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1.1 The Secret Life of Earth |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3 How Living Things Are Alike |
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6 | (2) |
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Organisms Require Nutrients and Energy |
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6 | (1) |
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Organisms Sense and Respond to Change |
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7 | (1) |
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DNA Is Hereditary Material |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 How Living Things Differ |
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8 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Organizing Information about Species |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Determining Relative Relatedness |
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11 | (1) |
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The Biological Species Concept |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5 The Science of Nature |
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12 | (5) |
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12 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking in Science |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Examples of Biology Experiments |
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15 | (2) |
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1.6 Analyzing Experimental Results |
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17 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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The Importance of Feedback |
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19 | (1) |
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1.7 The Nature of Science |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (4) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4 Special Properties of Water |
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34 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Water Stabilizes Temperature |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Acids, Bases, and Buffers |
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37 | (1) |
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2.6 The Chemistry of Biology |
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37 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Modeling Organic Compounds |
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38 | (1) |
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What Cells Do to Organic Compounds |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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44 | (2) |
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The Structure-Function Relationship |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (5) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (5) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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The Surface-to-Volume Ratio |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.3 Cell Membrane Structure |
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57 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5 Eukaryotic Organelles |
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62 | (4) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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3.6 Elements of Connection |
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66 | (4) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (5) |
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4.1 A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Chemical Bonds Hold Energy |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Energy Transfers Are Inefficient |
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77 | (1) |
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4.3 Energy in the Molecules of Life |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Storing and Retrieving Energy in Organic Molecules |
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79 | (1) |
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4.4 Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways |
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79 | (5) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Environmental Effects on Enzyme Activity |
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80 | (1) |
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Molecular Effects on Enzyme Activity |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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4.5 Diffusion across Membranes |
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84 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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4.6 Membrane Transport Mechanisms |
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87 | (6) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (2) |
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5.2 Overview of Photosynthesis |
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95 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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5.4 Light-Dependent Reactions |
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99 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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Photosynthesis in the Dark |
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101 | (1) |
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5.5 Light-Independent Reactions |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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Efficiency of Sugar Production |
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102 | (5) |
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6 Releasing Chemical Energy |
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107 | (1) |
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6.2 Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Glycolysis: Sugar Breakdown Begins |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (4) |
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Aerobic Respiration Continues |
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111 | (1) |
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Electron Transfer Phosphorylation |
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111 | (2) |
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Overall ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (3) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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6.5 Food as a Source of Energy |
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116 | (7) |
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Oxidizing Molecules in Food |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (5) |
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7 DNA Structure and Function |
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7.1 A Hero Dog's Golden Clones |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (4) |
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Killer Bacteria and the Stupid Molecule |
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124 | (1) |
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Properties of a Hereditary Material |
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124 | (2) |
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DNA: The Molecule of Heredity |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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Discovery of DNA Structure |
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128 | (1) |
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Anatomy of a DNA Molecule |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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7.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
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130 | (3) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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The Process of DNA Synthesis |
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133 | (1) |
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PCR: DNA Replication in a Tube |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (7) |
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Mutations: DNA Sequence Changes |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Not All Mutations Are Dangerous |
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137 | (4) |
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8 Gene Expression and Control |
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141 | (1) |
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8.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression |
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142 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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8.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA |
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144 | (2) |
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Comparing Transcription and DNA Replication |
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144 | (1) |
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Coding and Noncoding Strands |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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The Message in a Messenger RNA |
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146 | (1) |
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The Translators: rRNA and tRNA |
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147 | (1) |
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8.5 Translation: RNA to Protein |
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148 | (3) |
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Translation in Eukaryotic Cells |
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148 | (2) |
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How RIPs Interfere with Translation |
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150 | (1) |
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8.6 Products of Mutated Genes |
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151 | (2) |
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Harmful Mutations Are Rare |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Mutations in Regulatory Sites |
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152 | (1) |
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8.7 Control of Gene Expression |
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153 | (6) |
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153 | (1) |
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Why Cells Control Gene Expression |
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153 | (1) |
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Master Regulators in Embryonic Development |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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9.1 Henrietta's Immortal Cells |
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159 | (1) |
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9.2 Multiplication by Division |
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160 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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How Mitosis Maintains the Chromosome Number |
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161 | (1) |
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Why Cells Divide by Mitosis |
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161 | (2) |
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9.3 Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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9.6 Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction |
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171 | (8) |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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From Gametes to Offspring |
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174 | (5) |
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10 Patterns of Inheritance |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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Early Thoughts about Heredity |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Inheritance in Modern Terms |
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180 | (3) |
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10.3 Mendelian Inheritance Patterns |
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183 | (2) |
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Segregation of Genes into Gametes |
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183 | (1) |
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Independent Assortment of Genes into Gametes |
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184 | (1) |
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10.4 Non-Mendelian Inheritance |
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185 | (3) |
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Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragons |
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185 | (1) |
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Codominance and Blood Type |
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186 | (1) |
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Pleiotropy and Marfan Syndrome |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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10.5 Complex Variation in Traits |
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188 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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Examples of Environmental Effects on Phenotype |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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10.6 Human Genetic Analysis |
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190 | (2) |
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Studying Inheritance in Humans |
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190 | (1) |
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Genetic Disorders and Abnormalities |
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190 | (1) |
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Discovering a Breast Cancer Gene |
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191 | (1) |
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10.7 Inheritance Patterns in Humans |
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192 | (4) |
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The Autosomal Dominant Pattern |
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192 | (1) |
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The Autosomal Recessive Pattern |
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193 | (1) |
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The X-Linked Recessive Pattern |
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194 | (2) |
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10.8 Changes in Chromosome Number |
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196 | (2) |
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Polyploidy and Aneuploidy |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (5) |
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198 | (1) |
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Tests for Prospective Parents |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Reproductive Interventions |
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199 | (4) |
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11.1 Personal Genetic Testing |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (4) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (3) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (5) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (5) |
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UNIT 3 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY |
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12.1 Reflections of a Distant Past |
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219 | (1) |
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12.2 Old Beliefs, New Discoveries |
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220 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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Darwin and the HMS Beagle |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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12.5 Changes in the History of Earth |
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229 | (5) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (3) |
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12.6 Evidence in Form and Function |
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234 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (5) |
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Similarities in DNA and Proteins |
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236 | (1) |
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Similarities in Development |
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237 | (4) |
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13 Processes of Evolution |
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241 | (1) |
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13.2 Alleles in Populations |
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242 | (3) |
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Variation in Shared Traits |
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242 | (1) |
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An Evolutionary View of Mutations |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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13.3 Patterns of Natural Selection |
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245 | (3) |
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245 | (2) |
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Stabilizing Selection in the Sociable Weaver |
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247 | (1) |
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Disruptive Selection in the Black-Bellied Seedcracker |
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248 | (1) |
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13.4 Natural Selection and Diversity |
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248 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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Maintaining Multiple Alleles |
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249 | (1) |
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13.5 Nonselective Evolution |
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250 | (3) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (3) |
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Macroevolutionary Patterns |
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257 | (3) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (7) |
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Reconstructing Evolutionary History |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (6) |
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14 Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses |
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14.1 The Human Microbiota |
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267 | (1) |
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14.2 Origin of Cellular Life |
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268 | (3) |
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Conditions on the Early Earth |
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268 | (1) |
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The Building Blocks of Life |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Origin of Genetic Material |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Defining Plausible Pathways |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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The Last Common Ancestor of All Life |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Fossil Evidence of Prokaryotic Cells |
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271 | (1) |
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The Great Oxygenation Event |
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272 | (1) |
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14.4 Modern Bacteria and Archaea |
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273 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Ecology and Diversity of Bacteria |
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275 | (1) |
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Bacteria and Human Health |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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14.5 Origin of Eukaryotes |
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277 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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The Endosymbiont Hypothesis |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (7) |
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279 | (1) |
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Free-Living Aquatic Cells |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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Protists in the Human Body |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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Protist Relatives of Animals |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (7) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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Viral Mutation and Recombination |
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289 | (4) |
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15.1 Fungal Threats to Crops |
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293 | (1) |
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15.2 Plant Traits and Evolution |
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294 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Reproduction and Dispersal |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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15.4 Seedless Vascular Plants |
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298 | (3) |
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298 | (1) |
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Horsetails and Lycophytes |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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15.5 Rise of the Seed Plants |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
15.7 Angiosperms--Flowering Plants |
|
|
303 | (4) |
|
Floral Structure and Function |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Flowering Plant Life Cycle |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Ecological and Economic Importance |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
15.8 Fungal Traits and Diversity |
|
|
307 | (3) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
15.9 Ecological Roles of Fungi |
|
|
310 | (7) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Fungal Infections of Plants |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Fungal Infections of Animals |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Fungal Infections in Humans |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
16.1 Medicines from the Sea |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
16.2 Traits and Evolutionary Trends |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Evolutionary Tree of Animals |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Cambrian Adaptive Radiation |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
16.3 Sponges and Cnidarians |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
16.4 Flatworms, Annelids, and Mollusks |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
16.5 Roundworms and Arthropods |
|
|
326 | (6) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (4) |
|
16.6 Echinoderms and Chordates |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Vertebrate Traits and Trends |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
16.7 Fishes and Amphibians |
|
|
335 | (3) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Declining Amphibian Populations |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
16.8 Escape from Water-- Amniotes |
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
16.9 Primate and Human Evolution |
|
|
341 | (10) |
|
Primate Origins and Diversification |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Neanderthals and Denisovans |
|
|
345 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17.1 Managing Canada Geese |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
17.2 Characteristics of Populations |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
Population Size and Density |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Collecting Population Data |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
17.3 Models of Population Growth |
|
|
355 | (4) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Density-Dependent Limiting Factors |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Density-Independent Factors |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Combined Effects of Limiting Factors |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Human Effects on Carrying Capacity |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
17.4 Life History Patterns |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Describing Life Histories |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Adaptive Value of Life History Traits |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Opportunistic Life History |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Predation and Life History Evolution |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Effects of Humans as Predators |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (7) |
|
Population Size and Growth Rate |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Fertility Rates and Future Growth |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Effects of Industrial and Economic Development |
|
|
365 | (4) |
|
18 Communities and Ecosystems |
|
|
|
18.1 Invasion of the Red Imported Fire Ants |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
18.3 Direct Species Interactions |
|
|
371 | (6) |
|
Interspecific Competition |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
18.4 How Communities Change |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Species Losses or Additions |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
18.5 The Nature of Ecosystems |
|
|
379 | (4) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Energy Capture and Transfers |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Biological Accumulation and Magnification |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
18.6 The Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycles |
|
|
383 | (4) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Pollution and Algal Blooms |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
18.7 The Carbon Cycle and Climate Change |
|
|
387 | (8) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (5) |
|
19 The Biosphere and Human Effects |
|
|
|
19.1 Decline of the Monarchs |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
19.2 Climate and the Distribution of Biomes |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
Solar Energy and Latitude |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Air Circulation and Rainfall |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Temperate Deciduous Forests |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
19.4 Grasslands, Chaparral, Deserts, and Tundra |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Nearshore Marine Ecosystems |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
The Open Ocean and Seafloor |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
19.6 Global Effects of Pollution |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Destruction of the Ozone Layer |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
19.7 Conservation Biology |
|
|
411 | (8) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
The Value of Biodiversity |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Protection and Restoration |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
20 Animal Tissues and Organs |
|
|
|
20.1 Growing Replacement Parts |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
20.2 Animal Structure and Function |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Evolution of Animal Body Plans |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Carcinomas--Epithelial Cell Cancers |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
20.5 Muscle Tissues and Nervous Tissues |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
20.6 Organs and Organ Systems |
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
20.7 Regulating Body Temperature |
|
|
432 | (5) |
|
Negative Feedback Mechanisms |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Body Temperature |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Hypothermia and Hyperthermia |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (4) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
The Vertebrate Endoskeleton |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Bone Structure and Function |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Where Bones Meet--Skeletal Joints |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
21.4 How Muscle Contracts |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
Components of Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
The Sliding Filament Model |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
21.5 Fueling Muscle Contraction |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Energy-Releasing Pathways |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
21.6 Exercise and Inactivity |
|
|
447 | (4) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (4) |
|
22 Circulation and Respiration |
|
|
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
22.3 Human Cardiovascular System |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Electrical Signals in the Heart |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Blood Transfusions and Banking |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
22.6 Blood Vessel Form and Function |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
From the Heart to Tissues |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Capillary Exchange in Tissues |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
22.7 Cardiovascular Disorders |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
22.8 Animal Respiratory Systems |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Two Sites of Gas Exchange |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
22.9 Human Respiratory Function |
|
|
465 | (8) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Gas Exchange and Transport |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
23.2 Integrated Responses to Threats |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
A Biological Barrier: Normal Microbiota |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Physical and Chemical Barriers |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
23.4 Mechanisms of Innate Immunity |
|
|
478 | (4) |
|
Complement Activation Cascades |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
Types of Antigen Receptors |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Antigen Processing and Display |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
23.6 Adaptive Immune Responses |
|
|
485 | (5) |
|
Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Example of an Antibody-Mediated Response |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
Using Antibodies as Tracers |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Example of a Cell-Mediated Response |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
Overly Vigorous Responses |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
24 Digestion and Excretion |
|
|
|
24.1 Causes and Effects of Obesity |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
24.3 Digestive Structure and Function |
|
|
501 | (7) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Digestion in the Small Intestine |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Absorption in the Small Intestine |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Concentrating and Eliminating Wastes |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
The Microbiota in Digestive Health and Disease |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
USDA Dietary Recommendations |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (8) |
|
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
Feedback Control of Urine Concentration |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (5) |
|
25 Neural Control and the Senses |
|
|
|
25.1 Impacts of Concussions |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
25.2 Animal Nervous Systems |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Invertebrate Nervous Systems |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
25.3 Neuron Structure and Function |
|
|
523 | (4) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Neuroglia--Neuron Helpers |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
25.4 Synaptic Transmission |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Disrupted Synaptic Function |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
25.5 The Central Nervous System |
|
|
529 | (4) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Regions of the Human Brain |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
A Closer Look at the Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
25.6 The Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (12) |
|
Sensory Reception and Diversity |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (3) |
|
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
26.1 Endocrine Disrupters |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
26.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
|
|
552 | (3) |
|
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Posterior Pituitary Function |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Anterior Pituitary Function |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Daily and Seasonal Cycles |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Light at Night as an Endocrine Disrupter |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
26.5 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
Controlling Blood Glucose |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Feedback Control of Cortisol Secretion |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Response to Stress |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Cortisol-Related Disorders |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (4) |
|
27 Animal Reproduction and Development |
|
|
|
27.1 Assisted Reproductive Technology |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
27.2 Modes of Reproduction |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Variations on Sexual Reproduction |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
27.3 Stages of Animal Development |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
27.4 The Human Reproductive System |
|
|
571 | (6) |
|
Female Reproductive Anatomy |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
Male Reproductive Anatomy |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
27.5 Bringing Gametes Together |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
From Cleavage to Implantation |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Placenta |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Maternal Effects on Prenatal Development |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
27.8 Fertility and Reproductive Health |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
28 Plant Form and Function |
|
|
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
28.2 Tissues in a Plant Body |
|
|
592 | (4) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (4) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Uptake of Water and Nutrients |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
28.5 Fluid Movement in Plants |
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
Water Wicks through Xylem |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Sugars Flow through Phloem |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (6) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (5) |
|
29 Life Cycles of Flowering Plants |
|
|
|
29.1 Plight of the Honeybee |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
29.2 Flower Structure and Function |
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
29.3 Sexual Reproduction in the Flowering Plant |
|
|
615 | (3) |
|
The Female Gametophyte Forms |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
The Male Gametophyte Forms |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
29.6 Asexual Reproduction in Plants |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Agricultural Applications |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (5) |
|
Cell-to-Cell Signaling in Plants |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
|
628 | (6) |
|
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (4) |
| Appendix I Answers to Self-Quizzes |
|
634 | (3) |
| Appendix II Periodic Table of the Elements |
|
637 | (1) |
| Appendix III A Plain English Map of the Human Chromosomes |
|
638 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
639 | (13) |
| Index |
|
652 | |
