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E-grāmata: Biological Management of Diseases of Crops: Volume 1: Characteristics of Biological Control Agents

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Biological disease management tactics have emerged as potential alternative to chemical application for containing crop diseases. Biotic and abiotic biological control agents (BCAs) have been demonstrated to be effective against diseases caused by microbial plant pathogens. Combination of biotic and abiotic agents leads to synergism and consequent improvement in the effectiveness of disease control. It is essential to assay the biocontrol potential of all isolates/species of fungal, bacterial and viral biocontrol agents by different techniques in vitro and under greenhouse and field conditions and to precisely identify and differentiate the most effective isolates from less effective ones by employing biological, immunological and nucleic acid-based assays.



This book examines various mechanisms of biological activities of biotic and abiotic biocontrol agents, highlighting the similarities in their mechanisms and indicating the possibilities of selecting compatible ones.

Recenzijas

From the reviews:

 

Narayanasamy provides a comprehensive discussion of the importance of biological management of plant pathogens in order to feed an ever-expanding population. Volume 1, Characteristics of Biological Control Agents, contains eight chapters with numerous appendixes with each. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners. (R. Frederiksen, Choice, Vol. 51 (7), March, 2014)

Preface ix
Acknowledgement xi
1 Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Concepts and Aims of Biological Management of Crop Diseases
1(2)
1.2 Landmarks in the Development of Biological Disease Management Systems
3(1)
1.3 Nature and Characteristics of Biological Control Agents
4(5)
1.3.1 Biotic Biological Control Agents
4(2)
1.3.2 Abiotic Biological Control Agents
6(1)
References
7(2)
2 Detection and Identification of Fungal Biological Control Agents
9(90)
2.1 Methods of Detection and Identification
10(25)
2.1.1 Cultural Methods
10(4)
2.1.2 Biochemical Methods
14(2)
2.1.3 Immunoassays
16(2)
2.1.4 Nucleic Acid-Based Techniques
18(17)
2.2 Assessment of Biocontrol Potential of Fungi
35(25)
2.2.1 Laboratory Tests
36(10)
2.2.2 Greenhouse/Growth Chamber Evaluation of Biocontrol Activity
46(8)
2.2.3 Evaluation of Biocontrol Activity Against Postharvest Pathogens
54(2)
2.2.4 Field Evaluation of Biocontrol Efficacy
56(4)
2.3 Identification and Differentiation of Mycorrhizal Biological Control Agents
60(39)
2.3.1 Methods of Detection and Identification
60(10)
2.3.2 Assessment of Biological Control Potential of Mycorrhizal Fungi
70(4)
2.3.3 Interaction Between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fungal Biocontrol Agents and Bacterial Communities
74(1)
2.3.4 Interaction Between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Resistance-Inducing Chemicals
75(1)
Appendix 2.1 General and Selective Media for Isolation of Fungal Biocontrol Agents
76(3)
Appendix 2.2 Generation of Antibodies Against Fungi (Banks et al. 1992)
79(1)
Appendix 2.3 Detection of Fungi by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Test (Bossi and Dewey 1992)
80(1)
Appendix 2.4 Characterization of the Antibody Specific for Fungal Biocontrol Agent by Western Blotting Technique (Thornton et al. 2002)
81(1)
Appendix 2.5 Detection of Fungal Biocontrol Agents by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (Thornton et al. 2002)
82(1)
Appendix 2.6 Identification of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa by Dot Blot Hybridization Technique (Utkhade and Cao 2005)
82(1)
Appendix 2.7 Assessment of Biocontrol Activity by In Vitro Tests
83(3)
Appendix 2.8 Biopriming of Carrot Seeds with Biocontrol Agent Clonostachys rosea Effective Against Alternaria spp. (Jensen et al. 2004)
86(1)
Appendix 2.9 Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Kulmann et al. 2003)
87(1)
References
88(10)
Additional References for Further Reading
98(1)
3 Mechanisms of Action of Fungal Biological Control Agents
99(102)
3.1 Types of Antagonism
99(102)
3.1.1 Mycoparasitism
100(11)
3.1.2 Antibiosis
111(23)
3.1.3 Competition for Nutrients and Space
134(6)
3.1.4 Prevention of Colonization of Host Tissues by Pathogens
140(3)
3.1.5 Induction of Resistance in Plants to Diseases
143(24)
3.1.6 Natural Host Plant Resistance
167(1)
3.1.7 Factors Influencing Activities of Biocontrol Agents
168(16)
References
184(16)
Additional References for Further Reading
200(1)
4 Detection and Identification of Bacterial Biological Control Agents
201(94)
4.1 Methods of Detection and Identification
203(33)
4.1.1 Cultural Methods
203(1)
4.1.2 Biochemical Methods
203(7)
4.1.3 Immunoassays
210(1)
4.1.4 Nucleic Acid-Based Techniques
211(25)
4.2 Assessment of Biocontrol Potential of Bacteria
236(59)
4.2.1 Laboratory Tests
236(16)
4.2.2 Greenhouse Bioassays
252(17)
4.2.3 Field Evaluation of Biocontrol Activity
269(6)
Appendix 4.1 Media Used for Culturing Bacterial Biocontrol Agents
275(2)
Appendix 4.2 Detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pi) and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) in Banana Roots Using FITC Technique (Mohandas et al. 2004)
277(1)
Appendix 4.3 Quantitative Detection of Pyrrolnitrin-Producing Bacteria by Real-Time PCR Assay (Garbeva et al. 2004)
277(2)
Appendix 4.4 Identification of Pseudomonas fluorescens Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Scarpellini et al. 2004)
279(1)
Appendix 4.5 Assessment of Antagonistic Activity of Bacterial Species in Agar Plates
279(1)
Appendix 4.6 Assessment of Biocontrol Potential of Bacterial Isolates Against Fungal Pathogens Infecting Soybean and Tomato (Benitez and Mc Spadden Gardener 2009)
280(1)
Appendix 4.7 Assessment of Effects of Seed Bacterization of Tomato with Lysobacter capsici PG4 on Incidence of Fusarium Wilt Disease Under Greenhouse Conditions (Puopolo et al. 2010)
281(1)
Appendix 4.8 Effect of Root treatment with Pantoea agglomerans E278Ar on Development of Radish Bacterial Leaf Spot Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae (Han et al. 2000)
281(1)
Appendix 4.9 Assessment of Biocontrol Efficacy of Nonpathogenic Strains of Agrobacterium spp. Against Tumorigenic Agrobacterium spp. Under Greenhouse Conditions (Kawaguchi et al. 2008)
282(1)
Appendix 4.10 Suppression of Grapevine Pierce's Disease (PD) by Using Weakly Virulent Strains of the Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) (Hopkins 2005)
282(1)
References
283(10)
Additional References for Further Reading
293(2)
5 Mechanisms of Action of Bacterial Biological Control Agents
295(136)
5.1 Types of Antagonism
296(135)
5.1.1 Pseudomonas spp
296(54)
5.1.2 Bacillus spp
350(23)
5.1.3 Paenibacillus spp
373(5)
5.1.4 Burkholderia spp
378(4)
5.1.5 Lysobacter
382(4)
5.1.6 Serratia spp
386(5)
5.1.7 Pantoea sp
391(5)
5.1.8 Agrobacterium spp
396(2)
5.1.9 Myxobacteria
398(1)
5.1.10 Achromobacter
398(1)
5.1.11 Actinomycetes
399(5)
Appendix 5.1 Visualization of Effects of the Metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) of Pseudomonas spp. on Fungal Pathogen Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) (Islam and Fukushi 2010)
404(1)
Appendix 5.2 Assessment of Effect of Phenazines on Microsclerotial Germination of Verticillium spp. by Microplate Assay (Debode et al. 2007)
405(1)
Appendix 5.3 Assessment Antagonistic Activity of Bacterial Antagonists Against Agrobacterium spp. (Dandurishvili et al. 2010)
405(1)
Appendix 5.4 Assessment of Activities of Enzymes in Papaya Fruits Treated with Pseudomonas putida MGY2 (Shi et al. 2011)
406(1)
References
407(22)
Additional References for Further Reading
429(2)
6 Detection and Identification of Viral Biological Control Agents
431(40)
6.1 Viruses Pathogenic to Fungal Plant Pathogens
431(11)
6.1.1 Biological Properties of Mycoviruses
432(3)
6.1.2 Molecular Characteristics of Mycoviruses
435(7)
6.2 Viruses Pathogenic to Bacterial Plant Pathogens
442(6)
6.2.1 Biological Properties of Bacteriophages
442(5)
6.2.2 Molecular Characteristics of Bacteriophages
447(1)
6.3 Mild Strains of Plant Viruses as Biocontrol Agents
448(13)
6.3.1 Use of Naturally Occurring Mild Strains
449(4)
6.3.2 Use of Virus Strains with Attenuated Virulence
453(3)
6.3.3 Mechanisms of Cross-Protection Induced by Viruses
456(4)
6.3.4 Cross-Protection by Engineered Mild Strains of Viruses
460(1)
6.4 Subviral Agents for Biological Disease Management
461(10)
6.4.1 Satellite RNAs as Biocontrol Agents
461(1)
6.4.2 Viroids as Biological Control Agents
462(1)
References
463(6)
Additional References for Further Reading
469(2)
7 Genetic Engineering for Improving the Performance of Biotic Biological Control Agents
471(40)
7.1 Fungal Biological Control Agents
472(17)
7.1.1 Selection of Efficient Fungal Species/Strains
472(1)
7.1.2 Induction of Mutation in Specific Genes of Fungal Biological Control Agents
473(2)
7.1.3 Transformation of Fungal Biocontrol Agents
475(8)
7.1.4 Protoplast Fusion Technique
483(2)
7.1.5 Transformation of Host Plants with Genes from Fungal Biological Control Agents
485(3)
7.1.6 Antibody-Mediated Protection to Plants
488(1)
7.2 Bacterial Biological Control Agents
489(4)
7.2.1 Selection of Efficient Bacterial Species/Strains
489(2)
7.2.2 Protoplast Fusion Technique
491(1)
7.2.3 Transformation of Bacterial Biological Control Agents
492(1)
7.2.4 Nonpathogenic Mutants Derived from Bacterial Pathogens
492(1)
7.3 Genetically Modified Strains of Plant Viruses
493(6)
7.3.1 Cross-Protection by Engineered Mild Strains of Viruses
493(1)
7.3.2 Pathogen-Derived Resistance
494(5)
7.4 Protection by Antibody Expression
499(12)
Appendix 7.1 Interspecies Protoplast Fusion for Improving Biocontrol Activity of Trichoderma spp. (Hanson and Howell 2002)
501(1)
References
502(9)
8 Abiotic Biological Control Agents for Crop Disease Management
511(122)
8.1 Natural Products of Plant and Animal Origin
511(56)
8.1.1 Soilborne Plant Pathogens
511(25)
8.1.2 Airborne Plant Pathogens
536(3)
8.1.3 Products from Plant Sources
539(22)
8.1.4 Products from Animal Sources
561(6)
8.2 Synthetic Organic Compounds as Biological Control Agents
567(34)
8.2.1 Salicylic Acid
568(9)
8.2.2 Benzothiadiazole
577(11)
8.2.3 B-Aminobutyric Acid
588(7)
8.2.4 Harpin
595(1)
8.2.5 Saccharin
596(1)
8.2.6 Antimicrobial Peptides
597(3)
8.2.7 Miscellaneous Organic Compounds
600(1)
8.3 Inorganic Compounds as Biological Control Agents
601(32)
Appendix 8.1 Induction of Resistance to Apple Fire Blight Disease by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) and DL-3-Aminobutyric Acid (BABA) (Hassan and Buchenauer 2008)
610(1)
Appendix 8.2 Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) in Tobacco Against Tomato spotted wilt virus (Mandal et al. 2008)
611(1)
Appendix 8.3 Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Pea Against Rust Disease by Abiotic Chemical Inducers (Barilli et al. 2010)
612(1)
References
613(19)
Additional References for Further Reading
632(1)
Index 633
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