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E-grāmata: Biology of Coral Reefs

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, (Professor, School of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, UK), (Head of School, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand), (Principal Fisheries Scientist, SPC, Oceanic Fisheries Programme, Ne)
  • Formāts: 384 pages
  • Sērija : Biology of Habitats Series
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Nov-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191091209
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Biology of Coral ReefsPalielināt
  • Formāts: 384 pages
  • Sērija : Biology of Habitats Series
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Nov-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191091209
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Coral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of income for millions of people. However, the combined effects of human activity have led to a rapid decline in the health of reefs worldwide, with many now facing complete destruction. Their world-wide deterioration and over-exploitation has continued and even accelerated in many areas since the publication of the first edition in 2009. At the same time, there has been a near doubling in the number of scientific papers that have been written in this short time about coral reef biology and the ability to acclimate to ocean warming and acidification. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, incorporating the significant increase in knowledge gained over the last decade whilst retaining the book's focus as a concise and affordable overview of the field.
The Biology of Coral Reefs provides an integrated overview of the function, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of coral reef organisms. Each chapter is enriched with a selection of 'boxes' on specific aspects written by internationally recognised experts. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate this marine environment although pollution, conservation, climate change, and experimental aspects are also included. Indeed, particular emphasis is placed on conservation and management due to the habitat's critically endangered status. A global range of examples is employed which gives the book international relevance.

Recenzijas

Readers seeking a comprehensive but not-too-pithy introduction to coral reefs will find this book ideal... Recommended. * CHOICE * A must for coral reef biologists * Bert W. Hoeksema, Marine Biology Research *

Abbreviations xi
List of boxes
xiii
1 Coral reefs: Biodiverse and productive tropical ecosystems
1(34)
1.1 Introduction
1(9)
1.2 Areas and distributions of reefs
10(3)
1.3 Biodiversity on coral reefs
13(4)
1.4 Coral communities and reef growth
17(3)
1.4.1 The fate of coral limestone
19(1)
1.5 Types of reefs
20(4)
1.6 Profiles and zones of reefs
24(8)
1.6.1 The reef flat
24(3)
1.6.2 The reef crest
27(2)
1.6.3 Reef slopes
29(3)
1.7 Biodiversity on reef slopes
32(2)
1.8 Values of reefs to people
34(1)
2 The main reef builders and space occupiers
35(33)
2.1 Corals
39(9)
2.2 Soft corals and sea fans
48(4)
2.3 Sponges
52(4)
2.4 Other animal species
56(2)
2.4.1 Molluscs, echinoderms, crustaceans, polychaetes
56(1)
2.4.2 Cryptic and bioeroding species
57(1)
2.5 Macroalgae
58(3)
2.6 Seagrasses and mangroves
61(3)
2.7 Rates of coral growth, rates of reef growth
64(2)
2.8 Soft substrates
66(2)
3 The abiotic environment
68(32)
3.1 Controls on coral distribution
68(1)
3.2 Salinity
68(5)
3.3 Temperature
73(5)
3.4 Light
78(3)
3.5 Nutrients
81(5)
3.6 Exposure and other hydrodynamic factors
86(3)
3.7 Sediment
89(4)
3.8 Seawater carbonate chemistry
93(7)
4 Symbiotic interactions
100(34)
4.1 What is symbiosis?
100(1)
4.2 Algal-invertebrate symbioses in corals and soft corals
100(3)
4.3 Diversity of zooxanthellae
103(4)
4.4 Physiology of coral calcification
107(2)
4.5 Photosynthesis and carbon fluxes
109(7)
4.6 Nitrogen acquisition and fluxes
116(3)
4.7 Phosphorus
119(1)
4.8 Symbiosis establishment and stability
120(5)
4.9 Coral-microbial associations
125(4)
4.10 Sponge symbioses with non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria and algae
129(2)
4.11 `Macro' or iconic symbioses (e.g. fish and sea anemones, shrimps and fish)
131(3)
5 Microbial, microalgal and planktonic reef life
134(33)
5.1 Microbial reef life
134(16)
5.1.1 Bacteria and archaea
134(8)
5.1.2 Viruses
142(2)
5.1.3 Fungi
144(1)
5.1.4 Protozoa
144(2)
5.1.5 Microalgae
146(2)
5.1.6 Microbial productivity and turnover
148(2)
5.2 Trophic links
150(9)
5.2.1 The microbial loop
150(2)
5.2.2 Consumption of microorganism
152(7)
5.3 Zooplankton behaviour and ecology
159(8)
5.3.1 Planktonic durations of larvae and planktonic dispersal
159(2)
5.3.2 Diurnal cycles of demersal plankton
161(3)
5.3.3 Reef connectivity
164(3)
6 Reef fish: Evolution, diversity and function
167(30)
6.1 Evolution and biogeography
167(2)
6.2 Age and growth
169(2)
6.3 Larval fish ecology
171(1)
6.4 Reef fish diversity
172(4)
6.5 Reef fish: Colourful for a reason
176(2)
6.5.1 Poisonous and venomous fish
176(2)
6.5.2 Camouflage
178(1)
6.5.3 Mimicry
178(1)
6.6 Abundance, biomass and trophic structure
178(2)
6.7 Feeding and ecosystem function
180(8)
6.7.1 Detritivores
180(2)
6.7.2 Herbivores
182(2)
6.7.3 Planktivores
184(1)
6.7.4 Corallivores
185(1)
6.7.5 Invertebrate feeders
186(1)
6.7.6 Piscivores
186(1)
6.7.7 Ecosystem function
187(1)
6.8 Disturbances and coral reef fish
188(9)
7 Reef fisheries and reef aquaculture
197(35)
7.1 Fisheries resources on reefs
198(14)
7.1.1 Vertebrate resources
198(3)
7.1.2 Invertebrate resources
201(8)
7.1.3 Practical issues with reef fisheries
209(1)
7.1.4 Fishing with dynamite and poisons
210(2)
7.2 Live reef fish trade
212(5)
7.3 Aquaculture on reefs
217(3)
7.4 Impacts of fishing
220(3)
7.5 Approaches to managing coral reef fisheries
223(4)
7.6 Controlling coral reef fisheries
227(2)
7.7 Future for reef fisheries
229(3)
8 Coral reefs in the modern world
232(34)
8.1 Damaging impacts on reefs
233(7)
8.1.1 Nutrient enrichment
233(1)
8.1.2 Industrial and physical impacts: Landfill, dredging, sedimentation
234(5)
8.1.3 Chemical and oil pollution
239(1)
8.2 Other physical impacts
240(4)
8.2.1 Structural stress from construction
240(1)
8.2.2 Boat anchoring on reefs
241(2)
8.2.3 Nuclear testing
243(1)
8.3 Coral diseases
244(3)
8.4 Diseases of other reef organisms
247(2)
8.4.1 Red algae
247(1)
8.4.2 Caribbean Diadema
247(1)
8.4.3 Caribbean gorgonians
248(1)
8.5 Climate change
249(8)
8.5.1 Temperature rise
249(4)
8.5.2 The progression of a bleaching event
253(1)
8.5.3 Sea surface temperature curves and forecasts
254(3)
8.6 Acidification
257(2)
8.6.1 Slowing of reef calcification
257(2)
8.7 Sea level rise
259(1)
8.8 Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
260(3)
8.8.1 Damage from storm energy
262(1)
8.8.2 Tsunamis
263(1)
8.9 Synergies, stasis and feedbacks
263(3)
9 Consequences to reefs of changing environmental stress
266(23)
9.1 Ecological consequences of environmental impacts
266(4)
9.1.1 Alternative stable states, thresholds, phase shifts and hysteresis
266(4)
9.2 Changes to the main architectural species
270(5)
9.2.1 Acropora die-off in the Caribbean
270(4)
9.2.2 Montastraea and Orbicella in the Caribbean
274(1)
9.3 Changes on Indo-Pacific reefs
275(10)
9.3.1 Indo-Pacific shallow assemblages
275(3)
9.3.2 Changes to reef fish
278(2)
9.3.3 Effects of bioeroding species
280(1)
9.3.4 Role of reefs in wave energy reduction
281(4)
9.4 Sizes of the coral `reservoir'
285(2)
9.5 Changing food chains and trophic balances
287(2)
10 The future, human population and management
289(26)
10.1 The timescale available
290(3)
10.1.1 Possible adaptation to stressors
292(1)
10.2 The elephant in the room
293(3)
10.2.1 Shifting-baseline syndrome
295(1)
10.3 Protected areas and coral reefs
296(4)
10.3.1 Connectivity and selection of areas
298(2)
10.4 Environmental assessments
300(2)
10.4.1 Offset schemes
301(1)
10.5 Costs, prices and values
302(2)
10.5.1 Economic costs
303(1)
10.6 The `slippery slope to slime'
304(1)
10.7 The future for reefs
305(10)
Bibliography 315(50)
Index 365
Professor Charles Sheppard has spent over 40 years researching the ecology of coral reefs and their role in supporting islands and coastal communities. He is interested especially in effects of pollution and climate change on tropical marine systems, has been Editor of the scientific journal Marine Pollution Bulletin for 23 years, and now is Editor of Advances in Marine Biology. He is now Emeritus Professor at the University of Warwick and was awarded the OBE for his work in conservation in the Indian Ocean.





Professor Simon Davy is a specialist in the fields of coral-algal symbiosis and coral disease. He studied for his PhD at Bangor University. He then conducted postdoctoral research at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution in Florida and the University of Sydney, before holding faculty positions at the University of Plymouth and now Victoria University of Wellington, where he is Head of the School of Biological Sciences. He is also President of the International Symbiosis Society and a topic editor for the scientific journal Coral Reefs.



Dr. Graham Pilling has over 20 years experience in applied fisheries science to support management, and has gained practical experience in tropical and coral reef ecosystems, including in the Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf, and Pacific Ocean. His work has focused on stock assessment, evaluating feasible management approaches for fisheries at a range of geographic scales, and the implications of climate change for coral reef ecosystem services. He currently holds the post of Principal Fisheries Scientist at the SPC Oceanic Fisheries Programme in New Caledonia.

Professor Nicholas Graham's research tackles large-scale ecological and social-ecological coral reef issues under the overarching themes of climate change, human use, and resilience. Increasingly he works with social scientists and economists to assess methods of linking social-ecological systems for natural resource assessment and management.
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