1)
References
438(5)
18 Trends in point-of-care microscopy 443(40)
Pallavi Bohidar
Soumya Gupta
Indranil Banerjee
Introduction
443(1)
Point-of-care devices: historical perspective
444(3)
Point-of-care devices: outlining the diversity
447(2)
Point-of-care microscope
449(14)
The need for point-of-care microscope
450(1)
Point-of-care microscopes: fabrication approaches
451(12)
Research trend
463(12)
Point-of-care microscopes: the market view
475(1)
Key players
475(1)
Business projection
475(1)
Conclusion and future direction
475(1)
References
476(7)
19 Development of spectroscopy-based medical devices for disease diagnosis in low resource point-of-care setting 483(10)
Animesh Halder
Soumendra Singh
Aniruddha Adhikari
Probir Kumar Sarkar
Samir Kumar Pal
Introduction
483(1)
Optical properties of blood and different body parameters
484(1)
Optical components and software design for the spectroscopy-based diagnosis
485(1)
A minimally invasive biomedical instrument for hemoglobin detection
486(4)
Noninvasive biomedical instrument for hemoglobin and bilirubin detection
486(4)
Conclusion
490(1)
References
490(3)
20 Dielectrophoresis-based devices for cell patterning 493(20)
Tarun Agarwal
Tapas Kumar Maiti
Introduction
493(1)
Impact of dielectrophoretic force on a polarizable particle
494(2)
Electrode configurations for nonuniform electric field generation
496(1)
Influence of dielectrophoretic force on mammalian cell behavior
497(1)
Dielectrophoresis suspension buffer influences mammalian cell behavior under electric field
498(8)
Developments in dielectrophoresis-based two-dimensional cell patterning
500(4)
Dielectrophoresis-based three-dimensional cell patterning
504(2)
Immobilization strategies for the patterned cells
506(1)
Challenges and future prospects of dielectrophoresis-based cell-patterning
506(2)
References
508(5)
21 Multichannel surface electromyography 513(24)
Usha Kuruganti
Introduction to surface electromyography
513(1)
Overview of surface electromyography
513(1)
History of electromyography
514(1)
Measurement of surface electromyography
514(9)
Electromyography signal generation
514(1)
Detection of the surface electromyography signal
515(1)
Data analysis methods
516(1)
Amplitude estimation
517(1)
Force estimates
518(1)
Muscle coordination and temporal information
518(1)
Normalization
519(1)
Spectral estimation
520(2)
Time-frequency and wavelet analyses
522(1)
Sensors for surface electromyography collection
523(1)
Applications of surface electromyography
523(2)
Multichannel and high-density surface electromyography
525(3)
Overview of multichannel electromyography
525(2)
Data analysis techniques
527(1)
Sensors for multichannel and high-density surface electromyography collection
527(1)
Applications of multichannel surface electromyography
528(2)
Future research directions
530(1)
Conclusions
531(1)
References
531(6)
22 Sensors for monitoring workplace health 537(18)
Usha Kuruganti
Introduction to ergonomics and human factors engineering
537(1)
Elements of workplace health
538(2)
Measurement of workplace health
540(5)
Questionnaires
541(1)
Direct observation techniques
541(2)
Direct measurement techniques
543(1)
Sensors to monitor workplace health
543(2)
Pressure sensors
545(1)
Insole sensors
546(1)
Accelerometry-based wearable activity monitors
547(1)
Environmental sensors
547(1)
Neuroergonomics and electroencephalography
548(1)
Future directions in sensor technology for workplace health
549(1)
Conclusion
550(1)
References
551(4)
23 Advances in enzyme-based electrochemical sensors: current trends, benefits, and constraints 555(36)
George Luka
Syed Ahmad
Natashya Falcone
Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
Introduction
555(5)
Molecular recognition elements
556(1)
Transducers
557(1)
Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors
558(2)
Oxidoreductase-based electrochemical biosensors
560(4)
Glucose biosensors
560(3)
Lactate biosensors
563(1)
Cofactors and coenzymes
564(2)
Enzymatic regeneration
566(1)
Chemical regeneration
566(1)
Electrochemical regeneration
567(1)
Photochemical regeneration
568(1)
Nonoxidoreductase-based electrochemical biosensors
568(9)
Kinase-based electrochemical sensors
569(8)
Acetylcholinesterase biosensors
577(3)
Conclusion and future trends
580(1)
Acknowledgments
581(1)
References
581(9)
Further reading
590(1)
24 Electrocardiogram signal processing-based diagnostics: applications of wavelet transform 591(24)
Suraj K. Nayak
Indranil Banerjee
Kunal Pal
Introduction
591(1)
Morphological description of electrocardiogram signal
592(1)
Wavelets
593(3)
Mexican hat wavelet
593(1)
Morlet wavelet
594(1)
Haar wavelet
595(1)
Daubechies wavelet
595(1)
Biorthogonal wavelet
596(1)
Basics of the wavelet transforms
596(5)
Continuous wavelet transform
597(2)
Discrete wavelet transform
599(2)
Wavelet transforms-based electrocardiogram signal processing for disease diagnostics
601(9)
Detection of arrhythmia
603(3)
Detection of coronary artery disease
606(1)
Detection of myocardial infarction
607(3)
Conclusion
610(1)
References
611(4)
25 Sensor fusion and control techniques for biorehabilitation 615(20)
Dinesh Bhatia
Sudip Paul
Introduction
615(6)
Control techniques
621(1)
Biological control phenomenon
621(1)
Different control techniques used in industry
621(1)
Available biomimicking control techniques
622(1)
Biorehabilitation techniques
622(2)
Artificial neural network
624(6)
Neurological rehabilitation
625(1)
Intermediate care
626(1)
Acute rehabilitation
626(1)
Occupational rehabilitation
626(1)
Cardiac rehabilitation
626(1)
The acute phase
627(1)
The subacute phase
627(1)
Intensive outpatient therapy
627(1)
Independent ongoing conditioning
627(1)
Drug rehabilitation
627(1)
Physical rehabilitation
628(1)
Vestibular rehabilitation
629(1)
Stroke rehabilitation
629(1)
Poststroke
630(1)
Real-time control of rehabilitation devices
630(1)
Exoskeleton control strategy and existing devices
631(1)
Summary
631(1)
References
632(1)
Further reading
632(3)
26 Biofunctional interfaces for cell culture in microfluidic devices 635(66)
Amid Shakeri
Sara Rahmani
Sara M. Imani
Matthew Osborne
Hanie Yousefi
Tohid F. Didar
Introduction
635(1)
Approaches for creating biofunctional interfaces in microfluidics
636(32)
Plasma treatment
636(2)
Silanization
638(5)
Microcontact printing
643(4)
Microfluidic patterning
647(12)
Graft polymerization
659(3)
Hydrogels
662(6)
Surface blocking strategies for controlled cell adhesion
668(3)
Selected applications
671(12)
Affinity-based cell sorting and separation in microfluidic devices
671(4)
Organ-on-a-chip
675(5)
Biosensing for cell detection
680(3)
Conclusion
683(1)
References
683(18)
27 Microsystems technology for high-throughput single-cell sorting 701(20)
Lindsay Piraino
Tricia Conti
Azmeer Sharipol
Danielle S.W. Benoit
Lisa A. DeLouise
Microsystems and single-cell assays
701(3)
Convex, spherical, and tubular microwells
704(6)
Microfluidic and microwell device challenges
710(2)
Conclusions
712(1)
Acknowledgments
712(1)
References
712(9)
28 Microfluidic devices for DNA amplification 721(44)
Ali Shahid
Shayan Liaghat
P. Ravi Selvaganapathy
Introduction
721(1)
Polymerase chain reaction
722(1)
Microfluidic systems for polymerase chain reaction
722(14)
Microfluidic devices for polymerase chain reaction with stationary chambers
723(4)
Microfluidic polymerase chain reaction devices with flow-through channels
727(4)
Microfluidic devices for polymerase chain reaction with naturally driven convective flow
731(2)
Microfluidic polymerase chain reaction devices using the droplets
733(3)
Isothermal DNA amplification methods
736(3)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
736(2)
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
738(1)
Helicase dependent amplification
738(1)
Rolling circle amplification
738(1)
Strand displacement amplification
739(1)
Microfluidic systems for loop-mediated isothermal amplification
739(11)
Microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification systems with chambers
739(7)
Microfluidic devices for loop-mediated isothermal amplification using droplets
746(1)
Microfluidic integrated devices for loop-mediated isothermal amplification
747(3)
Heating methods for loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based systems
750(1)
Detection methods for loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based systems
751(3)
Fluorescence detection
751(1)
Electrochemical detection
752(1)
Real-time turbidity detection
753(1)
Naked eye-based detection
753(1)
Conclusion
754(1)
References
755(10)
29 Optimizing glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring 765(14)
Robert J. Forster
Loanda R. Cumba
Introduction
765(1)
Glucose monitoring
766(8)
Optimizing glucose monitoring in blood
766(8)
Conclusions
774(1)
References
774(3)
Further reading
777(2)
30 Brain-computer interface-functional electrical stimulation: from control to neurofeedback in rehabilitation 779(14)
Saugat Bhattacharyya
Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
Introduction
779(2)
Combining brain-computer interface with functional electrical stimulation
781(2)
Brain-computer interface-functional electrical stimulation in rehabilitation
783(1)
Importance and types of brain-computer interface feedback
784(3)
Visual feedback
786(1)
Vibrotactile feedback
786(1)
Possibility of functional electrical stimulation as feedback
787(1)
Conclusion
788(1)
References
789(1)
Further reading
790(3)
31 Motor imagery classification enhancement with concurrent implementation of spatial filtration and modified stockwell transform 793(26)
Rohit Bose
Kaniska Samanta
Soumya Chatterjee
Saugat Bhattacharyya
Anwesha Khasnobish
Introduction
793(2)
Methodology
795(11)
Description of electroencephalography signal datasets
795(2)
Channel selection of electroencephalography based on types of motor imagery tasks
797(1)
Preprocessing: spatial filtration of raw electroencephalography signals
797(1)
Stockwell transform and subsequent feature extraction
798(5)
Classifiers
803(3)
Results
806(3)
Comparative performance analysis among different machine learning classifiers
807(1)
Performance analysis using least square-support vector machine
807(2)
Discussions
809(3)
Conclusions
812(1)
References
813(4)
Further reading
817(2)
32 A hybrid wireless electroencephalography network based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 standards 819(14)
Rabia Bilal
Bilal Muhammad Khan
Introduction
819(1)
Background and evolution of electroencephalography
820(1)
Advantages of wireless electroencephalography recorders
820(1)
The IEEE standard wireless standards
821(1)
IEEE 802.11
821(1)
IEEE 802.15.4
822(1)
Architecture and methodology
822(1)
Simulation parameters
823(1)
Results
824(7)
Jitters
824(3)
Medium access control delay
827(3)
Throughput
830(1)
Conclusion
831(1)
References
831(2)
33 Deep learning in medical and surgical instruments 833(24)
Srivarna Settisara Janney
Sumit Chakravarty
Medical and surgical instruments
833(3)
History
833(1)
Concepts and categories of instruments
834(1)
Types of equipment
834(1)
Surgical instruments
835(1)
Deep learning
836(7)
What is deep learning?
836(1)
Difference among artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning
837(1)
Demo
838(1)
Neural network and its architectures
839(4)
Hardware and software
843(1)
Deep learning in health care
843(4)
Diagnosis in medical images and signals
844(1)
Robotics surgery (autonomous)
844(1)
Genome and bioinformatics
845(1)
Drug discovery
846(1)
Virtual visualization
846(1)
Key papers in deep learning relevant to medical and surgical instruments
847(4)
Conclusion
851(1)
References
852(5)
34 Electroencephalogram-based brain-computer interface systems for controlling rehabilitative devices 857(34)
Kishore K. Tarafdar
Bikash K. Pradhan
Suraj K. Nayak
Anwesha Khasnobish
Saugat Bhattacharyya
Kunal Pal
Introduction
857(4)
Motivation
861(1)
Recording methods
862(3)
Electroencephalogram signal analysis
865(8)
Linear methods of electroencephalogram feature extraction
868(3)
Nonlinear methods of electroencephalogram feature extraction
871(2)
Brain-computer interface applications
873(9)
Brain-computer interface-controlled wheelchair
874(1)
Brain-computer interface-controlled smart home environment
875(2)
Brain-computer interface-controlled robotic limb movement
877(5)
Conclusion
882(1)
References
882(9)
35 A system for automatic cardiac arrhythmia recognition using electrocardiogram signal 891(22)
Allam Jaya Prakash
Samit Ad
Introduction
891(3)
Database
894(1)
Theoretical background
894(3)
Convolutional neural network
894(1)
Random forest classifier
895(2)
Proposed framework
897(8)
Preprocessing
897(2)
Electrocardiogram arrhythmia classification using convolutional neural network
899(1)
Electrocardiogram arrhythmia classification using dual-tree complex wavelet transform and random forest
900(5)
Experimental results
905(4)
The performance of arrhythmia classification using convolutional neural network
905(1)
The performance of arrhythmia classification using dual-tree complex wavelet transform-random forest method
906(2)
Performance comparison of different methods for arrhythmia classification
908(1)
Conclusion
909(1)
Acknowledgment
910(1)
References
910(3)
36 Designing of a biopotential amplifier for the acquisition and processing of subvocal electromyography signals 913(18)
Reddy Vamsi
Suraj K. Nayak
Anilesh Dey
Arindam Bit
Biswajit Mohapatra
Haladhar Behera
Kunal Pal
Introduction
913(2)
Literature review
915(2)
Materials and software
917(1)
Methods
917(3)
Designing of a subvocal electromyogram biopotential amplifier
917(1)
Development of the printed circuit board
918(1)
Acquisition of subvocal electromyogram signals
919(1)
Processing and feature extraction of subvocal electromyogram signals
919(1)
Statistical analysis and classification using ANN
920(1)
Results and discussion
920(4)
Development of a subvocal electromyogram biopotential amplifier
920(2)
Acquisition and processing of subvocal electromyogram signals
922(2)
Statistical analysis and classification using ANN
924(3)
Conclusion
927(1)
References
927(4)
Index 931
Dr. Kunal Pal is a Professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India. His major research interests revolve around biomedical signal processing, biomedical equipment design, soft materials, and controlled drug delivery. He has published more than 100 publications in SCI-cited journals of high repute. Dr. Kraatz studied chemistry at the Universities of Düsseldorf and the University of Kent in Canterbury and obtained his PhD in 1993 at the University of Calgary. In 2011, accepting a position at the University of Toronto, where he is a full professor in chemistry and currently serves as Vice-Principal Research at the University of Toronto Scarborough. He has served as Director of the Nanofabrication Facility at Western and as Chair of the Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences at U of T. Awards and recognitions include the Canada Research Chair in Biomaterials, the PetroCanada Young Innovator Award, the Award in Pure or Applied Inorganic Chemistry from the Canadian Society for Chemistry, and the Principals Research Award. Bernies research interests are at the interface of inorganic chemistry and electrochemistry, focusing on the design of bioconjugates for sensing applications, surface-supported functional bioconjugates, and bio(nano)materials. He has published more than 250 peer-reviewed papers and two books. Dr. Khasnobish is currently employed as a Research Scientist at TATA Consultancy Services (TCS) Innovation Lab, Kolkata, India, where she is actively doing research in cognitive neuroscience, tele-rehabilitation, stress analysis from physiological signals, electrooculography and eye tracking. She completed her graduation and post-graduation in Biomedical Engineering. She completed her Ph. D. in Engineering in the field of Human- Computer interface based devices for biomedical applications” from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India in the year 2015. She received fellowship from the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India for completing her Ph.D. dissertation work. Her past research experience revolved around biopotential signal (e.g. EEG, HRV, EMG and EOG) acquisition and processing, brain and human computer interactions, circuit design and development, signal and image processing, haptics, somatosensory perceptions, computational intelligence and soft computing techniques. She has >40 research papers to her credit with a total citation of >140. Dr. Bag is presently an Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal since 2005. Dr. Bag obtained his Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata in the year 2007. He did his graduation in Pharmaceutical Technology and post- graduation in Biomedical Engineering from Jadavpur University during the year 2000 and 2002, respectively. He has published more than 24 research papers in various national and international journals and proceedings of conferences. He also presented his research accomplishments across the globe. He received various grants from Indian government funding agencies for carrying out research and travel for attending conferences. He is a reviewer and editorial board members of various international journals of repute. He was actively involved in organizing various national/ international conferences. Prof. Indranil Banerjee did his Ph. D. in Biotechnology (Tissue Engineering) from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in the year 2011. Presently, is holding the position of an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering at National Institute of Technology- Rourkela. He is the Professor-in-Charge of the Bioprocess Laboratory and Biomicrofludics Laboratory. His group is actively involved in understanding the cell physiology in response to biomaterials developed on a length scale (nano to macro). He was a visiting scientist in Maxplanck Institute of Intelligent System, Germany. Dr. Banerjee has authored 35 SCI cited publications in various journals of repute with a total citation of more than 450. He is also serving as industrial consultant. Dr. Kuruganti received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. degree in human factors engineering from the University of New Brunswick (UNB), Fredericton, NB, Canada. She joined UNB in 2004 and is currently a Professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology at UNB and Co-Director of the Andrew and Marjorie McCain Human Performance Laboratory within the Richard J. CURRIE Centre at UNB. Dr. Kuruganti has also served as the Assistant Dean (Graduate Studies and Research) of the Faculty of Kinesiology since September 2013. Dr. Kuruganti is a Registered Professional Engineer with the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (APEGNB), a Fellow of Engineers Canada, a member of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology, and the Association of Canadian Ergonomists. Her research interests include human movement analysis, neuromuscular and occupational physiology, electromyography and human factors.