| Preface |
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xxii | |
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1 An Introduction to Life on Earth |
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1 | (16) |
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Case Study: The Boundaries of Life |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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Organisms Actively Maintain Organized Complexity |
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2 | (1) |
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Organisms Acquire and Use Energy and Materials |
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3 | (1) |
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Organisms Sense and Respond to Stimuli |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Natural Selection Causes Evolution |
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5 | (1) |
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Natural Selection Results in Adaptation |
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5 | (1) |
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Evolution Can Produce New Species |
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5 | (1) |
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Extinction Eliminates Species |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 How Do Scientists Study Life? |
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6 | (2) |
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Life Can Be Studied at Different Levels |
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6 | (2) |
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Biologists Classify Organisms Based on Their Evolutionary Relationships |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (6) |
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Science Is Based on General Underlying Principles |
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8 | (1) |
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The Scientific Method Is an Important Tool of Scientific Inquiry |
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9 | (1) |
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Experiments Incorporate Controls |
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9 | (1) |
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Experiments Are Not Always Possible |
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9 | (3) |
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Doing Science: Controlled Experiments Provide Reliable Data |
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10 | (2) |
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Science Requires Repeatability and Communication |
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12 | (1) |
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Scientific Theories Have Been Thoroughly Tested |
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12 | (1) |
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Science Is a Human Endeavor |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
| Unit 1 The Life of the Cell |
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17 | (110) |
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2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life |
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18 | (15) |
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Case Study: Unstable Atoms Unleashed |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Atoms Are the Basic Structural Units of Elements |
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19 | (1) |
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Atoms Are Composed of Still Smaller Particles |
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19 | (1) |
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Elements Are Defined by Their Atomic Numbers |
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20 | (1) |
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Isotopes Are Atoms of an Element with Different Numbers of Neutrons |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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Electrons Are Responsible for the Interactions Among Atoms |
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20 | (3) |
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Doing Science: Radioactive Revelations |
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22 | (1) |
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2.2 How Do Atoms Interact to Form Molecules? |
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23 | (3) |
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Atoms Form Molecules to Fill Vacancies in Their Outer Electron Shells |
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23 | (1) |
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Chemical Bonds Hold Atoms Together in Molecules |
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23 | (1) |
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Ionic Bonds Form Between Ions |
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23 | (1) |
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Covalent Bonds Form by Sharing Electrons |
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24 | (2) |
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Health Watch: Free Radicals-Friends and Foes? |
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25 | (1) |
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Covalent Bonds May Produce Nonpolar or Polar Molecules |
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26 | (1) |
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Hydrogen Bonds Are Attractive Forces Between Certain Polar Molecules |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Why Is Water So Important to Life? |
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26 | (3) |
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Water Molecules Attract One Another |
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27 | (1) |
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Water Interacts with Many Other Molecules |
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27 | (1) |
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Water Moderates the Effects of Temperature Changes |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice |
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29 | (1) |
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Water-Based Solutions Can Be Acidic, Basic, or Neutral |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (18) |
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Case Study: Puzzling Proteins |
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33 | (1) |
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3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? |
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34 | (1) |
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The Bonding Properties of Carbon Are Key to the Complexity of Organic Molecules |
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34 | (1) |
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Functional Groups Attach to the Carbon Backbone of Organic Molecules |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2 How Are Large Biological Molecules Synthesized? |
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35 | (2) |
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Biological Polymers Are Formed by the Removal of Water and Broken Down by the Addition of Water |
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35 | (2) |
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3.3 What Are Carbohydrates? |
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37 | (3) |
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Different Monosaccharides Have Slightly Different Structures |
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37 | (1) |
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Disaccharides Consist of Two Monosaccharides Linked by Dehydration Synthesis |
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37 | (1) |
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Polysaccharides Are Chains of Monosaccharides |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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Proteins Are Formed from Chains of Amino Acids |
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40 | (1) |
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A Protein Can Have up to Four Levels of Structure |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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Protein Function Is Determined by Protein Structure |
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42 | (2) |
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3.5 What Are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids? |
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44 | (1) |
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Some Nucleotides Act As Energy Carriers |
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44 | (1) |
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DNA and RNA, the Molecules of Heredity, Are Nucleic Acids |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (3) |
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Oils, Fats, and Waxes Contain Only Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
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45 | (2) |
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Health Watch: Cholesterol, Trans Fats, and Your Heart |
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46 | (1) |
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Phospholipids Have Water-Soluble Heads and Water- Insoluble Tails |
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47 | (1) |
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Steroids Contain Four Fused Carbon Rings |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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4 Cell Structure and Function |
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51 | (21) |
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Case Study: New Parts for Human Bodies |
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51 | (1) |
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4.1 What Is the Cell Theory? |
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52 | (1) |
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4.2 How Do Scientists Visualize Cells? |
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52 | (2) |
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Light Microscopes Can View Living Cells |
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53 | (1) |
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Electron Microscopes Provide High Resolution |
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53 | (1) |
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4.3 What Are the Basic Attributes of Cells? |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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All Cells Share Common Features |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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4.4 What Are the Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells? |
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55 | (2) |
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Prokaryotic Cells Have Specialized Cytoplasmic Structures |
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55 | (1) |
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Prokaryotic Cells Have Distinctive Surface Features |
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56 | (1) |
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4.5 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? |
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57 | (2) |
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Ektracellular Structures Surround Animal and Plant Cells |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (10) |
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The Nucleus Is the Control Center of the Eukaryotic Cell |
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60 | (1) |
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Mitochondria Extract Energy from Food Molecules, and Chloroplasts Capture Solar Energy |
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61 | (1) |
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Plants Use Plastids for Storage |
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62 | (1) |
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The Cytoskeleton Provides Shape, Support, and Movement |
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62 | (3) |
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Earth Watch: Would You Like Fries with Your Cultured Cow Cells? |
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64 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Contains Membranes That Compartmentalize the Cell |
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65 | (2) |
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Vacuoles Serve Many Functions, Including Water Regulation, Storage, and Support |
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67 | (1) |
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Cilia and Flagella May Move Cells Through Fluid or Move Fluid Past Cells |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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5 Cell Membrane Structure and Function |
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72 | (16) |
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Case Study: Vicious Venoms |
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72 | (1) |
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5.1 How Is the Structure of the Cell Membrane Related to Its Function? |
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73 | (1) |
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Membranes Are "Fluid Mosaics" in Which Proteins Move Within Layers of Lipids |
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73 | (1) |
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The Fluid Phospholipid Bilayer Helps to Isolate the Cell's Contents |
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74 | (1) |
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Membranes Are Flexible and Dynamic |
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74 | (1) |
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The Phospholipid Bilayer Blocks the Passage of Most Molecules |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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Health Watch: Membrane Fluidity, Phospholipids, and Fumbling Fingers |
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75 | (1) |
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A Variety of Proteins Form a Mosaic Within the Membrane |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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5.2 Which Physical Processes Move Molecules in Fluids? |
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77 | (1) |
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Molecules in Fluids Diffuse in Response to Gradients |
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77 | (1) |
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Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across Selectively Permeable Membranes |
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78 | (1) |
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5.3 How Do Substances Move Across Membranes? |
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78 | (8) |
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Passive Transport Includes Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis |
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78 | (4) |
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Doing Science: Discovering Aquaporins |
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80 | (2) |
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Energy-Requiring Transport Includes Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis |
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82 | (3) |
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Exchange of Materials Across Membranes Influences Cell Size and Shape |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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6 Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell |
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88 | (14) |
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Case Study: Energy Unleashed |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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The Laws of Thermodynamics Describe the Basic Properties of Energy |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Living Things Use Solar Energy to Maintain Life |
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91 | (1) |
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6.2 How Is Energy Transformed During Chemical Reactions? |
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91 | (1) |
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Exergonic Reactions Release Energy |
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91 | (1) |
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Endergonic Reactions Require a Net Input of Energy |
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91 | (1) |
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All Chemical Reactions Require Activation Energy to Begin |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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6.3 How Is Energy Transported Within Cells? |
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92 | (2) |
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ATP and Electron Carriers Transport Energy Within Cells |
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92 | (1) |
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Coupled Reactions Link Exergonic with Endergonic Reactions |
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93 | (1) |
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Earth Watch: Enzymes Versus Plastic |
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94 | (1) |
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6.4 How Do Enzymes Promote Biochemical Reactions? |
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94 | (2) |
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Catalysts Reduce the Energy Required to Start a Reaction |
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94 | (1) |
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Enzymes Are Biological Catalysts |
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94 | (2) |
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Enzymes Function in Metabolic Pathways |
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96 | (1) |
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6.5 How Are Enzymes Regulated? |
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96 | (4) |
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Cells Regulate Metabolic Pathways by Controlling Enzyme Synthesis and Activity |
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96 | (2) |
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Health Watch: Lack of an Enzyme Leads to Lactose Intolerance |
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97 | (1) |
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Poisons, Drugs, and Environmental Conditions Influence Enzyme Activity |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (2) |
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7 Capturing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis |
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102 | (12) |
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Case Study: Did the Dinosaurs Die from Lack of Sunlight? |
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102 | (1) |
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7.1 What Is Photosynthesis? |
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103 | (2) |
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Chloroplasts and Leaves Are Adaptations for Photosynthesis |
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103 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis Consists of the Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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7.2 The Light Reactions: How Is Light Energy Converted to Chemical Energy? |
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105 | (4) |
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Light Is Captured by Pigments in Chloroplasts |
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105 | (1) |
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The Light Reactions Occur in Association with the Thylakoid Membranes |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (1) |
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7.3 The Calvin Cycle: How Is Chemical Energy Stored in Sugar Molecules? |
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109 | (3) |
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The Calvin Cycle Captures Carbon Dioxide |
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109 | (1) |
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Carbon Fixed During the Calvin Cycle Is Used to Synthesize Glucose |
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109 | (6) |
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Earth Watch: Biofuels-Are Their Benefits Bogus? |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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8 Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration |
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114 | (13) |
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Case Study: Raising a King |
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114 | (1) |
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8.1 How Do Cells Obtain Energy? |
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115 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis Is the Ultimate Source of Cellular Energy |
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115 | (1) |
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All Cells Can Use Glucose As a Source of Energy |
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115 | (1) |
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8.2 How Does Glycolysis Begin Breaking Down Glucose? |
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116 | (1) |
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8.3 How Does Cellular Respiration Extract Energy From Glucose? |
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117 | (3) |
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Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Acetyl CoA Is Formed and Travels Through the Krebs Cycle |
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117 | (1) |
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Cellular Respiration Stage 2: High-Energy Electrons Traverse the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis Generates ATP |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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Cellular Respiration Can Extract Energy from a Variety of Foods |
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120 | (1) |
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8.4 How Does Fermentation Allow Glycolysis to Continue When Oxygen Is Lacking? |
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121 | (2) |
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Fermentation Takes Place in Anaerobic Conditions |
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121 | (1) |
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Fermentation Produces Either Lactate or Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide |
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121 | (2) |
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Health Watch: How Can You Get Fat by Eating Sugar? |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Fermentation Has Played a Long and Important Role in the Human Diet |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
| Unit 2 Inheritance |
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127 | (100) |
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128 | (14) |
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Case Study: Body, Heal Thyself |
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128 | (1) |
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9.1 What Are the Functions of Cell Division? |
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129 | (3) |
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The Genetic Material Is Replicated During Cell Division |
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129 | (1) |
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Cell Division Is Required for Growth, Development, and Repair of Multicellular Organisms |
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129 | (1) |
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Cell Division Is Required for Sexual and Asexual Reproduction |
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130 | (2) |
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9.2 What Happens During the Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? |
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132 | (1) |
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9.3 How Is the DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes Organized? |
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132 | (1) |
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The Eukaryotic Chromosome Consists of a Linear DNA Double Helix Bound to Proteins |
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133 | (1) |
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9.4 What Happens During the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? |
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133 | (1) |
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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Consists of Interphase and Mitotic Cell Division |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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9.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? |
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134 | (4) |
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During Prophase, the Spindle Forms, the Nuclear Envelope Breaks Down, and Condensed Chromosomes Are Captured by Spindle Microtubules |
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135 | (1) |
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During Metaphase, the Chromosomes Line Up Along the Equator of the Cell |
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135 | (1) |
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During Anaphase, Sister Chromatids Separate and Are Pulled to Opposite Poles of the Cell |
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135 | (1) |
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During Telophase, a Nuclear Envelope Forms Around Each Group of Chromosomes |
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136 | (1) |
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During Cytokinesis, the Cytoplasm Is Divided Between Two Daughter Cells |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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9.6 How Is the Cell Cycle Controlled? |
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138 | (2) |
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The Activities of Specific Proteins Drive the Cell Cycle |
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138 | (1) |
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Checkpoints Regulate Progress Through the Cell Cycle |
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138 | (5) |
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Health Watch: Cancer-Running the Stop Signs at Cell Cycle Checkpoints |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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10 Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction |
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142 | (14) |
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Case Study: Diversity Runs in the Family |
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142 | (1) |
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10.1 How Does Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? |
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143 | (1) |
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Genetic Variability Originates Through Mutations |
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144 | (1) |
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Sexual Reproduction Generates Genetic Differences Between the Members of a Species |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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10.2 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Variable, Haploid Cells? |
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145 | (3) |
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Meiotic Division of a Diploid Cell Yields Four Haploid Daughter Cells |
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145 | (1) |
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Meiosis I Separates Homologous Chromosomes into Two Haploid Daughter Nuclei |
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146 | (2) |
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Meiosis II Separates Sister Chromatids into Four Daughter Nuclei |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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10.3 How Do Meiosis and Union of Gametes Produce Genetically Variable Offspring? |
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149 | (2) |
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Shuffling the Homologues Creates Novel Combinations of Chromosomes |
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149 | (1) |
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Crossing Over Creates Chromosomes with Novel Combinations of Genes |
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150 | (1) |
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Fusion of Gametes Adds Further Genetic Variability to the Offspring |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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10.4 How Do Errors in Meiosis Cause Inherited Disorders? |
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151 | (3) |
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Some Disorders Are Caused by Abnormal Numbers of Sex Chromosomes |
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152 | (1) |
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Some Disorders Are Caused by Abnormal Numbers of Autosomes |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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11 Patterns of Inheritance |
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156 | (21) |
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Case Study: Sudden Death on the Court |
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156 | (1) |
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11.1 What Is the Physical Basis of Inheritance? |
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157 | (1) |
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Genes Are Sequences of Nucleotides at Specific Locations on Chromosomes |
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157 | (1) |
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Mutations Are the Source of Alleles |
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157 | (1) |
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An Organism's Two Alleles May Be the Same or Different |
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157 | (1) |
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11.2 How Were the Principles of Inheritance Discovered? |
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158 | (1) |
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Doing It Right: The Secrets of Mendel's Success |
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158 | (1) |
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11.3 How Are Single Traits Inherited? |
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158 | (4) |
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The Inheritance of Dominant and Recessive Alleles on Homologous Chromosomes Explains the Results of Mendel's Crosses |
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159 | (1) |
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Observable Traits Do Not Always Reveal Underlying Alleles |
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160 | (1) |
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"Genetic Bookkeeping" Can Predict Genotypes and Phenotypes of Offspring |
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161 | (1) |
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Mendel's Hypothesis Can Be Used to Predict the Outcome of New Types of Single-Trait Crosses |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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11.4 How Are Multiple Traits Inherited? |
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162 | (3) |
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Mendel Extended His Experiments with More Complex Crosses |
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163 | (1) |
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Mendel Hypothesized That Traits Are Inherited Independently |
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163 | (2) |
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11.5 Do the Mendelian Rules of Inheritance Apply to All Traits? |
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165 | (1) |
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In Incomplete Dominance, the Phenotype of Heterozygotes Is Intermediate Between the Phenotypes of the Homozygotes |
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165 | (1) |
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A Single Gene May Have Multiple Alleles |
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165 | (1) |
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Single Genes Typically Have Multiple Effects on Phenotype |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Many Traits Are Influenced by Several Genes |
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166 | (1) |
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The Environment Influences the Expression of Genes |
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166 | (1) |
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11.6 How Are Genes Located on the Same Chromosome Inherited? |
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167 | (1) |
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Genes on the Same Chromosome Tend to Be Inherited Together |
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167 | (1) |
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Crossing Over Creates New Combinations of Linked Alleles |
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168 | (1) |
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The Strength of Linkage Between Two Genes Depends on the Distance Between Them |
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168 | (1) |
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11.7 How Are Sex and Sex-Linked Traits Inherited? |
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168 | (2) |
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Sex-Linked Genes Are Found Only on the X or Only on the Y Chromosome |
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169 | (1) |
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Inheritance of Sex-Linked Traits Differs for Males and Females |
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169 | (1) |
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11.8 How Are Human Genetic Disorders Inherited? |
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170 | (3) |
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Some Human Genetic Disorders Are Caused by Recessive Alleles |
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170 | (1) |
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Some Human Genetic Disorders Are Caused by Dominant Alleles |
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171 | (1) |
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Some Human Genetic Disorders Are Sex-Linked |
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171 | (7) |
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Health Watch: The Genetics of Muscular Dystrophy |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (4) |
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12 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity |
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177 | (11) |
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Case Study: Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin |
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177 | (1) |
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12.1 What Is the Structure of DNA? |
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178 | (4) |
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DNA Is Composed of Four Nucleotides |
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178 | (1) |
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DNA Is a Double Helix of Two Nucleotide Strands |
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178 | (2) |
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Doing Science: Discovering the Hereditary Molecule |
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180 | (1) |
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Hydrogen Bonds Between Complementary Bases Hold Two DNA Strands Together |
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180 | (2) |
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12.2 How Does DNA Encode Genetic Information? |
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182 | (1) |
|
Genetic Information Is Encoded in the Sequence of Nucleotides |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
|
12.3 How Does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division? |
|
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182 | (1) |
|
DNA Replication Produces Two DNA Double Helices, Each with One Original Strand and One New Strand |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
|
12.4 What Are Mutations, and How Do They Occur? |
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184 | (2) |
|
Accurate Replication, Proofreading, and DNA Repair Produce Almost Error-Free DNA |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Toxic Chemicals, Radiation, or Occasional Mistakes During DNA Replication May Cause Mutations |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Mutations Range from Changes in Single Nucleotide Pairs to Movements of Large Pieces of Chromosomes |
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|
184 | (2) |
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186 | (2) |
|
13 Gene Expression and Regulation |
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188 | (17) |
|
Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis |
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188 | (1) |
|
13.1 How Is the Information in DNA Used In a Cell? |
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189 | (3) |
|
DNA Provides Instructions for Protein Synthesis via RNA Intermediaries |
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|
189 | (1) |
|
Overview: Genetic Information Is Transcribed into RNA and Then Translated into Proteins |
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190 | (1) |
|
The Genetic Code Uses Three Nucleotides to Specify an Amino Acid |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Certain Codons Start and Stop Translation |
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191 | (1) |
|
13.2 How Is the Information In a Gene Transcribed into RNA? |
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192 | (2) |
|
Transcription Begins When RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter of a Gene |
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|
192 | (1) |
|
Elongation Generates a Growing Strand of RNA |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Transcription Stops After a Termination Signal Is Transcribed |
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|
192 | (1) |
|
In Eukaryotes, Precursor mRNA Is Processed to Form Finished mRNA |
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|
193 | (1) |
|
13.3 How Is the Nucleotide Sequence of mRNA Translated Into Protein? |
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|
194 | (2) |
|
During Translation, mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomes Interact to Synthesize Proteins |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
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196 | (1) |
|
13.4 How Do Mutations Affect Protein Structure and Function? |
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|
197 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Mutations Depend on How They Alter the Codons of mRNA |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
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198 | (1) |
|
13.5 How Is Gene Expression Regulated? |
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|
198 | (4) |
|
In Eukaryotes, Gene Expression Is Regulated at Many Levels |
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199 | (7) |
|
Health Watch: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
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200 | (1) |
|
Health Watch: The Strange World of Epigenetics |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (22) |
|
Case Study: Guilty or Innocent? |
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205 | (1) |
|
14.1 What Is Biotechnology? |
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206 | (1) |
|
14.2 What Natural Processes Recombine DNA Between Species? |
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
Transformation May Combine DNA from Different Bacterial Species |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Viruses May Transfer DNA Between Species |
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|
207 | (1) |
|
14.3 What Are Some Key Methods for Manipulating DNA? |
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|
208 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
CRISPR-Cas9 Allows Precise Editing of DNA |
|
|
209 | (1) |
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|
209 | (1) |
|
14.4 How Is Biotechnology Used in Forensic Science? |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
Differences in Short Tandem Repeats are Used to Identify Individuals by Their DNA |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA Segments by Size |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
STR Genotypes Are Revealed by DNA Profiles |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Unrelated People Almost Never Have Identical DNA Profiles |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
The United States Maintains a Database of DNA Profiles |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: What's Really in That Sushi? |
|
|
212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
|
14.5 How Are Transgenic Organisms Made? |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
The Desired Gene Is Isolated or Synthesized |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
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213 | (1) |
|
The Gene Is Inserted into a Host Organism |
|
|
213 | (1) |
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|
214 | (1) |
|
14.6 How Are Genetically Modified Organisms Used? |
|
|
214 | (4) |
|
Many Crops Are Genetically Modified |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
Doing Science: Using Genetic Markers to Breed Tastier Fruits and Veggies |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Genetically Modified Animals May Be Useful for Agriculture and Industry |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Genetically Modified Organisms May Be Used for Environmental Bioengineering |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
14.7 How Is Biotechnology Used in Medicine? |
|
|
218 | (4) |
|
DNA Technology Can Be Used to Diagnose Inherited Disorders |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
DNA Technology Can Be Used to Diagnose Infectious Diseases |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Prenatal Genetic Screening |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
DNA Technology Can Help to Treat Diseases |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
14.8 What Are the Major Ethical Issues of Modern Biotechnology? |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
Should Genetically Modified Crops and Livestock Be Permitted? |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Should Biotechnology Be Used to Modify the Human Genome? |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
|
|
225 | (2) |
| Unit 3 Evolution and Diversity of Life |
|
227 | (202) |
|
15 Principles of Evolution |
|
|
228 | (19) |
|
Case Study: What Good Are Wisdom Teeth and Ostrich Wings? |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
15.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Develop? |
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering Diversity of Life |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
A Few Scientists Speculated That Life Had Evolved |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Has Changed over Time |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
Some Scientists Devised Nonevolutionary Explanations for Fossils |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly Old |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for Evolution |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
15.2 How Does Natural Selection Work? |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
Darwin and Wallace's Theory Rests on Four Postulates |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
Doing Science: Charles Darwin and the Mockingbirds |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
Natural Selection Modifies Populations over Time |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
15.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Fossils Provide Evidence of Evolutionary Change over Time |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Comparative Anatomy Gives Evidence of Descent with Modification |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
15.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural Selection? |
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today |
|
|
241 | (7) |
|
Earth Watch: People Promote High-Speed Evolution |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
16 How Populations Evolve |
|
|
247 | (18) |
|
Case Study: Evolution of a Menace |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
16.1 How Are Populations, Genes, and Evolution Related? |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Genes and the Environment Interact to Determine Traits |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
The Gene Pool Comprises All of the Alleles in a Population |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Evolution Is the Change of Allele Frequencies in a Population |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
The Equilibrium Population Is a Hypothetical Population in Which Evolution Does Not Occur |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
16.2 What Causes Evolution? |
|
|
250 | (6) |
|
Mutations Are the Original Source of Genetic Variability |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Gene Flow Between Populations Changes Allele Frequencies |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Allele Frequencies May Change by Chance in Small Populations |
|
|
252 | (4) |
|
Earth Watch: The Perils of Shrinking Gene Pools |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Mating Within a Population Is Almost Never Random |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
All Genotypes Are Not Equally Beneficial |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
16.3 Now Does Natural Selection Work? |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
Natural Selection Stems from Unequal Reproduction |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Natural Selection Acts on Phenotypes |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Some Phenotypes Reproduce More Successfully Than Others |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Cancer and Darwinian Medicine |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
Sexual Selection Favors Traits That Help an Organism Mate |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Selection Can Influence Populations in Three Ways |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
|
265 | (15) |
|
Case Study: Discovering Diversity |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
Each Species Evolves Independently |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Appearance Can Be Misleading |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
17.2 How Is Reproductive Isolation Between Species Maintained? |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
Premating Isolating Mechanisms Prevent Mating Between Species |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
Postmating Isolating Mechanisms Limit Hybrid Offspring |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
17.3 How Do New Species Form? |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
Geographic Separation of a Population Can Lead to Allopatric Speciation |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
Doing Science: Seeking the Secrets of the Sea |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (3) |
|
Genetic Isolation Without Geographic Separation Can Lead to Sympatric Speciation |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Under Some Conditions, Many New Species May Arise |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
17.4 What Causes Extinction? |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Localized Distribution Makes Species Vulnerable |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Specialization Increases the Risk of Extinction |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Interactions with Other Species May Drive a Species to Extinction |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Why Preserve Biodiversity? |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Habitat Change and Destruction Are the Leading Causes of Extinction |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
|
280 | (26) |
|
Case Study: Ancient DNA Has Stories to Tell |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
The First Living Things Arose from Nonliving Ones |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
RNA May Have Been the First Self-Reproducing Molecule |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Membrane-like Vesicles May Have Enclosed Ribozymes |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
But Did All This Really Happen? |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
18.2 What Were the Earliest Organisms Like? |
|
|
284 | (5) |
|
The First Organisms Were Anaerobic Prokaryotes |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Some Organisms Evolved the Ability to Capture the Sun's Energy |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Aerobic Metabolism Arose in Response to Dangers Posed by Oxygen |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Some Organisms Acquired Membrane-Enclosed Organelles |
|
|
285 | (4) |
|
Doing Science: Discovering the Age of a Fossil |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
18.3 What Were the Earliest Multicellular Organisms Like? |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Some Algae Became Multicellular |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Animal Diversity Arose in the Precambrian |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
18.4 How Did Life Invade the Land? |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
Some Plants Became Adapted to Life on Dry Land |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Some Animals Became Adapted to Life on Dry Land |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
18.5 What Role Has Extinction Played in the History of Life? |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
Evolutionary History Has Been Marked by Periodic Mass Extinctions |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
18.6 How Did Humans Evolve? |
|
|
296 | (5) |
|
Humans Inherited Some Early Primate Adaptations for Life in Trees |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
The Oldest Hominin Fossils Are from Africa |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
The Genus Homo Diverged from the Australopithecines 2.5 Million Years Ago |
|
|
297 | (3) |
|
Modern Humans Emerged Less Than 300,000 Years Ago |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
The Evolutionary Origin of Large Brains May Be Related to Meat Consumption and Cooking |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Sophisticated Culture Arose Relatively Recently |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
19 Systematics: Seeking Order Amid Diversity |
|
|
306 | (10) |
|
Case Study: Origin of a Killer |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
19.1 How Are Organisms Named and Classified? |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Each Species Has a Unique, Two-Part Name |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Modern Classification Emphasizes Patterns of Evolutionary Descent |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Systematists Identify Features That Reveal Evolutionary Relationships |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Modern Systematics Relies on Molecular Similarities to Reconstruct Phylogeny |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Systematists Name Groups of Related Species |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Use of Taxonomic Ranks Is Declining |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
19.2 What Are the Domains of Life? |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
19.3 Why Do Classifications Change? |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
Species Designations Change When New Information Is Discovered |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
The Biological Species Definition Can Be Difficult or Impossible to Apply |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
19.4 How Many Species Exist? |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (3) |
|
20 The Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses |
|
|
316 | (16) |
|
Case Study: Unwelcome Dinner Guests |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
20.1 Which Organisms Are Members of the Domains Archaea and Bacteria? |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Bacteria and Archaea Are Fundamentally Different |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Classification Within the Prokaryotic Domains Is Based on DNA Sequences |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Determining the Evolutionary History of Prokaryotes Is Difficult |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
20.2 How Do Prokaryotes Survive and Reproduce? |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Some Prokaryotes Are Motile |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Many Bacteria Form Protective Films on Surfaces |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Protective Endospores Allow Some Bacteria to Withstand Adverse Conditions |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
Prokaryotes Are Specialized for Specific Habitats |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes Have Diverse Metabolisms |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes Reproduce by Fission |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Is Your Body's Ecosystem Healthy? |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes May Exchange Genetic Material Without Reproducing |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
20.3 How Do Prokaryotes Affect Humans and Other Organisms? |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Prokaryotes Play Important Roles in Animal Nutrition |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes Capture the Nitrogen Needed by Plants |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes Are Nature's Recyclers |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes Can Clean Up Pollution |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Some Bacteria Pose a Threat to Human Health |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
20.4 What Are Viruses, Viroids, and Prions? |
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
Viruses Are Nonliving Particles |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
A Virus Consists of a Molecule of DNA or RNA Surrounded by a Protein Coat |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Viruses Require a Host to Reproduce |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Some Plant Diseases Are Caused by Infectious Agents Simpler Than Viruses |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Some Protein Molecules Are Infectious |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
21 The Diversity of Protists |
|
|
332 | (15) |
|
Case Study: Green Monster |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Protists Use Diverse Modes of Reproduction |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Protists Use Diverse Modes of Nutrition |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Protists Affect Humans and Other Organisms |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
21.2 What Are the Major Groups of Protists? |
|
|
334 | (6) |
|
Excavates Lack Mitochondria |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
Stramenopiles Have Distinctive Flagella |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Alveolates Include Parasites, Predators, and Phytoplankton |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Neglected Protist Infections |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (5) |
|
Rhizarians Have Thin Pseudopods |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Amoebozoans Have Pseudopods and No Shells |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
Red Algae Contain Red Photosynthetic Pigments |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Chlorophytes Are Green Algae |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
22 The Diversity of Plants |
|
|
347 | (19) |
|
Case Study: Queen of the Parasites |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
22.1 What Are the Key Features of Plants? |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Plants Are Photosynthetic |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Plants Have Multicellular, Dependent Embryos |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Plants Have Alternating Multicellular Haploid and Diploid Generations |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
22.2 How Have Plants Evolved? |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
The Ancestors of Plants Lived in Water |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Early Plants Invaded Land |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Plant Bodies Evolved to Resist Gravity and Drying |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Plants Evolved Sex Cells That Disperse Without Water and Protection for Their Embryos |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
More Recently Evolved Plants Have Smaller Gametophytes |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
22.3 What Are the Major Groups of Plants? |
|
|
351 | (10) |
|
Nonvascular Plants Lack Conducting Structures |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
Vascular Plants Have Conducting Cells That Also Provide Support |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
The Seedless Vascular Plants Include the Club Mosses, Horsetails, and Ferns |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
The Seed Plants Are Aided by Two Important Adaptations: Pollen and Seeds |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Gymnosperms Are Nonflowering Seed Plants |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
Angiosperms Are Flowering Seed Plants |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
22.4 How Do Plants Affect Other Organisms? |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Plants Play a Crucial Ecological Role |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Green Lifesaver |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Plants Provide Humans with Necessities and Luxuries |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (3) |
|
23 The Diversity of Fungi |
|
|
366 | (18) |
|
Case Study: Humongous Fungus |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
23.1 What Are the Key Features of Fungi? |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
Fungal Bodies Consist of Slender Threads |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Fungi Obtain Their Nutrients from Other Organisms |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Fungi Can Reproduce Both Asexually and Sexually |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
23.2 What Are the Major Groups of Fungi? |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
Chytrids, Rumen Fungi, and Blastoclades Produce Swimming Spores |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Glomeromycetes Associate with Plant Roots |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Basidiomycetes Produce Club-Shaped Reproductive Cells |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
Ascomycetes Form Spores in a Saclike Case |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
Bread Molds Are Among the Fungi That Can Reproduce by Forming Diploid Spores |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
23.3 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Species? |
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
Lichens Are Formed by Fungi That Live with Photosynthetic Algae or Bacteria |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Mycorrhizae Are Associations Between Plant Roots and Fungi |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Endophytes Are Fungi That Live Inside Plant Stems and Leaves |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Earth Watch: Killer in the Caves |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Some Fungi Are Important Decomposers |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
23.4 How Do Fungi Affect Humans? |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Fungi Attack Plants That Are Important to People |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
Fungi Cause Human Diseases |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Many Antibiotics Are Derived from Fungi |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Fungi Make Important Contributions to Gastronomy |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
24 Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates |
|
|
384 | (28) |
|
Case Study: Physicians' Assistants |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
24.1 What Are the Key Features of Animals? |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
24.2 Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? |
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
Lack of Tissues Separates Sponges from All Other Animals |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Animals with Tissues Exhibit Either Radial or Bilateral Symmetry |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
Most Bilateral Animals Have Body Cavities |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Bilateral Organisms Develop in One of Two Ways |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Protostomes Include Two Distinct Evolutionary Lines |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
24.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla? |
|
|
389 | (9) |
|
Sponges Are Simple, Sessile Animals |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Cnidarians Are Well-Armed Predators |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
Comb Jellies Use Cilia to Move |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Flatworms May Be Parasitic or Free Living |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Annelids Are Segmented Worms |
|
|
394 | (4) |
|
Earth Watch: When Reefs Get Too Warm |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
|
|
398 | (9) |
|
Most Mollusks Have Shells |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
Doing Science: Searching fora Sea Monster |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Arthropods Are the Most Diverse and Abundant Animals |
|
|
401 | (5) |
|
Roundworms Are Abundant and Mostly Tiny |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Echinoderms Have a Calcium Carbonate Skeleton |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Some Chordates Are Invertebrates |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
25 Animal Diversity II: Vertebrates |
|
|
412 | (17) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
25.1 What Are the Key Features of Chordates? |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
All Chordates Share Four Distinctive Structures |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
25.2 Which Animals Are Chordates? |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Tunicates Are Marine Invertebrates |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Lancelets Live Mostly Buried in Sand |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
25.3 What Are the Major Groups of Vertebrates? |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Some Lampreys Parasitize Fish |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Cartilaginous Fishes Are Marine Predators |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Ray-Finned Fishes Are the Most Diverse Vertebrates |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Coelacanths and Lungfishes Have Lobed Fins |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (7) |
|
Amphibians Live a Double Life |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Reptiles Are Adapted for Life on Land |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
Earth Watch: Frogs in Peril |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Mammals Provide Milk to Their Offspring |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
| Unit 4 Behavior and Ecology |
|
429 | (128) |
|
|
|
430 | (24) |
|
Case Study: Sex and Symmetry |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
26.1 How Does Behavior Arise? |
|
|
431 | (5) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
The Environment Influences Behavior |
|
|
432 | (4) |
|
26.2 How Do Animals Compete for Resources? |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
Aggressive Behavior Helps Secure Resources |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Dominance Hierarchies Help Manage Aggressive Interactions |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Animals May Defend Territories That Contain Resources |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
26.3 How Do Animals Behave When They Mate? |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Males May Provide Gifts to Mates |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Competition Between Males Continues After Copulation |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Multiple Mating Behaviors May Coexist |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
26.4 How Do Animals Communicate? |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
Visual Communication Is Most Effective over Short Distances |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Communication by Sound Is Effective over Longer Distances |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Chemical Messages Persist Longer but Are Hard to Vary |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Communication by Touch Requires Close Proximity |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Communication Channels May Be Exploited |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
26.5 What Do Animals Communicate About? |
|
|
442 | (3) |
|
Animals Communicate to Manage Aggression |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Mating Signals Encode Sex, Species, and Individual Quality |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Animals Warn One Another About Predators |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Animals Share Information About Food |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Communication Aids Social Bonding |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
26.6 Why Do Animals Play? |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Animals Play Alone or with Other Animals |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Play Aids Behavioral Development |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
26.7 What Kinds of Societies Do Animals Form? |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
Group Living Has Advantages and Disadvantages |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Sociality Varies Among Species |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Reciprocity or Relatedness May Foster the Evolution of Cooperation |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
26.8 Can Biology Explain Human Behavior? |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
The Behavior of Newborn Infants Has a Large Innate Component |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Young Humans Acquire Language Easily |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Behaviors Shared by Diverse Cultures May Be Innate |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Humans May Respond to Pheromones |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Biological Investigation of Human Behavior Is Controversial |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
27 Population Growth and Regulation |
|
|
454 | (19) |
|
Case Study: The Return of the Elephant Seals |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
27.1 What Is a Population and How Does Population Size Change? |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Changes in Population Size Result from Natural Increase and Net Migration |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
The Biotic Potential Is the Maximum Rate at Which a Population Can Grow |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
27.2 How Is Population Growth Regulated? |
|
|
457 | (5) |
|
Exponential Growth in Natural Populations Is Always Temporary |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Boom-and-Bust Cycles Can Be Bad News |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Environmental Resistance Limits Population Growth Through Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Mechanisms |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
27.3 How Do Life Histories Differ Among Species? |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
Life Histories Reflect Trade-Offs Between Number of Offspring and Offspring Survival |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
A Species' Life History Predicts Survival Rates over Time |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
27.4 How Are Organisms in Populations Distributed? |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Individuals May Clump Together in Groups |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Individuals May Be Evenly Dispersed |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Individuals May Be Distributed at Random |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
27.5 How Is the Human Population Changing? |
|
|
465 | (5) |
|
The Human Population Has Grown Exponentially |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
People Have Increased Earth's Capacity to Support Our Population |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
World Population Growth Is Unevenly Distributed |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
The Age Structure of a Population Predicts Its Future Growth |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Have We Exceeded Earth's Carrying Capacity? |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
In Most Nations, Population Is Growing |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
Fertility in Some Nations Is Below Replacement Level |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
The U.S. Population Is Growing Rapidly |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
28 Community Interactions |
|
|
473 | (20) |
|
Case Study: The Fox's Tale |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
28.1 How Do Species in Communities Interact? |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
28.2 How Does Interspecific Competition Affect Communities? |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
Each Species Has a Unique Place in Its Ecosystem |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
The Ecological Niches of Coexisting Species Never Overlap Completely |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Evolution in Response to Competition May Reduce Niche Overlap |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Interspecific Competition May Influence the Size and Distribution of Populations |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Invasive Species Disrupt Community Interactions |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
28.3 How Do Consumer-Prey Interactions Shape Evolutionary Adaptations? |
|
|
478 | (5) |
|
Predators and Prey Coevolve |
|
|
478 | (4) |
|
Parasites and Hosts Coevolve |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
28.4 How Do Mutualisms Benefit Different Species? |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Parasitism, Coevolution, and Coexistence |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
28.5 How Do Keystone Species Influence Community Structure? |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
28.6 How Do Species Interactions Change Community Structure over Time? |
|
|
486 | (4) |
|
There Are Two Major Forms of Succession: Primary and Secondary |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
Succession Also Occurs in Ponds and Lakes |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Succession Culminates in a Climax Community |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Some Communities Are Maintained in Subclimax Stages |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
29 Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems |
|
|
493 | (20) |
|
Case Study: Dying Fish Feed an Ecosystem |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
29.1 How Do Nutrients and Energy Move Through Ecosystems? |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
29.2 How Does Energy Flow Through Ecosystems? |
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
Energy Enters Ecosystems Through Photosynthesis |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Energy Passes from One Trophic Level to the Next |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Net Primary Production Is a Measure of the Energy Stored in Producers |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Food Chains and Food Webs Describe Feeding Relationships Within Communities |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels Is Inefficient |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Energy Pyramids Illustrate Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
29.3 How Do Nutrients Cycle Within and Among Ecosystems? |
|
|
499 | (4) |
|
The Major Reservoirs for Water Are the Oceans |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Biological Magnification of Toxic Substances |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
The Major Reservoirs of Carbon Are the Atmosphere and Oceans |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
The Major Reservoir of Nitrogen Is the Atmosphere |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
The Major Reservoir of Phosphorus Is in Rock |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
29.4 What Happens When Humans Disrupt Nutrient Cycles? |
|
|
504 | (6) |
|
Overloading the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles Damages Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Overloading the Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles Causes Acid Deposition |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Interfering with the Carbon Cycle Is Warming the Earth |
|
|
505 | (9) |
|
Earth Watch: Monitoring Earth's Health |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Earth Watch: Climate Intervention-A Solution to Climate Change? |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (3) |
|
30 Earth's Diverse Ecosystems |
|
|
513 | (27) |
|
Case Study: Can Coffee Save Songbirds? |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
30.1 What Determines the Distribution of Life on Earth? |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
30.2 Which Factors Influence Earth's Climate? |
|
|
514 | (6) |
|
Earth's Curvature and Tilt Determine the Angle at Which Sunlight Strikes the Surface |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Air Currents Produce Large-Scale Climatic Zones That Differ in Temperature and Precipitation |
|
|
515 | (3) |
|
Earth Watch: Plugging the Ozone Hole |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial Climates Are Affected by Prevailing Winds and Ocean Currents |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial Climates Are Affected by Proximity to the Ocean |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Mountains Complicate Climate Patterns |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
30.3 What Are the Principal Terrestrial Biomes? |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
|
522 | (8) |
|
Tropical Deciduous Forests |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Tropical Scrub Forests and Savannas |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Temperate Deciduous Forests |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Northern Coniferous Forests |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
30.4 What Are the Principal Aquatic Biomes? |
|
|
530 | (7) |
|
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (4) |
|
|
|
537 | (3) |
|
31 Conserving Earth's Biodiversity |
|
|
540 | (17) |
|
Case Study: The Wolves of Yellowstone |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
31.1 What Is Conservation Biology? |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
31.2 Why Is Biodiversity important? |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
Ecosystems Provide Services That Support Human Needs |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
Biodiversity Supports Ecosystem Function |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
31.3 What Are the Major Threats to Biodiversity? |
|
|
543 | (3) |
|
Extinction Rates Have Risen Dramatically in Recent Years |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Earth Watch: Whales-The Biggest Keystones of All? |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Habitat Destruction Is the Most Serious Threat to Biodiversity |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
Doing Science: Detecting the Effects of Forest Fragmentation |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Earth Watch: Saving Sea Turtles |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (4) |
|
Overexploitation Decimates Populations |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Invasive Species Displace Native Wildlife and Disrupt Community Interactions |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Pollution Is a Multifaceted Threat to Biodiversity |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Global Climate Change Is an Emerging Threat to Biodiversity |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
31.4 Why Is Habitat Protection Necessary to Preserve Biodiversity? |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Core Reserves Preserve All Levels of Biodiversity |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Wildlife Corridors Connect Habitats |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Some Reserves Balance Preservation and Human Use |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
31.5 Why Is Sustainability Essential for a Healthy Future? |
|
|
551 | (4) |
|
Sustainable Development Promotes Long-Term Ecological and Human Well-Being |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
The Future of Earth Is in Your Hands |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
|
|
555 | (2) |
| Unit 5 Animal Anatomy and Physiology |
|
557 | (222) |
|
32 Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body |
|
|
558 | (15) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
32.1 Homeostasis: Why and How Do Animals Regulate Their Internal Environment? |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Homeostasis Allows Enzymes to Function |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
Animals Differ in How They Regulate Body Temperature |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Feedback Systems Regulate Internal Conditions |
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
32.2 How Is the Animal Body Organized? |
|
|
562 | (9) |
|
Earth Watch: Positive Feedback in the Arctic |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Animal Tissues Are Composed of Similar Cells That Perform a Specific Function |
|
|
563 | (5) |
|
Organs Include Two or More Interacting Tissue Types |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Health Watch: Can Some Fat Burn Calories? |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Organ Systems Consist of Two or More Interacting Organs |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
|
|
573 | (21) |
|
Case Study: Living from Heart to Heart |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
33.1 What Are the Major Features and Functions of Circulatory Systems? |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Two Types of Circulatory Systems Are Found in Animals |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
The Vertebrate Circulatory System Has Diverse Functions |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
33.2 How Does the Vertebrate Heart Work? |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
The Two-Chambered Heart of Fishes Was the First Vertebrate Heart to Evolve |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Increasingly Complex and Efficient Hearts Evolved in Terrestrial Vertebrates |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Four-Chambered Hearts Consist of Two Separate Pumps |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Valves Maintain the Direction of Blood Flow |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (4) |
|
Cardiac Muscle Is Present Only in the Heart |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
The Coordinated Contractions of Atria and Ventricles Produce the Cardiac Cycle |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Electrical Impulses Coordinate the Sequence of Heart Chamber Contractions |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
The Nervous System and Hormones Influence Heart Rate |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
Plasma Is Primarily Water in Which Proteins, Salts, Nutrients, and Wastes Are Dissolved |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
The Cell-Based Components of Blood Are Formed in Bone Marrow |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen from the Lungs to the Tissues |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
White Blood Cells Defend the Body Against Disease |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Platelets Are Cell Fragments That Aid in Blood Clotting |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
33.4 What Are the Types and Functions of Blood Vessels? |
|
|
584 | (5) |
|
Arteries and Arterioles Carry Blood Away from the Heart |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Capillaries Allow Exchange of Nutrients and Wastes |
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
Health Watch: Repairing Broken Hearts |
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
Veins and Venules Carry Blood Back to the Heart |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
33.5 How Does the Lymphatic System Work with the Circulatory System? |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Lymphatic Vessels Resemble the Capillaries and Veins of the Circulatory System |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
The Lymphatic System Returns Interstitial Fluid to the Blood |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
The Lymphatic System Transports Fatty Acids from the Small Intestine to the Blood |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Lymphatic Organs Filter Blood and House Cells of the Immune System |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
591 | (3) |
|
|
|
594 | (14) |
|
Case Study: Straining to Breathe-with High Stakes |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
34.1 Why Exchange Gases and What Are the Requirements for Gas Exchange? |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
The Exchange of Gases Supports Cellular Respiration |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Gas Exchange Through Cells and Tissues Relies on Diffusion |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
34.2 How Do Respiratory Adaptations Minimize Diffusion Distances? |
|
|
595 | (5) |
|
Relatively Inactive Animals May Lack Specialized Respiratory Organs |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Systems and Circulatory Systems Often Work Together to Facilitate Gas Exchange |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Gills Facilitate Gas Exchange in Aquatic Environments |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial Animals Have Internal Respiratory Structures |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
34.3 How Is Air Conducted Through the Human Respiratory System? |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
The Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System Carries Air to the Lungs |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Air Is Inhaled Actively and Exhaled Passively |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Breathing Rate Is Controlled by the Respiratory Center of the Brain |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Smoking-A Life and Breath Decision |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
34.4 How Does Gas Exchange Occur in the Human Respiratory System? |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
Gas Exchange Occurs in the Alveoli |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Are Transported in Blood Using Different Mechanisms |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
35 Nutrition and Digestion |
|
|
608 | (21) |
|
Case Study: Dying to Be Thin |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
35.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need? |
|
|
609 | (5) |
|
Energy from Food Powers Metabolic Activities |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Essential Nutrients Provide the Raw Materials for Health |
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
The Human Body Is About Sixty Percent Water |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Many People Choose an Unbalanced Diet |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
35.2 How Does Digestion Occur? |
|
|
614 | (4) |
|
In Sponges, Digestion Occurs Within Single Cells |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
The Simplest Digestive System Is a Chamber with One Opening |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Most Animals Have Tubular Digestive Systems with Specialized Compartments |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
Vertebrate Digestive Systems Are Specialized According to Their Diets |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
35.3 How Do Humans Digest Food? |
|
|
618 | (4) |
|
Digestion Begins in the Mouth |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
The Esophagus Conducts Food to the Stomach, Where Digestion Continues |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Doing Science: Identifying the Cause of Ulcers |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Most Digestion and Nutrient Absorption Occur in the Small Intestine |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (4) |
|
Water Is Absorbed and Feces Are Formed in the Large Intestine |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Overcoming Obesity: a Complex Challenge |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Digestion Is Controlled by the Nervous System and Hormones |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (3) |
|
|
|
629 | (14) |
|
Case Study: Paying It Forward |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
36.1 What Are the Major Functions of Urinary Systems? |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Urinary Systems Excrete Cellular Wastes |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Urinary Systems Help to Maintain Homeostasis |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
36.2 What Are Some Examples of Invertebrate Urinary Systems? |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Protonephridia Filter Interstitial Fluid in Flatworms |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Malpighian Tubules Produce Urine from the Hemolymph of Insects |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Nephridia Produce Urine from Interstitial Fluid in Annelid Worms and Mollusks |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
36.3 What Are the Structures of the Mammalian Urinary System? |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Structures of the Human Urinary System Produce, Store, and Excrete Urine |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Nephrons in the Kidneys Filter Blood and Produce Urine |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
36.4 How Is Urine Formed? |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Blood Vessels Support the Nephron's Role in Filtering the Blood |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Filtration Removes Small Molecules and Ions from the Blood |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Reabsorption Returns Important Substances to the Blood |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Secretion Actively Transports Substances Into the Renal Tubule for Excretion |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
36.5 How Do Vertebrate Urinary Systems Help Maintain Homeostasis? |
|
|
635 | (4) |
|
The Kidneys Regulate the Water and Ion Content of the Blood |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
Health Watch: When the Kidneys Collapse |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
The Kidneys Help Maintain Blood pH |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
The Kidneys Help Regulate Blood Pressure and Oxygen Levels |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Fish Face Homeostatic Challenges in Their Aquatic Environments |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (3) |
|
37 Defenses Against Disease |
|
|
643 | (22) |
|
Case Study: Flesh-Eating Bacteria |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
37.1 How Does the Body Defend Itself Against Disease? |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Vertebrate Animals Have Three Major Lines of Defense |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Invertebrate Animals Possess Nonspecific Lines of Defense |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
37.2 How Do Nonspecific Defenses Function? |
|
|
645 | (3) |
|
The Skin and Mucous Membranes Form Nonspecific External Barriers to Invasion |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
The Innate Immune Response Nonspecifically Combats Invading Microbes |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
37.3 What Are the Key Components of Specific internal Defenses? |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
37.4 How Does the Adaptive immune System Recognize invaders? |
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
The Adaptive Immune System Recognizes Invaders' Complex Molecules |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
The Adaptive Immune System Can Recognize Millions of Different Antigens |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Emerging Deadly Viruses |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
The Adaptive Immune System Distinguishes Self from Non-Self |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
37.5 How Does the Adaptive Immune System Attack invaders? |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
Humoral Immunity Is Produced by Antibodies Dissolved in the Blood |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Cell-Mediated Immunity Is Produced by Cytotoxic T Cells |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Helper T Cells Enhance Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
37.6 How Does the Adaptive Immune System Remember its Past Victories? |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
37.7 How Does Medical Care Assist the Immune Response? |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Antimicrobial Drugs Kill Microbes or Slow Down Microbial Reproduction |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Vaccinations Produce Immunity Against Disease |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Doing Science: Discovering How to Prevent Infectious Diseases |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
37.8 What Happens When the immune System Malfunctions? |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Allergies Are Misdirected Immune Responses |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
An Autoimmune Disease Is an Immune Response Against the Body's Own Molecules |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
Immune Deficiency Diseases Occur When the Body Cannot Mount an Effective Immune Response |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
37.9 How Does the immune System Combat Cancer? |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
The Immune System Recognizes Most Cancerous Cells as Foreign |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Vaccines May Prevent Some Types of Cancer |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Medical Treatments for Cancer Depend on Selectively Killing Cancerous Cells |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (4) |
|
38 Chemical Control of the Animal Body: the Endocrine System |
|
|
665 | (18) |
|
Case Study: Insulin Resistance |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
38.1 How Do Animal Cells Communicate? |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
Synaptic Communication Is Used in the Nervous System |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Paracrine Communication Acts Locally |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Endocrine Communication Uses the Circulatory System to Carry Hormones to Target Cells Throughout The Body |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
38.2 How Do Endocrine Hormones Produce Their Effects? |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Steroid Hormones Usually Bind to Receptors Inside Target Cells |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Peptide Hormones and Amino Acid Derived Hormones Usually Bind to Receptors on the Surfaces of Target Cells |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Hormone Release Is Regulated by Feedback Mechanisms |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
38.3 What Are the Structures and Functions of the Mammalian Endocrine System? |
|
|
670 | (3) |
|
Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Regulate Many Functions Throughout the Body |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (7) |
|
The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Influence Metabolism and Calcium Levels |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
The Pancreas Has Both Digestive and Endocrine Functions |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
The Sex Organs Produce Both Gametes and Sex Hormones |
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: Performance-Enhancing Drugs- Fool's Gold? |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
The Adrenal Glands Secrete Hormones That Regulate Metabolism and Responses to Stress |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Hormones Are Also Produced by the Pineal Gland, Thymus, Kidneys, Digestive Tract, Fat Cells, and Heart |
|
|
678 | (6) |
|
Earth Watch: Endocrine Deception |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (3) |
|
|
|
683 | (23) |
|
Case Study: How Do I Love Thee? |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
39.1 What Are the Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells? |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
The Functions of a Neuron Are Localized in Separate Parts of the Cell |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
39.2 How Do Neurons Produce and Transmit Information? |
|
|
685 | (3) |
|
Information Within a Neuron Is Carried by Electrical Signals |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
At Synapses, Neurons Use Chemicals to Communicate with One Another |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
39.3 How Does the Nervous System Process Information and Control Behavior? |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
The Nature of a Stimulus Is Encoded by Sensory Neurons and Their Connections to Specific Parts of the Brain |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
The Intensity of a Stimulus Is Encoded by the Frequency of Action Potentials |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
The Nervous System Processes Information from Many Sources |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
The Nervous System Produces Outputs to Effectors |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Behaviors Are Controlled by Networks of Neurons in the Nervous System |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
39.4 How Are Nervous Systems Organized? |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
39.5 What Are the Structures and Functions of the Human Nervous System? |
|
|
691 | (6) |
|
The Peripheral Nervous System Links the Central Nervous System with the Rest of the Body |
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and Brain |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
The Spinal Cord Controls Many Reflexes and Conducts Information to and from the Brain |
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
The Brain Consists of Many Parts That Perform Specific Functions |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
|
|
697 | (6) |
|
Health Watch: Drugs, Neurotransmitters, and Addiction |
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
Doing Science: Neuroimaging: Observing the Brain in Action |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
The Left and Right Sides of the Brain Are Specialized for Different Functions |
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Learning and Memory Involve Biochemical and Structural Changes in Specific Parts of the Brain |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
|
|
706 | (16) |
|
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
40.1 How Do Animals Sense Their Environment? |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
The Senses Inform the Brain About the Nature and Intensity of Environmental Stimuli |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
40.2 How Is Temperature Sensed? |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
40.3 How Are Mechanical Stimuli Detected? |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
40.4 How Is Sound Detected? |
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
The Ear Converts Sound Waves into Electrical Signals |
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
40.5 How Are Gravity and Movement Detected? |
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Say Again? Ocean Noise Pollution Interferes with Whale Communication |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
40.6 How Is Light Perceived? |
|
|
714 | (3) |
|
The Compound Eyes of Arthropods Produce a Pixelated Image |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
The Mammalian Eye Collects and Focuses Light and Converts Light into Electrical Signals |
|
|
714 | (3) |
|
40.7 How Are Chemicals Sensed? |
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
Olfactory Receptors Detect Airborne Chemicals |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Taste Receptors Detect Chemicals Dissolved in Liquids |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
40.8 How Is Pain Perceived? |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
|
719 | (3) |
|
41 Action and Support: The Muscles and Skeleton |
|
|
722 | (18) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
41.1 How Do Muscles Contract? |
|
|
723 | (4) |
|
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscles Have Highly Organized, Repeating Structures |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
Muscle Fibers Contract Through Interactions Between Thin and Thick Filaments |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
Muscle Contraction Uses ATP Energy |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscle Fibers Are Specialized for Different Types of Activity |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
The Nervous System Controls the Contraction of Skeletal Muscles |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
41.2 How Do Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Differ from Skeletal Muscle? |
|
|
728 | (2) |
|
Cardiac Muscle Powers the Heart |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Smooth Muscle Produces Slow, Involuntary Contractions |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
41.3 How Do Muscles and Skeletons Work Together to Provide Movement? |
|
|
730 | (6) |
|
The Actions of Antagonistic Muscles on Skeletons Move Animal Bodies |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
The Vertebrate Endoskeleton Serves Multiple Functions |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
The Vertebrate Skeleton Is Composed of Cartilage, Ligaments, and Bones |
|
|
732 | (4) |
|
Health Watch: Osteoporosis-When Bones Become Brittle |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Antagonistic Muscles Move Joints in the Vertebrate Skeleton |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
|
737 | (3) |
|
|
|
740 | (19) |
|
Case Study: To Breed a Rhino |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
42.1 How Do Animals Reproduce? |
|
|
741 | (3) |
|
In Asexual Reproduction, an Organism Reproduces Without Mating |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
In Sexual Reproduction, an Organism Reproduces Through the Union of Sperm and Egg |
|
|
742 | (2) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
42.2 What Are the Structures and Functions of Human Reproductive Systems? |
|
|
744 | (3) |
|
The Ability to Reproduce Begins at Puberty |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
The Male Reproductive System Includes the Testes and Accessory Structures |
|
|
744 | (3) |
|
|
|
747 | (5) |
|
The Female Reproductive System Includes the Ovaries and Accessory Structures |
|
|
747 | (3) |
|
Health Watch: Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
During Copulation, Sperm Are Deposited in the Vagina |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
During Fertilization, the Sperm and Egg Nuclei Unite |
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
42.3 How Can People Prevent Pregnancy? |
|
|
752 | (4) |
|
Health Watch: High-Tech Reproduction |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Sterilization Provides Permanent Contraception |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Temporary Birth Control Methods Are Readily Reversible |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
|
|
756 | (3) |
|
|
|
759 | (20) |
|
Case Study: Rerunning the Program of Development |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
43.1 What Are the Principles of Animal Development? |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
43.2 How Do Direct and Indirect Development Differ? |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
43.3 How Does Animal Development Proceed? |
|
|
761 | (3) |
|
Cleavage of the Zygote Begins Development |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Gastrulation Forms Three Tissue Layers |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
The Major Body Parts Develop During Organogenesis |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
Development in Reptiles and Mammals Depends on Extraembryonic Membranes |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
43.4 How Is Development Controlled? |
|
|
764 | (2) |
|
Maternal Molecules in the Egg May Direct Early Embryonic Differentiation |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
Chemical Communication Between Cells Regulates Most Embryonic Development |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
Homeobox Genes Regulate the Development of Entire Segments of the Body |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
43.5 How Do Humans Develop? |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
Cell Differentiation, Gastrulation, and Organogenesis Occur During the First Two Months |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
Health Watch: The Promise of Stem Cells |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (5) |
|
Growth and Development Continue During the Last Seven Months |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
The Placenta Exchanges Materials Between Mother and Embryo |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy Culminates in Labor and Delivery |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Milk Secretion Is Stimulated by the Hormones of Pregnancy |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
43.6 Is Aging the Final Stage of Development? |
|
|
773 | (3) |
|
Health Watch: The Placenta-Barrier or Open Door? |
|
|
774 | (2) |
|
|
|
776 | (3) |
| Unit 6 Plant Anatomy and Physiology |
|
779 | (64) |
|
44 Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Transport |
|
|
780 | (25) |
|
Case Study: Autumn in Vermont |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
44.1 How Are Plant Bodies Organized? |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
44.3 What Are the Differentiated Tissues and Cell Types of Plants? |
|
|
784 | (3) |
|
The Ground Tissue System Makes Up Most of the Young Plant Body |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
The Dermal Tissue System Covers the Plant Body |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
The Vascular Tissue System Transports Water and Nutrients |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
44.4 What Are the Structures and Functions of Leaves? |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
The Epidermis Regulates the Movement of Gases into and out of a Leaf |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
Photosynthesis Occurs in Mesophyll Cells |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Veins Transport Water and Nutrients Throughout the Leaf |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Many Plants Produce Specialized Leaves |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
44.5 What Are the Structures and Functions of Stems? |
|
|
789 | (3) |
|
Primary Growth Produces the Structures of a Young Stem |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
Secondary Growth Produces Thicker, Stronger Stems |
|
|
789 | (3) |
|
Many Plants Produce Specialized Stems or Branches |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
44.6 What Are the Structures and Functions of Roots? |
|
|
792 | (3) |
|
The Root Cap Shields the Apical Meristem |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
The Epidermis of the Root Is Permeable to Water and Minerals |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
The Cortex Stores Food and Controls Mineral Absorption into the Root |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
The Vascular Cylinder Contains Conducting Tissues and Forms Branch Roots |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
Roots May Undergo Secondary Growth |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
44.7 How Do Plants Acquire Nutrients? |
|
|
795 | (4) |
|
Roots Transport Minerals and Water from the Soil into the Xylem of the Vascular Cylinder |
|
|
796 | (2) |
|
Symbiotic Relationships Help Plants Acquire Nutrients |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
44.8 How Do Plants Move Water and Minerals from Roots to Leaves? |
|
|
799 | (4) |
|
The Cohesion-Tension Mechanism Explains Water Movement in Xylem |
|
|
799 | (3) |
|
Earth Watch: Forests Water Their Own Trees |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
Minerals Dissolved in Water Move Up the Xylem |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
Stomata Control the Rate of Transpiration |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
44.9 How Do Plants Transport Sugars? |
|
|
803 | (2) |
|
The Pressure-Flow Mechanism Explains Sugar Movement in Phloem |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
45 Plant Reproduction and Development |
|
|
805 | (22) |
|
Case Study: Some Like It Hot-and Stinky! |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
45.1 How Do Plants Reproduce? |
|
|
810 | (2) |
|
The Plant Sexual Life Cycle Alternates Between Diploid and Haploid Stages |
|
|
810 | (2) |
|
45.2 What Are the Functions and Structures of Flowers? |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
Flowers Are the Reproductive Structures of Angiosperms |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
|
|
812 | (4) |
|
Health Watch: Are You Allergic to Pollen? |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
The Pollen Grain Is the Male Gametophyte |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
The Female Gametophyte Forms Within the Ovule |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
Pollination of the Flower Leads to Fertilization |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
45.3 How Do Fruits and Seeds Develop? |
|
|
816 | (2) |
|
The Fruit Develops from the Ovary |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
The Seed Develops from the Ovule |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
45.4 How Do Seeds Germinate and Grow? |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
Seed Dormancy Helps Ensure Germination at an Appropriate Time |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
During Germination, the Root Emerges First, Followed by the Shoot |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
45.5 How Do Plants and Their Pollinators Interact? |
|
|
820 | (3) |
|
Some Flowers Provide Food for Pollinators |
|
|
820 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Pollinators, Seed Dispersers, and Ecosystem Tinkering |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Some Flowers Are Mating Decoys |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Some Flowers Provide Nurseries for Pollinators |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
45.6 How Do Fruits Help to Disperse Seeds? |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Clingy or Edible Fruits Are Dispersed by Animals |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Explosive Fruits Shoot Out Seeds |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Lightweight Fruits May Be Carried by the Wind |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Floating Fruits Allow Water Dispersal |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
|
|
825 | (2) |
|
46 Plant Responses to the Environment |
|
|
827 | (16) |
|
Case Study: Predatory Plants |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
46.1 What Are Some Major Plant Hormones? |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
46.2 How Do Hormones Regulate Plant Life Cycles? |
|
|
829 | (9) |
|
The Plant Life Cycle Begins with a Seed |
|
|
829 | (2) |
|
Doing Science: Discovering How Plants Grow Toward Light |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Auxin Controls the Orientation of the Sprouting Seedling |
|
|
831 | (2) |
|
Earth Watch: Where There's Smoke, There's Germination |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
The Growing Plant Emerges and Reaches Upward |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
Auxin and Cytokinin Control Stem and Root Branching |
|
|
834 | (1) |
|
Plants Use Differing Cues to Time Their Flowering |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
Hormones Coordinate the Development and Ripening of Fruits and Seeds |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
Senescence and Dormancy Prepare the Plant for Winter |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
46.3 How Do Plants Communicate, Defend Themselves, and Capture Prey? |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
|
838 | (3) |
|
Plants May Summon Insect "Bodyguards" When Attacked |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Attacked Plants May Defend Themselves |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
Carnivorous Sundews and Bladderworts Respond Rapidly to Prey |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
|
841 | (2) |
| Appendix I Biological Vocabulary: Common Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes |
|
843 | (3) |
| Appendix II Periodic Table of the Elements |
|
846 | (1) |
| Appendix III Metric System Conversions |
|
847 | (1) |
| Appendix IV Classification of Major Groups of Eukaryotic Organisms |
|
848 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
849 | (32) |
| Answers to Selected Questions |
|
881 | (39) |
| Credits |
|
920 | |
| Index |
|
92 | |
