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E-grāmata: Biological Control of Rice Diseases

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There is suf cient need to document all the available data on biological control of rice diseases in a small volume. Part of this need rests on the global importance of rice to human life. In the ?rst chapter, I have tried to show that rice is indeed life for most people in Asia and shortages in production and availability can lead to a food crisis. While rice is cultivated in most continents, biological disease management attains special relevance to rice farmers of Africa, Asia, and also perhaps, Latin America. These farmers are resource-poor and might not be able to afford the cost of expensive chemical treatments to control devastating rice pathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae (blast), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (bacterial leaf blight), Rhizoctonia solani (sheath blight) and the virus, rice tungro disease. In an earlier volume that I developed under the title, Biological Control of Crop Diseases (Dekker/CRC Publishers, 2002), I included transgenic crops generated for the management of plant pathogens as biological control under the umbrella of a broad de nition. Dr Jim Cook who wrote the Foreword for the volume lauded the inclusion of transgenic crops and induced systemic resistance (ISR) as a positive trend toward acceptance of host plant resistance as part of biocontrol. I continue to subscribe to this view.
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
1 Rice and Its Importance to Human Life 1
Origin, History and Spread
2
Nutritional Value of Rice
3
Cultivation Methods and Rice Farming Systems
4
Rice Production
4
Production and Export
4
Worldwide Consumption
5
Place of Rice in the Global Economy
6
Rice Germplasm and Cultivars
6
Potentials for the Future
7
Rice Improvement Towards Nutrition Security
8
Improving Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD): Golden Rice
8
Improving Iron Deficiency-Ferretin Rice
8
Improving Protein Content in Rice: Expression of Human Proteins
9
Rice Pests and Diseases
9
References
10
2 Major Diseases of Rice 13
Blast (B1)
14
Pathogen: Magnaporthe oryzae
14
Causal Organism
14
Parts of Rice Plant Infected and Symptoms
15
Disease Cycle
16
Management of Blast
16
Resistant Cultivars
17
Crop Diversification as an Ecological Method of Blast Control (Zhu et al., 2000)
19
Sheath Blight (ShB)
20
Pathogen: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn [ Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk]
20
Symptoms
20
Host Range
21
Distribution of the Disease
22
Disease Cycle
22
Characteristics of the Pathogen
22
Pathogen Populations
23
Disease Management
25
Chemical Control
26
Bacterial Blight (BB)
26
Pathogen: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
26
BB Pathogen: Morphology and Taxonomy
26
Symptoms
27
Yield Losses
28
Disease Cycle
28
Bacterial Blight Management
29
Chemical Control
29
Host Resistance and R Genes
29
Pyramiding of R-Genes
30
Sheath-Rot
31
Pathogen: Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams and D. Hawksw
31
Rice Tungro Disease (RTD)
32
Pathogen: Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) and Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV)
32
Pathogen
32
Symptoms
33
Yield Loss
33
Disease Management
34
Transgenic Rice for RTD Management
34
Other Diseases
34
Brown Leaf Spot (Pathogen: Bipolaris orvzae; Cochliobolus miyabeanus)
34
Stem Rot (Pathogen: Sclerotium oryzae)
35
References
36
3 An Overview of Progress in Biological Control 43
Beginnings of Rice Biological Control Research and Recent Progress in Pathogens and Biocontrol Agents
43
Studies on the Development of Bacterial Biocontrol Agents for Rice Diseases
44
Mechanisms of Biological Disease Suppression: Recent Advances with PGPR Strains
46
Role of Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites in Disease Suppression
46
Transgenic Plants in Rice Disease Management
48
References
48
4 Biological Control of Rice Blast 53
Antagonistic Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents
53
Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp
53
Erwinia ananas Transformed with Chitinase Gene of Serratia
56
Other Biocontrol Agents
57
Method of Application of Bacterial Biocontrol Agent
57
Fungi as Biocontrol Agents
58
Non-Pathogens: Phylloplane Fungi and Freeze-Killed Mycelium
58
Avirulent/Weakly Virulent Isolates of M. Oryzae
58
Transformation of Rice for Blast Control
59
Transgenic Rices of Indica Rice Cultivars, IR50 and CO39 for Blast Control
60
Other Transgenic Rices for Chimeric and Non-rice Genes
62
References
63
5 Biological Control of Bacterial Blight of Rice 67
Pathogen: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
67
Need for Biological Control
67
Plant-Associated Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents
67
Net-House and Field Experiments
69
Evaluation of DAPG-Producing P. fluorescens for Suppression of BB
70
Mechanism(s) of BB Suppression
70
Enhancement of Rice Growth due to Bacillus Treatments
72
Lysobacter
74
Bacteriocinogenic Strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae
74
Epiphytic Erwinia herbicola
74
Transgenic Rices for BB Management
74
Bioassay for Bacterial Blight Resistance
75
References
76
6 Biological Control of Sheath Blight (ShB) of Rice 79
Pathogen: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn AG1-IA (Thanetophorus cucumeris) (Frank) Donk
79
Biological Control Agents
79
Bacteria
79
Plant-Associated Bacteria
80
Fungi
85
Soil Amendments, AM Fungi and Their Integration
85
Cultural Practices/Soil Conditions
86
Transgenic Rice and ShB Control
86
References
87
7 Biological Control of Sheath-Rot and Other Fungal Diseases 91
Sheath-Rot (Sh-R)
91
Stem Rot
92
Bakanae
92
References
93
8 Biological Control of Rice Tungro Disease (RTD) 95
Conventional Biocontrol Agents
95
Transgenic Rice for RTD Management
95
Rice Trungro Spherical Virus (RTSV)
96
Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV)
96
Cultural Practices for RTD Management
97
References
97
Index 99